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'''''Iris hyrcana''''' (or '''Hyrcana iris''') is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of ''[[Hermodactyloides]]'' and section ''Reticulatae''. It is a [[bulbous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] from central Asia, from [[Azerbaijan]] to [[Iran]].
'''''Iris hyrcana''''' (or '''Hyrcana iris''') is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of ''[[Hermodactyloides]]'' and section ''Reticulatae''. It is a [[bulbous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] from central Asia, from [[Azerbaijan]] to [[Iran]].


==Description==
==Description==
''Iris hyrcana'' has spherical bulbs,<ref name=alpine> that are coated with a solid brown fiberous network.<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web| title=Chapter III bulbous iris | url=irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-iii-iris-bulbeux-71708991.html |publisher= irisbotanique.over-blog.com | accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>
⚫
Its clear blue flowers with a bright yellow ridge come out in the winter time (between November and January).<ref name=pacific/> The flowers are around 2.5–3&nbsp;cm (1 inch), held less than 10&nbsp;cm high on the plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=(SPEC) hyrcana| url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecHyrcana?id=1&filename=hyrcana-75k.jpg#igp1 |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>

⚫
The leaves appear after flowering,<ref name=irisbotanique/> it has {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} high stems.<ref name="cotsworld"/><ref name=american>{{cite web|title=(SPEC) hyrcana| url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecHyrcana?id=1&filename=hyrcana-75k.jpg#igp1 |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>

It blooms in the winter time (between November and January),<ref name=pacific/><ref name="cotsworld">{{cite web|title=IRIS HYRCANA|url=http://www.cgf.net/plantdetails.aspx?id=14204|publisher=cgf.net|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref> or sometimes in February.<ref name=irisbotanique/> The flowers are around {{convert|2.5|-|3|cm|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=american/> The flowers are much smaller than those of other Reticulata irises.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-730-9}}</ref>{{rp|17}} They come in shades of blue, from clear blue,<ref name=pacific/><ref name="cotsworld"/><ref name=rare>{{cite web|title=Iris hyrcana|url=https://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/iris-hyrcana/|publisher=rareplants.co.uk|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref> to dark blue and purple.<ref name=irisbotanique/> The falls have a bright yellow ridge,<ref name=pacific/> or orange mark.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rare/>

===Biochemistry===
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>{{rp|18}}
It was counted as 2n=20,<ref name=irisbotanique/>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''hyrcana'', refers to [[Hyrcania]], a historical region composed of the land south-east of the [[Caspian Sea]] in modern-day Iran.<ref> Massoume Price {{google books|gzpdq679oJwC|Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|page=30}}</ref>
It is named after the [[Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests|Hyrcanian]] woods where it is locally found.


It was described and published in 'Flora Kavkaza' by [[Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim|Alexander Grossheim]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iridaceae Iris hyrcana Woronow ex Grossh. | year=2005|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438720-1 |publisher=www.ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
In 1848, specimens of the plant were originally collected in [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Original material of Iris hyrcana Woronow ex Grossh. [family IRIDACEAE]|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.le00014041|publisher=jstor.org|accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>
It was described and published in 'Flora Kavkaza' by [[Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim|Alexander Grossheim]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iridaceae Iris hyrcana Woronow ex Grossh. |year=2005 |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438720-1 |publisher=www.ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>


''Iris hyrcana'' is now an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Iris hyrcana |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9274/Iris-hyrcana/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=31 October 2014}}</ref> and it was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003, then updated on 11 December 2024.<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=23 February 2018}}</ref>
''Iris hyrcana'' is now an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Iris hyrcana |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9274/Iris-hyrcana/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=31 October 2014}}</ref> and it was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003, then updated on 11 December 2024.<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=23 February 2018}}</ref>


It is listed in 1995 in 'Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR)' by Czerepanov, S. K.<ref>{{Google books|52fdbx9XgC4C|Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR)|page=281}}</ref>
It is listed in 1995 in 'Vascular Plants of Russia and adjacent States (the former USSR)' by Czerepanov, S. K.<ref>{{Google books|52fdbx9XgC4C|Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR)|page=281}}</ref>
Once though to be a variant of ''[[Iris reticulata]]'',<ref name=pacific>{{cite web|title=Reticulata Irises |date=11 May 2014|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/ReticulataIrises| publisher=www.pacificbulbsociety.org | accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> except ''Iris hyrcana'' has spherical bulbs where as ''Iris reticulata'' bulbs are drop shaped.<ref name=alpine>{{cite web|title=Iris hyrcana |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/hyrcana |publisher=encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net |accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
It was once though to be a variant of ''[[Iris reticulata]]'',<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web|title=Reticulata Irises |date=11 May 2014|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/ReticulataIrises| publisher=www.pacificbulbsociety.org | accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> except ''Iris hyrcana'' has spherical bulbs where as ''Iris reticulata'' bulbs are drop shaped.<ref name=alpine>{{cite web|title=Iris hyrcana |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/hyrcana |publisher=encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net |accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Native==
Originally found in the [[Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests|Hyrcanian]] woods along the southern coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] from [[Azerbaijan]] to [[Iran]].<ref name=alpine/><ref name=grin/>
''Iris hyrcana'' is [[native plant|native]] to [[temperateness|temperate]] areas of western [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=irisbotanique/>

===Range===
Originally found in the [[Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests|Hyrcanian]] woods,<ref name="cotsworld"/> along the southern coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] from [[Azerbaijan]] to [[Iran]].<ref name=alpine/><ref name=grin/><ref name=irisbotanique/>

===Habitat===
It is found growing in the mountains along the Caspian Sea.<ref name=irisbotanique/>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
It is thought to be best grown in a [[bulb frame]] or [[alpine house]].<ref name=pacific/>
It prefers to grow in sunny sites, on rocky soils that dry out completely in summer.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

As it is not very hardy, but it can withstand strong frosts of short duration.<ref name=irisbotanique/> Although it is thought to be best grown in the UK and in America, within a [[bulb frame]] or [[alpine house]],<ref name=pacific/> to keep the soils dry.<ref name=irisbotanique/> It also needs a dry, summer dormancy of several months.<ref name=irisbotanique/>


A specimen of ''Iris hyrcana'' won the [[Farrer Medal]] at the AGS [[Caerleon]] Show, in [[South Wales]], shown by Bob & Rannveig Wallis.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 Feb 2014 |title=Iris hyrcana won the Farrer Medal at the AGS Caerleon Show, shown by Bob & Rannveig Wallis |url=https://twitter.com/JimMcGregorAGS/status/434691760917590016| publisher=twitter.com |accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
A specimen of ''Iris hyrcana'' won the [[Farrer Medal]] at the AGS [[Caerleon]] Show, in [[South Wales]], shown by Bob & Rannveig Wallis.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 Feb 2014 |title=Iris hyrcana won the Farrer Medal at the AGS Caerleon Show, shown by Bob & Rannveig Wallis |url=https://twitter.com/JimMcGregorAGS/status/434691760917590016| publisher=twitter.com |accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref>
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
==Other sources==
* Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. [lists as I. hyrcana (Woronow)]
* Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. [lists as I. hyrcana (Woronow)]
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[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]

Revision as of 21:58, 21 March 2018

Iris hyrcana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Hermodactyloides
Section:
Reticulatae
Species:
Iris hyrcana
Binomial name
Iris hyrcana

Iris hyrcana (or Hyrcana iris) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from central Asia, from Azerbaijan to Iran.

Description

Iris hyrcana has spherical bulbs,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

The leaves appear after flowering,[1] it has 10 cm (3.9 in) high stems.[2][3]

It blooms in the winter time (between November and January),[4][2] or sometimes in February.[1] The flowers are around 2.5–3 cm (0.98–1.18 in) wide.[1][3] The flowers are much smaller than those of other Reticulata irises.[1]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[5]: 17  They come in shades of blue, from clear blue,[4][2][6] to dark blue and purple.[1] The falls have a bright yellow ridge,[4] or orange mark.[1][6]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[5]: 18  It was counted as 2n=20,[1]

Taxonomy

The specific epithet hyrcana, refers to Hyrcania, a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran.[7]

In 1848, specimens of the plant were originally collected in Azerbaijan.[8] It was described and published in 'Flora Kavkaza' by Alexander Grossheim in 1928.[9]

Iris hyrcana is now an accepted name by the RHS,[10] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 11 December 2024.[11]

It is listed in 1995 in 'Vascular Plants of Russia and adjacent States (the former USSR)' by Czerepanov, S. K.[12]

It was once though to be a variant of Iris reticulata,[1][4] except Iris hyrcana has spherical bulbs where as Iris reticulata bulbs are drop shaped.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Iris hyrcana is native to temperate areas of western Asia.[11][1]

Range

Originally found in the Hyrcanian woods,[2] along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea from Azerbaijan to Iran.[13][11][1]

Habitat

It is found growing in the mountains along the Caspian Sea.[1]

Cultivation

It prefers to grow in sunny sites, on rocky soils that dry out completely in summer.[1]

As it is not very hardy, but it can withstand strong frosts of short duration.[1] Although it is thought to be best grown in the UK and in America, within a bulb frame or alpine house,[4] to keep the soils dry.[1] It also needs a dry, summer dormancy of several months.[1]

A specimen of Iris hyrcana won the Farrer Medal at the AGS Caerleon Show, in South Wales, shown by Bob & Rannveig Wallis.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cite error: The named reference irisbotanique was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d "IRIS HYRCANA". cgf.net. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b "(SPEC) hyrcana". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Reticulata Irises". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  5. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-730-9.
  6. ^ a b "Iris hyrcana". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  7. ^ Massoume Price Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook, p. 30, at Google Books
  8. ^ "Original material of Iris hyrcana Woronow ex Grossh. [family IRIDACEAE]". jstor.org. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  9. ^ "Iridaceae Iris hyrcana Woronow ex Grossh". www.ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  10. ^ "Iris hyrcana". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  11. ^ a b c "Iris hyrcana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  12. ^ Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR), p. 281, at Google Books
  13. ^ a b "Iris hyrcana". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  14. ^ "Iris hyrcana won the Farrer Medal at the AGS Caerleon Show, shown by Bob & Rannveig Wallis". twitter.com. 15 Feb 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

Other sources

  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. [lists as I. hyrcana (Woronow)]
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 177

Media related to Iris hyrcana at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris hyrcana at Wikispecies

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