Shirvanshahs: Difference between revisions
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'''''Shirvanshah''''' ({{lang-fa|شروانشاه}}, {{lang-az|Şirvanşah}}), also spelled as '''''Shīrwān Shāh''''' or '''''Sharwān Shāh''''', was the title of the rulers of [[Shirvan]], located in modern [[Azerbaijan]], from the mid-9th century to the early 16th century. The title remained in a single family, the [[Yazidids]], an originally Arab but gradually [[Persian people|Persianized]] dynasty, although the later ''Shirvanshahs'' are also known as the Kasranids or Kaqanids.<ref name="EIB">Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition</ref><ref name="BosworthEIR">{{cite encyclopedia | article = ŠERVĀNŠAHS | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition | last = Bosworth | first = C.E. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs | date = 11 February 2011 | accessdate = 21 March 2013}}</ref> The Shirvanshah established a native state in [[Shirvan]] (located in modern [[Azerbaijan]] Republic).<ref>[[Tadeusz Swietochowski]]. ''Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition'', Columbia University, 1995, p. 2, {{ISBN|0231070683}}: ''"In the fifteenth century a native Azeri state of Shirvanshahs flourished north of the Araxes."''</ref> |
'''''Shirvanshah''''' ({{lang-fa|شروانشاه}}, {{lang-az|Şirvanşah}}), also spelled as '''''Shīrwān Shāh''''' or '''''Sharwān Shāh''''', was the title of the rulers of [[Shirvan]], located in modern [[Azerbaijan]], from the mid-9th century to the early 16th century. The title remained in a single family, the [[Mazyadid dynasty|Yazidids]], an originally Arab but gradually [[Persian people|Persianized]] dynasty, although the later ''Shirvanshahs'' are also known as the Kasranids or Kaqanids.<ref name="EIB">Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition</ref><ref name="BosworthEIR">{{cite encyclopedia | article = ŠERVĀNŠAHS | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition | last = Bosworth | first = C.E. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs | date = 11 February 2011 | accessdate = 21 March 2013}}</ref> The Shirvanshah established a native state in [[Shirvan]] (located in modern [[Azerbaijan]] Republic).<ref>[[Tadeusz Swietochowski]]. ''Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition'', Columbia University, 1995, p. 2, {{ISBN|0231070683}}: ''"In the fifteenth century a native Azeri state of Shirvanshahs flourished north of the Araxes."''</ref> |
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== Origin and history == |
== Origin and history == |
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By the time of the anonymous work [[Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib|Hodud al-Alam]] (c. 982 AD), the Shirvan Shahs, from their capital of Yazīdiyya (the later [[Shamakhi]]), had absorbed neighbouring kingdoms north of the [[Kor River|Kur river]] and thus acquired the additional titles of Layzan Shah and Khursan Shah.<ref name="EIB" /> We can also discern the progressive ''Persianisation of this originally Arab family''.<ref name="EIB"/> According to Encyclopedia of Islam: ''After the Shah Yazid b. Ahmad (381-418/991-1028), Arab names give way to Persian ones like Manūčihr, Ḳubādh, Farīdūn, etc., very likely as a reflection of marriage links with local families, and possibly with that of the ancient rulers in Shābarān, the former capital, and the Yazidids now began to claim a nasab (lineage) going back to Sassanid kings Bahrām Gūr or to Khusraw Anushirwan''.<ref name="EIB" /> According to Vladimir Minorsky, the most likely explanation of the Iranicisation of this Arab family could be marriage link with the family of the ancient rulers of Shabaran.<ref name="MINORSKYH" /> He further states: ''The attraction of a Sassanian pedigree proved stronger than the recollection of Shaybani lineage''.<ref name="MINORSKYH" /> The coat of arms with two lions could be a reminder of the story of Bahrām Gur in Shahnama where Bahrām had to claim the crown from between two lions to be recognized as the king. |
By the time of the anonymous work [[Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib|Hodud al-Alam]] (c. 982 AD), the Shirvan Shahs, from their capital of Yazīdiyya (the later [[Shamakhi]]), had absorbed neighbouring kingdoms north of the [[Kor River|Kur river]] and thus acquired the additional titles of Layzan Shah and Khursan Shah.<ref name="EIB" /> We can also discern the progressive ''Persianisation of this originally Arab family''.<ref name="EIB"/> According to Encyclopedia of Islam: ''After the Shah Yazid b. Ahmad (381-418/991-1028), Arab names give way to Persian ones like Manūčihr, Ḳubādh, Farīdūn, etc., very likely as a reflection of marriage links with local families, and possibly with that of the ancient rulers in Shābarān, the former capital, and the Yazidids now began to claim a nasab (lineage) going back to Sassanid kings Bahrām Gūr or to Khusraw Anushirwan''.<ref name="EIB" /> According to Vladimir Minorsky, the most likely explanation of the Iranicisation of this Arab family could be marriage link with the family of the ancient rulers of Shabaran.<ref name="MINORSKYH" /> He further states: ''The attraction of a Sassanian pedigree proved stronger than the recollection of Shaybani lineage''.<ref name="MINORSKYH" /> The coat of arms with two lions could be a reminder of the story of Bahrām Gur in Shahnama where Bahrām had to claim the crown from between two lions to be recognized as the king. |
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In the beginning of the 12th century Sharvan attracted the attention of its expanding [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian]] neighbours who on several occasions raided its territory. In 1112 [[David IV of Georgia]] gave his daughter [[Tamar, daughter of David IV of Georgia|Tamar]] in marriage to son of Shah [[Afridun I]], [[Manuchihr III of Shirvan|Manuchihr III]] who soon ascended the throne. He was in position of power shifting between Georgia and [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuks]]. He lost many castles, including [[Qabala]] to [[David IV of Georgia]] and his son [[Demetrius I of Georgia]] in 1117 and 1120. After decisive victory of [[Battle of Didgori]] Shah again began negotiations with Georgia. Seljuk Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] attacked to Shirvan and took Shah as hostage contrary to Manuchehr's betrayal. In 1124 David attacked and defeated Sultan again and finally conquered Shirvan. Manuchehr restored his own power upon David's death in 1125 and started friendly relations with his brother-in-law Demetrius. After her husband's death, Tamar returned to her native country and eventually became, in 1152, a nun at the monastery, which she had founded at Tigva in eastern Georgia. Tamar's return to Georgia was precipitated by a political turmoil in Shirvan that followed Manuchehr's death. Tamar found herself involved in a power struggle among her sons, favoring the younger, who joined her in an attempt to unite Shirvan with Georgia with the help of [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] mercenaries. Manuchehr's older son [[Akhsitan I]] was able to secure support from the [[Eldiguzids]] of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]], winning the contest for the throne and forcing Tamar and his younger brother into flight to Georgia.{{sfn|Ashurbeyli|1983|p=134}} |
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In 1173 Akhsitan I came to the aid of his father-in-law, [[George III of Georgia|George III]] by putting down the [[House of Orbeli#Rise of Orbeli|revolt]] of Prince [[Demna of Georgia|Demna]]. Akhsitan reign saw raids of [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']] with 73 ships in 1174 which sailed from [[Volga River|Volga]] and threatening shores of river [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura]] and a [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] hordes who sacked [[Derbent]] and captured [[Şabran|Shabran]] in the same year. Akhsitan called his alliy Georgia, which proved to be successful in siege of Derbent. George III subjugated city and turned it over to shah and strengthened the Georgian dominance in the area. They also defeated and burned Rus' navy. |
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| ⚫ | Although in his early career he had relied on Atabeg Azerbaijan for military assistance, by 1186 he had sensed an opportunity to attack them. This proved ill judged and the Atabeg ruler [[Qizil Arslan]] counter attacked capturing most of Shirvan before continuing to overrun the whole Seljuk Empire. A year later, in 1192, [[Shamakhi]] was destroyed by a terrible earthquake, and Akhsitan I moved the Shirvan capital to the city of Baku. Early in the 1190s, the Georgian government under the [[Tamar of Georgia|Tamar the Great]] began to interfere in the affairs of the [[Eldiguzids|Eldiguzids of Azerbaijan]] and of the Shirvanshahs, aiding rivaling local princes and reducing Shirvan to a tributary state. The Eldiguzid atabeg [[Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr]] attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the [[Battle of Shamkor]]<ref name="Suny-39">{{harvnb|Suny|1994|p=39}}.</ref> and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays.<ref>Luther, Kenneth Allin. "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-adarbayjan Atābākan-e Adārbāyĵān]", in: ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]'' (Online edition). Retrieved on 2006-06-26.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lordkipanidze|Hewitt|1987|p=148}}.</ref> |
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Shirvanshahs built many defensive castles across all of Shirvan to resist many foreign invasions. From the walled city of Baku with its [[Maiden Tower (Baku)|Maiden Tower]] (XII) and many medieval castles in Absheron to impregnable strongholds all over mountains of Shirvan and Shaki, there are many great examples of medieval military architecture. However, Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century. |
Shirvanshahs built many defensive castles across all of Shirvan to resist many foreign invasions. From the walled city of Baku with its [[Maiden Tower (Baku)|Maiden Tower]] (XII) and many medieval castles in Absheron to impregnable strongholds all over mountains of Shirvan and Shaki, there are many great examples of medieval military architecture. However, Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century. |
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Revision as of 20:18, 22 June 2018
| Mazyadi/Kasrani/Darbandi | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms of the Shirvanshahs[1] | |
| Country |  Azerbaijan Dagestan |
| Founded | 861 |
| Founder | Yazid b. Mazyad al-Shaybani |
| Final ruler | Abu Bakr Mirza |
| Titles | Shah of Shirvan Shah of Layzan Emir of Derbent |
| Dissolution | 1538 |
| Cadet branches | Shervashidze House of Black Monk |
| History of Azerbaijan |
|---|
 |
 Azerbaijan portal |
Shirvanshah (Template:Lang-fa, Template:Lang-az), also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title of the rulers of Shirvan, located in modern Azerbaijan, from the mid-9th century to the early 16th century. The title remained in a single family, the Yazidids, an originally Arab but gradually Persianized dynasty, although the later Shirvanshahs are also known as the Kasranids or Kaqanids.[2][3] The Shirvanshah established a native state in Shirvan (located in modern Azerbaijan Republic).[4]
Origin and history
The title 'Shirvanshah' appears to date back to the period before Islam's emergence in the Arabian peninsula. Ibn Khordadbeh mentions the Shirvanshah as one of the local rulers who received their title from the first Sassanid emperor, Ardashir I.[2][3] Al-Baladhuri also mentions that a Shirvanshah, together with the neighbouring Layzanshah, were encountered by the Arabs during their conquest of Persia, and submitted to the Arab commander Salman ibn Rab'ia al-Bahili.[2][3]
From the late 8th century, Shirvan was under the rule of the members of the Arab family of Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (d. 801), who was named governor of the region by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.[3][5] His descendants, the Yazidids, would rule Shirvan as independent princes until the 14th century.[3] By origin, the Yazidids were Arabs of the Shayban tribe and belonged to high ranking generals and governors of the Abbasid army.[5] In the chaos that engulfed the Abbasid Caliphate after the death of the Caliph al-Mutawakkil in 861, the great-grandson of Yazid b. Mazyad Shaybani, Haytham ibn Khalid, declared himself independent and assumed the ancient title of Shirvanshah. The dynasty continuously ruled the area of Shirvan either as an independent state or a vassal state until the Safavid times.[2]
One of the important books in the early history of this dynasty is the anonymous Taʾrikh Bab al-Abwab ("History of Darband"), preserved by the Ottoman historian Münejjim Bashi (Chief Astronomer), the last date of which concerning the dynasty is 468/1075. A translation of this important work into English language was published by the orientalist Vladimir Minorsky in 1958.[5][6] We know from this book that the history of the Shirvan Shahs was closely tied with that of the Arab Hashimid family in Darband (Bab al-Abwab) and intermarriage between the two Arab families was common with Yazidids often ruling for various periods in the latter town.[2]
By the time of the anonymous work Hodud al-Alam (c. 982 AD), the Shirvan Shahs, from their capital of Yazīdiyya (the later Shamakhi), had absorbed neighbouring kingdoms north of the Kur river and thus acquired the additional titles of Layzan Shah and Khursan Shah.[2] We can also discern the progressive Persianisation of this originally Arab family.[2] According to Encyclopedia of Islam: After the Shah Yazid b. Ahmad (381-418/991-1028), Arab names give way to Persian ones like Manūčihr, Ḳubādh, Farīdūn, etc., very likely as a reflection of marriage links with local families, and possibly with that of the ancient rulers in Shābarān, the former capital, and the Yazidids now began to claim a nasab (lineage) going back to Sassanid kings Bahrām Gūr or to Khusraw Anushirwan.[2] According to Vladimir Minorsky, the most likely explanation of the Iranicisation of this Arab family could be marriage link with the family of the ancient rulers of Shabaran.[5] He further states: The attraction of a Sassanian pedigree proved stronger than the recollection of Shaybani lineage.[5] The coat of arms with two lions could be a reminder of the story of Bahrām Gur in Shahnama where Bahrām had to claim the crown from between two lions to be recognized as the king.
In the beginning of the 12th century Sharvan attracted the attention of its expanding Georgian neighbours who on several occasions raided its territory. In 1112 David IV of Georgia gave his daughter Tamar in marriage to son of Shah Afridun I, Manuchihr III who soon ascended the throne. He was in position of power shifting between Georgia and Seljuks. He lost many castles, including Qabala to David IV of Georgia and his son Demetrius I of Georgia in 1117 and 1120. After decisive victory of Battle of Didgori Shah again began negotiations with Georgia. Seljuk Sultan Mahmud attacked to Shirvan and took Shah as hostage contrary to Manuchehr's betrayal. In 1124 David attacked and defeated Sultan again and finally conquered Shirvan. Manuchehr restored his own power upon David's death in 1125 and started friendly relations with his brother-in-law Demetrius. After her husband's death, Tamar returned to her native country and eventually became, in 1152, a nun at the monastery, which she had founded at Tigva in eastern Georgia. Tamar's return to Georgia was precipitated by a political turmoil in Shirvan that followed Manuchehr's death. Tamar found herself involved in a power struggle among her sons, favoring the younger, who joined her in an attempt to unite Shirvan with Georgia with the help of Kipchak mercenaries. Manuchehr's older son Akhsitan I was able to secure support from the Eldiguzids of Azerbaijan, winning the contest for the throne and forcing Tamar and his younger brother into flight to Georgia.[7]
In 1173 Akhsitan I came to the aid of his father-in-law, George III by putting down the revolt of Prince Demna. Akhsitan reign saw raids of Rus' with 73 ships in 1174 which sailed from Volga and threatening shores of river Kura and a Kipchak hordes who sacked Derbent and captured Shabran in the same year. Akhsitan called his alliy Georgia, which proved to be successful in siege of Derbent. George III subjugated city and turned it over to shah and strengthened the Georgian dominance in the area. They also defeated and burned Rus' navy.
Although in his early career he had relied on Atabeg Azerbaijan for military assistance, by 1186 he had sensed an opportunity to attack them. This proved ill judged and the Atabeg ruler Qizil Arslan counter attacked capturing most of Shirvan before continuing to overrun the whole Seljuk Empire. A year later, in 1192, Shamakhi was destroyed by a terrible earthquake, and Akhsitan I moved the Shirvan capital to the city of Baku. Early in the 1190s, the Georgian government under the Tamar the Great began to interfere in the affairs of the Eldiguzids of Azerbaijan and of the Shirvanshahs, aiding rivaling local princes and reducing Shirvan to a tributary state. The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor[8] and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays.[9][10]
Shirvanshahs built many defensive castles across all of Shirvan to resist many foreign invasions. From the walled city of Baku with its Maiden Tower (XII) and many medieval castles in Absheron to impregnable strongholds all over mountains of Shirvan and Shaki, there are many great examples of medieval military architecture. However, Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century.
The Shirvanshahs dynasty, existing as independent or a vassal state, from 861 until 1538; longer than any other dynasty in Islamic world, are known for their support of culture. There were two periods of an independent and strong Shirvan state: first in the 12th century, under kings Manuchehr and his son, Akhsitan I who built the stronghold of Baku, and second in the 15th century under Derbendid dynasty. In the 13th and 14th centuries Shirvan was a vassal of stronger Mongol and Timurid empires.
Shirvanshah Ibrahim I revived the country's fortunes, and through his cunning politics managed to resist Timurid conquest, letting the state go with paying a tribute.[citation needed]
Shirvanshahs Khalilullah I and Farrukh Yassar presided over most successful period in a history of Shirvan. Architectural complex of the Palace of the Shirvanshahs in Baku that was also a burial site of the dynasty and Halwatiyya Sufi khaneqa, was built during the reign of those two rulers in mid 15th centuries. The Shirvanshah rulers were more or less Sunni. In 1462 Sheykh Junayd, the leader of Safavids, was killed in a battle against Shirvanishans near the town of Khachmaz – an event that Safavids never forgot. In 1500-1, with the intention to avenge his murdered ancestors, the first Safavid king Ismail I invaded Shirvan, and, despite heavily outnumbered, defeated then incumbent Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar in a pitched battle, in which the latter and his entire army were killed. He then proceeded towards Baku which was sacked, and the mausoleum of the Shirvanshahs exhumed and burned. Most of Baku population was forcibly converted to Shi'ism thereafter.
The vassal Shirvan state managed to hang on for a few more years, until 1538, when Ismail's son and successor Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576) appointed its first Safavid governor, and made it a fully functioning Safavid province.[11]
Persian poetry
The Shirvanshah dynasty are known for their patronage of Persian poetry. Amongst famous poets who either appeared at their court or dedicated poetry to them are Khaghani and Nizami. Nizami composed in Persian poetry the Arab origined epic Lili o Majnoon for Abul-Muzaffar Jalal ad-din Shirvanshah Akhsatan. He also sent his son to be educated with the son of Shirvanshah. Khaghani himself in his youth used the poetic title Haqiqi. After dedicating himself to the court of Fakhr ad-din Manuchehr Fereydoon Shirvanshah (also known as the Khaghan Akbar), he chose the pen name Khaghani and also served as a court poet for Akhsatan, the son of Fakhr ad-din Manuchehr Fereydoon. Other poets and writers who appeared during the rule of the Shirvanshahs include Falaki Shirvani, Aziz Shirvani, Jamal Khalil Shirvani, Bakhtiyar Shirvani and multitude of others mentioned in the book Nozhat al-Majales, an anthology compiled by Jamal Khalil Shirvani.
Architecture
The Palace of the Shirvanshahs (or Shirvanshahs' Palace) is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of architecture, situated in the Inner City of Baku. The complex contains the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial-vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east – Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house.
House of Shirvanshah
| Portrait or Coat of arms | Name | From | Until | Relationship with predecessor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Haytham I | 861 | ? | appointed by Caliph Al-Mutawakkil as governor of Shirvan |
|
Muhammad I | ? | ? | son of predecessor |
|
Haytham II | ? | around 913 | son of predecessor |
|
Ali I | 913 | ? | son of predecessor |
|
Muhammad II Also Shah of Layzan |
? | 917 | nephew of Haytham I |
|
Abu Tahir Yazid Also Shah of Layzan |
917 | 948 | son of predecessor |
 Coin of Muhammad III |
Muhammad III Also Shah of Layzan and Shah of Tabarsaran in 917–948 |
948 | 956 | son of predecessor |
|
Ahmad I Also Shah of Layzan in 948–956 |
956 | 981 | son of predecessor |
|
Muhammad IV Also Shah of Layzan in 956–981 |
986 | 991 | son of predecessor |
|
Yazid III | 991 | 1027 | brother of predecessor |
|
Manuchehr I | 1027 | 1034 | son of predecessor |
|
Ali II | 1034 | 1043 | brother of predecessor |
|
Kubad | 1043 | 1049 | brother of predecessor |
|
Ali III Bukhtnassar | 1049 | 1050 | nephew of predecessor |
|
Salar | 1050 | 1063 | uncle of predecessor |
|
Fariburz I | 1063 | 1096 | son of predecessor |
|
Manuchehr II | 1096 | 1106 | son of predecessor |
Artwork of Afridun I |
Afridun I the Martyr | 1106 | 1120 | brother of predecessor |
|
Manuchehr III | 1120 | 1160 | son of predecessor |
|
Afridun II | 1160 | 1160 | son of predecessor |
|
Akhsitan I | 1160 | 1197 | brother of predecessor |
|
Shahanshah | 1197 | 1200 | brother of predecessor |
|
Fariburz II | 1200 | 1204 | nephew of predecessor |
|
Farrukhzad | 1204 | 1204 | uncle of predecessor |
|
Gushtasb I | 1204 | 1225 | son of predecessor |
|
Fariburz III | 1225 | 1243 | son of predecessor |
|
Akhsitan II | 1243 | 1260 | son of predecessor |
|
Farrukhzad II | 1260 | 1282 | son of predecessor |
|
Akhsitan III | 1282 | 1294 | son of predecessor |
|
Keykavus I | 1294 | 1317 | son of predecessor |
|
Keykubad I | 1317 | 1348 | uncle of predecessor |
|
Kavus I | 1348 | 1372 | son of predecessor |
|
Hushang I | 1372 | 1382 | son of predecessor |
|
Ibrahim I | 1382 | 1417 | cousin of predecessor |
|
Khalilullah I | 1417 | 1465 | son of predecessor |
 Coin of Farrukh Yassar I |
Farrukh Yassar I | 1465 | 1500 | son of predecessor |
|
Bahram | 1501 | 1501 | son of predecessor |
|
Gazi Beg | 1501 | 1501 | brother of predecessor |
|
Sultan Mahmud | 1501 | 1502 | son of predecessor |
|
Ibrahim II Sheykhshah | 1502 | 1524 | brother of predecessor |
|
Khalilullah II | 1524 | 1535 | son of predecessor |
|
Farrukh Yassar II | 1535 | 1535 | brother of predecessor |
|
Shahrukh of Shirvan | 1535 | 1539 | son of predecessor |
See also
References
- ^ State historical architecture museum "The Shirvanshahs’ Palace" – "Two lions and the head of the bull between them was the symbol of the Shirvanshahs. Lions symbolized the power and strength of the Shirvanshahs, the head of the bull symbolized abundance."
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition
- ^ a b c d e Bosworth, C.E. (11 February 2011). "ŠERVĀNŠAHS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, Columbia University, 1995, p. 2, ISBN 0231070683: "In the fifteenth century a native Azeri state of Shirvanshahs flourished north of the Araxes."
- ^ a b c d e V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries, Cambridge, 1958.
- ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "Minorsky, Vladimir Fedorovich", C. E. BOSWORTH Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashurbeyli 1983, p. 134.
- ^ Suny 1994, p. 39.
- ^ Luther, Kenneth Allin. "Atābākan-e Adārbāyĵān", in: Encyclopædia Iranica (Online edition). Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
- ^ Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 148.
- ^ Fisher et al. 1986, pp. 212, 245.
Sources
- S. Ashurbeyli "History of Shirvanshahs", Baku, Elm, 1983 405 p
- Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200943.
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