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''Typotherium''
''Typotherium''
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'''''Mesotherium''''' ("Middle Beast"),<ref name="DC Paleo">{{cite web |url=http://www.dcpaleo.org/Research/SAMammals/Notoungulata/Mesotheriidae/Mesotheriidae.html D. Croft SA Mammals: Mesotheriidae |title=D. Croft SA Mammals: Mesotheriidae |publisher=D. Croft |date=2007-01-02 |accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref> [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]], "''Typotherium''," is the [[type genus]] of [[Mesotheriidae]], a long-lasting (roughly from 55 to 2 [[mya (unit)|mya]]) [[family (biology)|family]] of superficially rodent-like, burrowing [[notoungulate]]s from South America. It was first named by [[Étienne Serres]] in 1867, and through further finds now contains four species, ''M. cristatum'', ''M. hystatum'', ''M. maendrum'', and ''M. pachygnathum''. Fossils have been found in the [[Miramar Formation|Miramar]] and [[Vorohue Formation]]s of [[Argentina]].
'''''Mesotherium''''' ("Middle Beast"),<ref name="DC Paleo">{{cite web |url=http://www.dcpaleo.org/Research/SAMammals/Notoungulata/Mesotheriidae/Mesotheriidae.html D. Croft SA Mammals: Mesotheriidae |title=D. Croft SA Mammals: Mesotheriidae |publisher=D. Croft |date=2007-01-02 |accessdate=2008-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142211/http://dcpaleo.org/Research/SAMammals/Notoungulata/Mesotheriidae/Mesotheriidae.html |archivedate=2009-12-24 |df= }}</ref> [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]], "''Typotherium''," is the [[type genus]] of [[Mesotheriidae]], a long-lasting (roughly from 55 to 2 [[mya (unit)|mya]]) [[family (biology)|family]] of superficially rodent-like, burrowing [[notoungulate]]s from South America. It was first named by [[Étienne Serres]] in 1867, and through further finds now contains four species, ''M. cristatum'', ''M. hystatum'', ''M. maendrum'', and ''M. pachygnathum''. Fossils have been found in the [[Miramar Formation|Miramar]] and [[Vorohue Formation]]s of [[Argentina]].


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Serres named ''Mesotherium'' so due to his belief that it was an intermediate between rodents and pachyderms (or ungulates), due to its large upper [[incisors]], and its size and proportions.<ref name="DC Paleo"/> "Serres—by a happy inspiration proposed calling it Mesotherium—as being a common centre towards which all mammalia got happily confounded," [[Hugh Falconer]] wrote Darwin in April 1863.<ref>[http://darwin-qa.caret.cam.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4113.html#mark-4113.f8 Darwin Correspondence Project: Letter dated 20 April [1863&#93;],</ref> "Bravard sent it home under the name of Typotherium as being the central type from which all mammals diverged." It was Serres' view that there was only one underlying animal type.
Serres named ''Mesotherium'' so due to his belief that it was an intermediate between rodents and pachyderms (or ungulates), due to its large upper [[incisors]], and its size and proportions.<ref name="DC Paleo"/> "Serres—by a happy inspiration proposed calling it Mesotherium—as being a common centre towards which all mammalia got happily confounded," [[Hugh Falconer]] wrote Darwin in April 1863.<ref>[http://darwin-qa.caret.cam.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4113.html#mark-4113.f8 Darwin Correspondence Project: Letter dated 20 April [1863&#93;]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }},</ref> "Bravard sent it home under the name of Typotherium as being the central type from which all mammals diverged." It was Serres' view that there was only one underlying animal type.


Despite Serres' having officially named the genus ''Mesotherium'', it was known from the late 19th century to the early 20th century under the name "''Typotherium''", given it by the French palaeontologist living in Argentina, [[Auguste Bravard]];<ref name="TCCD">''The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: Volume 11'',; page 333. 1863 (The Correspondence of Charles Darwin) by Charles Darwin, Frederick Burkhardt, Duncan Porter, and Sheila Ann Dean) {{ISBN|0-521-59033-7}} Retrieved on 2008-05-02<!--the text is on-line as noted above--></ref> under this name Bravard sent the skull he found to Paris, which led to the family being named "Typotheriidae", and served as the basis for the order Typotheria.<ref name="DC Paleo"/> As the name ''Mesotherium'' had been published earlier in the same year as ''Typotherium'', ''Mesotherium'' was declared the valid name of the genus, (Simpson, 1980<ref name="TCCD"/>) and Mesotheriidae the valid name of the family.<ref name="DC Paleo"/> Nevertheless, as the rules do not apply to anything above the family, the name of the order Typotheria is still in use, but refers to a wider range of rodent-like notoungulates.<ref name="DC Paleo"/>
Despite Serres' having officially named the genus ''Mesotherium'', it was known from the late 19th century to the early 20th century under the name "''Typotherium''", given it by the French palaeontologist living in Argentina, [[Auguste Bravard]];<ref name="TCCD">''The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: Volume 11'',; page 333. 1863 (The Correspondence of Charles Darwin) by Charles Darwin, Frederick Burkhardt, Duncan Porter, and Sheila Ann Dean) {{ISBN|0-521-59033-7}} Retrieved on 2008-05-02<!--the text is on-line as noted above--></ref> under this name Bravard sent the skull he found to Paris, which led to the family being named "Typotheriidae", and served as the basis for the order Typotheria.<ref name="DC Paleo"/> As the name ''Mesotherium'' had been published earlier in the same year as ''Typotherium'', ''Mesotherium'' was declared the valid name of the genus, (Simpson, 1980<ref name="TCCD"/>) and Mesotheriidae the valid name of the family.<ref name="DC Paleo"/> Nevertheless, as the rules do not apply to anything above the family, the name of the order Typotheria is still in use, but refers to a wider range of rodent-like notoungulates.<ref name="DC Paleo"/>
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43426&is_real_user=1 Mesotherium] in the [[Paleobiology Database]]
* [http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43426&is_real_user=1 Mesotherium] in the [[Paleobiology Database]]
* [http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/results.asp?image=045083 Illustration of the head of a ''Mesotherium'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114131/http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/results.asp?image=045083 Illustration of the head of a ''Mesotherium'']
* [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:r8DWcgCJGB8J:captura.uchile.cl/dspace/bitstream/2250/2306/1/Flynn_J.pdf+Mesotherium&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20&gl=ca&lr=lang_en New Mesotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria),geochronology and tectonics of the Caragua area, northernmost Chile]
* [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:r8DWcgCJGB8J:captura.uchile.cl/dspace/bitstream/2250/2306/1/Flynn_J.pdf+Mesotherium&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20&gl=ca&lr=lang_en New Mesotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria),geochronology and tectonics of the Caragua area, northernmost Chile]


Revision as of 12:41, 26 January 2018

Mesotherium
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene (Ensenadan)
~1.2–0.781 Ma
↓
Skull of Mesotherium cristatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
†Notoungulata
Suborder:
†Typotheria
Family:
†Mesotheriidae
Genus:
†Mesotherium

Serres, 1867
Type species
†Mesotherium cristatum
Species
  • †M. cristatum
  • †M. hystatum
  • †M. maendrum
  • †M. pachygnathum
Synonyms

Typotherium

Mesotherium ("Middle Beast"),[1] synonym, "Typotherium," is the type genus of Mesotheriidae, a long-lasting (roughly from 55 to 2 mya) family of superficially rodent-like, burrowing notoungulates from South America. It was first named by Étienne Serres in 1867, and through further finds now contains four species, M. cristatum, M. hystatum, M. maendrum, and M. pachygnathum. Fossils have been found in the Miramar and Vorohue Formations of Argentina.

Etymology

Serres named Mesotherium so due to his belief that it was an intermediate between rodents and pachyderms (or ungulates), due to its large upper incisors, and its size and proportions.[1] "Serres—by a happy inspiration proposed calling it Mesotherium—as being a common centre towards which all mammalia got happily confounded," Hugh Falconer wrote Darwin in April 1863.[2] "Bravard sent it home under the name of Typotherium as being the central type from which all mammals diverged." It was Serres' view that there was only one underlying animal type.

Despite Serres' having officially named the genus Mesotherium, it was known from the late 19th century to the early 20th century under the name "Typotherium", given it by the French palaeontologist living in Argentina, Auguste Bravard;[3] under this name Bravard sent the skull he found to Paris, which led to the family being named "Typotheriidae", and served as the basis for the order Typotheria.[1] As the name Mesotherium had been published earlier in the same year as Typotherium, Mesotherium was declared the valid name of the genus, (Simpson, 1980[3]) and Mesotheriidae the valid name of the family.[1] Nevertheless, as the rules do not apply to anything above the family, the name of the order Typotheria is still in use, but refers to a wider range of rodent-like notoungulates.[1]

Description

Mesotherium was likely the size of a small sheep, and weighed around 55 kilograms (121 lb).[1] Like most rodents, it had superficially long upper incisors, which met at the tips,[1] however, it had enamel on both the labial and lingual surfaces of the incisors, while rodents only have enamel on the labial surface.[1] Mesotherium's lower incisors were reminiscent of those of a rabbit's.[1]

Mesotherium's ankle joint was made up of a "ball-and-socket" arrangement between the astralagus and the navicular, as well as a sliding articulation of the calcaneocuboid joint, which would cause extension-flexion in the ankle, as well as supination-pronation of the foot.[4] Because of this, Florentino Ameghino predicted in 1905, and confirmed in 1906 that Mesotherium would have a great toe.[4]

Mesotherium was likely fossorial, in that it dug, possibly to find food.[1][4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "D. Croft SA Mammals: Mesotheriidae". D. Croft. 2007-01-02. Archived from D. Croft SA Mammals: Mesotheriidae the original on 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2008-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Darwin Correspondence Project: Letter dated 20 April [1863][permanent dead link],
  3. ^ a b The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: Volume 11,; page 333. 1863 (The Correspondence of Charles Darwin) by Charles Darwin, Frederick Burkhardt, Duncan Porter, and Sheila Ann Dean) ISBN 0-521-59033-7 Retrieved on 2008-05-02
  4. ^ a b c "Analysis of function in the absence of extant functional homologues: a case study using mesotheriid notoungulates (Mammalia)". Bruce Shockey, Darin Croft, and Frederico Anaya. Spring 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-10.[permanent dead link]

Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesotherium&oldid=822448747"