Newlands Resolution: Difference between revisions
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==Cost== |
==Cost== |
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The United States assumed $4 million in Hawaiian debt as part of the annexation. [[David R. Barker]] of the [[University of Iowa]] stated in 2009 that unlike the [[Alaska Purchase]], Hawaii has been profitable for the country, with net tax revenue almost always exceeding non-defense spending. Barker estimated an [[internal rate of return]] for the annexation of more than 15%.<ref name="uiowa20091106">{{Cite press release |title=Researcher's analysis shows buying Alaska no sweet deal for American taxpayers |date=2009-11-06 |publisher=University of Iowa |url=http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2009/november/110609alaska.html |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> |
The United States assumed $4 million in Hawaiian debt as part of the annexation. [[David R. Barker]] of the [[University of Iowa]] stated in 2009 that unlike the [[Alaska Purchase]], Hawaii has been profitable for the country, with net tax revenue almost always exceeding non-defense spending. Barker estimated an [[internal rate of return]] for the annexation of more than 15%.<ref name="uiowa20091106">{{Cite press release |title=Researcher's analysis shows buying Alaska no sweet deal for American taxpayers |date=2009-11-06 |publisher=University of Iowa |url=http://news-releases.uiowa.edu/2009/november/110609alaska.html |access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> |
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==Viewpoints== |
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Multiple viewpoints in the United States, and in Hawaii, were raised for and against annexation, from 1893 to 1898. |
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Historian [[Henry Graff]] says that at first, "Public opinion at home seemed to indicate acquiescence...."Unmistakably, the sentiment at home was maturing with immense force for the United States to join the great powers of the world in a quest for overseas colonies."<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry F. Graff|title=Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885-1889 and 1893-1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjE7XsSQxmAC&pg=PA121|year=2002|page=121}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 00:15, 26 April 2018
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (July 2014) |
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The Newlands Resolution was an Act of Congress to annex the Republic of Hawaii and create the Territory of Hawaii in its place.[1] It was written by and named after United States Congressman Francis G. Newlands.
In 1897 President of the United States William McKinley signed the treaty of annexation for Hawaii, but it failed in the Senate after the 21,000 signatures of the Kūʻē Petitions[2] were submitted.[citation needed] After the failure, Hawaii was annexed by means of joint resolution, called the Newlands Resolution.
It was approved on July 4, 1898 and signed on July 7 by William McKinley. On August 12 of the same year, a ceremony was held on the steps of ʻIolani Palace to signify the official transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to the United States.
The Newlands Resolution established a five-member commission to study which laws were needed in Hawaii. The commission included: Territorial Governor Sanford B. Dole (R-Hawaii Territory), Senators Shelby M. Cullom (R-IL) and John T. Morgan (D-AL), Representative Robert R. Hitt (R-IL) and former Hawaii Chief Justice and later Territorial Governor Walter F. Frear (R-Hawaii Territory). The commission's final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year. Congress raised objections that establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii would lead to the admission of a state with a non-white majority. On July 12, 1898, the Joint Resolution passed and the Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the United States. This allowed duty-free trade between the islands and the mainland, and made the existing American military presence permanent.
The bombing of the USS Maine (ACR-1) took place in Cuba in February, 1898.[3] That bombing triggered the Spanish–American War, which caused world events to soon force the annexation issue. President Benjamin Harrison submitted a treaty to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States Senate for ratification.[4] In 1897, the treaty was blocked due to lobbying by Hawaiian public officials and a petition from native Hawaiians. Only 46 out of 90 senators voted in favor of the resolution, which was more than the required majority but less than the two-thirds required by the Treaty Clause.[5]
The creation of the Territory of Hawaii was the final step in a long history of dwindling Hawaiian sovereignty and divided the local population. The annexation was opposed by the express wishes of the overwhelming majority of the indigenous population and without a referendum of any kind.[6] Debate between anti-sovereignty and sovereignty activists still exists over the legality of the acquisition of Hawaiian land under the United States constitution.[7][8] The Hawaiian sovereignty movement views the annexation as illegal.[7] In 1993 the U.S. apologized for the annexation.[9]
Cost
The United States assumed $4 million in Hawaiian debt as part of the annexation. David R. Barker of the University of Iowa stated in 2009 that unlike the Alaska Purchase, Hawaii has been profitable for the country, with net tax revenue almost always exceeding non-defense spending. Barker estimated an internal rate of return for the annexation of more than 15%.[10]
Viewpoints
Multiple viewpoints in the United States, and in Hawaii, were raised for and against annexation, from 1893 to 1898. Historian Henry Graff says that at first, "Public opinion at home seemed to indicate acquiescence...."Unmistakably, the sentiment at home was maturing with immense force for the United States to join the great powers of the world in a quest for overseas colonies."[11]
See also
- Hawaiian Organic Act, approved in 1900 by Congress to adopt a form of government for the new territory, in supplement of the Newlands Resolution.
References
- ^ The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism Vol. 2 ...Philip S. Foner P.414
- ^ Kue: the Hui Aloha Aina anti-annexation petitions, 1897-1898. University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
- ^ Annexation Of The Hawaiian Islands, 1898 , Joint Resolution Website, retrieved on October 29, 2014.
- ^ The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, retrieved on October 29, 2014.
- ^ [1] , History of the Treaty, and Petition Website, retrieved on October 29, 2014.
- ^ From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi Haunani-Kay Trask P.29
- ^ a b *Twigg-Smith, Thurston (1998). Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter?. Honolulu: Goodale Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9662945-0-7. OCLC 39090004.
- ^ Trask, Haunani-Kay (1999). From a Native Daughter : Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 13–16. ISBN 978-0824820596 – via eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost).
- ^ http://www.hawaii-nation.org/publawall.html United States Public Law 103-150. Hawaii-nation.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
- ^ "Researcher's analysis shows buying Alaska no sweet deal for American taxpayers" (Press release). University of Iowa. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
- ^ Henry F. Graff (2002). Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885-1889 and 1893-1897. p. 121.
Further reading
- Hilfrich, Fabian. Debating American exceptionalism: empire and democracy in the wake of the Spanish–American War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
- Osborne, Thomas J. "The Main Reason for Hawaiian Annexation in July, 1898," Oregon Historical Quarterly (1970) 71#2 pp. 161–178 in JSTOR
- Osborne, Thomas J. "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898 (Kent State University Press, 1981)
External links
