Mantophasmatidae: Difference between revisions
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Live specimens were found in Namibia by an international expedition in early 2002; ''[[Tyrannophasma gladiator]]'' was found on the [[Brandberg Massif]], and ''[[Mantophasma zephyrum]]'' was found on the [[Erongo|Erongoberg Massif]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zompro | first1 = O. | last2 = Adis | first2 = J. | last3 = Bragg | first3 = P.E. | last4 = Naskrecki | first4 = P. | last5 = Meakin | first5 = K. | last6 = Wittneben | first6 = M. | last7 = Saxe | first7 = V. | year = 2003 | title = A new genus and species of Mantophasmatidae (Insecta: Mantophasmatodea) from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with notes on behaviour | url = | journal = Cimbebasia | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 13–24 }}</ref> |
Live specimens were found in Namibia by an international expedition in early 2002; ''[[Tyrannophasma gladiator]]'' was found on the [[Brandberg Massif]], and ''[[Mantophasma zephyrum]]'' was found on the [[Erongo|Erongoberg Massif]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zompro | first1 = O. | last2 = Adis | first2 = J. | last3 = Bragg | first3 = P.E. | last4 = Naskrecki | first4 = P. | last5 = Meakin | first5 = K. | last6 = Wittneben | first6 = M. | last7 = Saxe | first7 = V. | year = 2003 | title = A new genus and species of Mantophasmatidae (Insecta: Mantophasmatodea) from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with notes on behaviour | url = | journal = Cimbebasia | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 13–24 }}</ref> |
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In 2018, Two new genera ''Kuboesphasma'', ''Minutophasma'' were described with one species to each genus from [[Richtersveld]] in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=14885 |title=Mantophasmatodea from the Richtersveld in South Africa with description of two new genera and species |publisher=Zookeys |accessdate=3 April 2018}}</ref> |
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== Biology == |
== Biology == |
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Revision as of 04:53, 4 April 2018
| Mantophasmatidae Temporal range: Jurassic - Recent
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| Mantophasma zephyrum Zompro et al., 2002 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Infraclass: | |
| Superorder: | |
| Order: | Arillo & Engel, 2006
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| Suborder: | Mantophasmatodea
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| Family: | Mantophasmatidae
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| Subfamilies, tribes | |
Mantophasmatidae is a family of carnivorous insects within the order Notoptera, which was discovered in Africa in 2001.[2][3] Originally, the group was regarded as an order in its own right, and named Mantophasmatodea, but based on recent evidence indicating a sister group relationship with Grylloblattidae (formerly classified in the order Grylloblattodea),[4][5] Arillo & Engel have combined the two groups into a single order, Notoptera.[1]
Overview
The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, although they also are called rock crawlers, heelwalkers, mantophasmids, and colloquially, mantos. Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia (Brandberg Massif),[6] although a relict population, and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution.
Mantophasmatodea are wingless even as adults, making them relatively difficult to identify. They resemble a mix between praying mantids and phasmids, and molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to the equally enigmatic group Grylloblattodea.[4][5] Initially, the gladiators were described from old museum specimens that originally were found in Namibia (Mantophasma zephyrum) and Tanzania (M. subsolanum), and from a 45-million-year-old specimen of Baltic amber (Raptophasma kerneggeri).
Live specimens were found in Namibia by an international expedition in early 2002; Tyrannophasma gladiator was found on the Brandberg Massif, and Mantophasma zephyrum was found on the Erongoberg Massif.[7]
In 2018, Two new genera Kuboesphasma, Minutophasma were described with one species to each genus from Richtersveld in South Africa.[8]
Biology
Mantophasmatids are wingless carnivores. They engage in courtship through seismic communication.[9]
Classification
The most recent classification[10] recognizes numerous genera, including fossils:
- Basal and incertae sedis
- Genus †Raptophasma Zompro, 2001
- Genus †Adicophasma Engel & Grimaldi, 2004
- Genus †Ensiferophasma Zompro, 2005 (may not belong to Mantophasmatodea)
- Subfamily Tanzaniophasmatinae
- Genus Tanzaniophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Species Tanzaniophasma subsolana (Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002)
- Genus Tanzaniophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Subfamily Mantophasmatinae
- Tribe Tyrannophasmatini
- Genus Praedatophasma Zompro & Adis, 2002
- Species Praedatophasma maraisi Zompro & Adis, 2002
- Genus Tyrannophasma Zompro, 2003
- Species Tyrannophasma gladiator Zompro, 2003
- Genus Praedatophasma Zompro & Adis, 2002
- Tribe Mantophasmatini Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, Adis, 2002 (paraphyletic?)
- Genus Chrisphasmanae Zompro, Klass, Adis, 2001
- Genus Mantophasma Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, Adis, 2002
- Species Mantophasma gamsbergense Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
- Species Mantophasma kudubergense Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
- Species Mantophasma omatakoense Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
- Species Mantophasma paresiense Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
- Species Mantophasma subsolanum Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
- Species Mantophasma zephyrum Zompro, Klass, Kristensen, & Adis 2002
- Genus Sclerophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Species Sclerophasma paresisensis Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, & Tojo 2003
- Tribe Austrophasmatini Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Genus Viridiphasma Eberhard, Picker, Klass, 2011[11]
- Species Viridiphasma clanwilliamense Picker, Klass, 2011
- Genus Austrophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Species Austrophasma caledonense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Species Austrophasma gansbaaiense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Species Austrophasma rawsonvillense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Genus Hemilobophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Species Hemilobophasma montaguense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Genus Karoophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003
- Species Karoophasma biedouwense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Species Karoophasma botterkloofense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Genus Kuboesphasma Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
- Species Kuboesphasma compactum Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
- Genus Lobatophasma Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort, Tojo, 2003 (formerly Lobophasma)
- Species Lobatophasma redelinghuysense Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort & Tojo, 2003
- Genus Minutophasma Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
- Species Minutophasma richtersveldense Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2018
- Genus Striatophasma Wipfler, Pohl & Predel, 2012
- Species Striatophasma naukluftense Wipfler, Theska & Predel, 2012
- Genus Viridiphasma Eberhard, Picker, Klass, 2011[11]
- Tribe Tyrannophasmatini
Some taxonomists assign full family status to the subfamilies and tribes, and sub-ordinal status to the family. In total there are 20 extant species described.[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b Arillo, A. & M. Engel (2006) Rock Crawlers in Baltic Amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea). American Museum Novitates 3539:1-10
- ^ K.-D. Klass, O. Zompro, N.P. Kristensen, J. Adis. Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order with extant members in the afrotropics Science, 296 (2002), pp. 1456–1459
- ^ Adis, J., O. Zompro, E. Moombolah-Goagoses, and E. Marais. 2002. Gladiators: A new order of insect. Scientific American 287:60-65.
- ^ a b Terry, M.D., and M.F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21(3): 240–257.
- ^ a b S. L. Cameron, S. C. Barker & M. F. Whiting (2006). "Mitochondrial genomics and the new insect order Mantophasmatodea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.020. PMID 16321547.
- ^ Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Weitschat, W. 2002. A review of the order Mantophasmatodea (Insecta). Zoologischer Anzeiger 241: 269–279.
- ^ Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Bragg, P.E.; Naskrecki, P.; Meakin, K.; Wittneben, M.; Saxe, V. (2003). "A new genus and species of Mantophasmatidae (Insecta: Mantophasmatodea) from the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, with notes on behaviour". Cimbebasia. 19: 13–24.
- ^ "Mantophasmatodea from the Richtersveld in South Africa with description of two new genera and species". Zookeys. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ Randall, J. A. (2014). "Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats". Biocommunication of Animals: 103–133.
- ^ a b Wipfler B, Theska T, Predel R (2018) Mantophasmatodea from the Richtersveld in South Africa with description of two new genera and species. ZooKeys 746: 137-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.14885
- ^ Eberhard, MJB, MD Picker and KD Klass. (2011). Sympatry in Mantophasmatodea, with the description of a new species and phylogenetic considerations. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 11(1): 43-59.[1]
External links
