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*[[International Alliance of Women]] - founded in 1904 to promote women's suffrage
*[[International Alliance of Women]] - founded in 1904 to promote women's suffrage
*[[Irish Women's Franchise League]] - founded in 1908, more radical than the Dublin Association
*[[Irish Women's Franchise League]] - founded in 1908, more radical than the Dublin Association
*[[Irish Women's Suffrage Society]] - founded by [[Isabella Tod]] as the North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Society in 1872; it was based in [[Belfast]] but had branches in other parts of the north<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.belfastsuffragettes.com/suffragettes.html | title=Belfast suffragettes | accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref>
*[[Irish Women's Suffrage Society]] - founded by [[Isabella Tod]] as the North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Society in 1872; it was based in [[Belfast]] but had branches in other parts of the north<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.belfastsuffragettes.com/suffragettes.html | title=Belfast suffragettes | accessdate=25 July 2013 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165653/http://belfastsuffragettes.com/suffragettes.html | archivedate=31 July 2013 | df= }}</ref>
*[[Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret]] - Danish organization from 1907 to 1915
*[[Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret]] - Danish organization from 1907 to 1915
*[[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] (NAWSA) - formed in 1890 by the joining of the American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Woman Suffrage Association
*[[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] (NAWSA) - formed in 1890 by the joining of the American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Woman Suffrage Association

Revision as of 19:05, 2 January 2018

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This list of suffragists and suffragettes includes noted individuals active in the worldwide women's suffrage movement who have campaigned or strongly advocated for women's suffrage, the organizations which they formed or joined, and the publications which publicized – and, in some nations, continue to publicize – their goals. Suffragists and suffragettes, often members of different groups and societies, used or use differing tactics. For example, "suffragette" in the British usage denotes a more "militant" type of campaigner, and suffragettes in the United States organized such nonviolent events as the Suffrage Hikes, the Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913, and the Silent Sentinels.

Madelin "Madge" Breckinridge
Gertrude Foster Brown
Carrie Chapman Catt
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Statue of Esther Hobart Morris
Anna Howard Shaw
Sojourner Truth
Victoria Woodhull

Argentine

Australian

Edith Cowan
  • Dora Meeson Coates (1869–1955) - artist, member of Royal Institute of Oil Painters in London, member of British Artists' Suffrage League
  • Edith Cowan (1861–1932) - politician, social campaigner, first woman elected to an Australian parliament
  • Fanny Furner (1864–1938) - activist
  • Annie Mackenzie Golding (1855–1934) - Feminist, Teacher & Headmistress[1]
  • Belle Theresa Golding (1864–1940) - public servant
  • Kate Dwyer (1861–1949) - schoolteacher and Labor leader
  • Vida Goldstein (1869–1949) - feminist politician, first woman in British Empire to stand for election to a national parliament
  • Serena Lake - English-born, South Australian evangelical preacher, social reformer, campaigner for women's suffrage
  • Louisa Lawson (1848–1920) - poet, writer, publisher, feminist, mother of the poet and author Henry Lawson
  • Mary Lee (1821–1909) - Irish-Australian social reformer
  • Muriel Matters (1877–1969) - lecturer, journalist, educator, actress, elocutionist, best known for her work on behalf of Women's Freedom League
  • May Jordan McConnel (1860–1929) - first paid female trade union organiser in Queensland, one of the founders of the Brisbane Women's Union
  • Emma Miller (1839–1917) - pioneer trade union organiser, key figure in organisations which led to the founding of the Australian Labor Party in Brisbane, Queensland
  • Rose Scott (1847–1925) - women's rights activist in New South Wales
  • Catherine Helen Spence (1825–1910) - Scottish-born author, teacher, journalist, politician, called the "Greatest Australian Woman," commemorated on the Australian five-dollar note issued for the Centenary of Federation of Australia
  • Jessie Street (1889–1970) - feminist, human rights campaigner
  • Caroline Maud Wynn, President of the Annandale Branch of the Suffrage League and then along with the Golding sisters were founding members of the Women's Progressive Association. [2]

Austrian

  • Marianne Hainisch (1839–1936) - founder and leader of the Austrian women's movement, mother of first President of Austria
  • Ernestine von Fürth, née Kisch (1877–1946) - Austrian-Jewish women's activist, founder and leader of the women's suffrage movement in Austria
  • Rosa Welt-Straus (1856–1938) - feminist, first Austrian woman to earn a medical degree

Belgian

  • Marie Popelin (1846–1913) - founded the Belgian League for Women's Rights in 1892
  • Isala Van Diest (1842–1916) - first female medical doctor and first female university graduate in Belgium

Brazilian

  • Celina Guimarães Viana (1890–1972) - Brazilian professor and suffragist; first woman to vote in Brazil
  • Ivone Guimarães (1908–1999) - Brazilian professor, suffragist and activist; one of the first women to vote in Brazil
  • Alzira Soriano (1897–1963) - Brazilian politician

British

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Frances Buss
Mabel Capper (3rd from right, with petition) and fellow suffragettes, 1910
Millicent Fawcett
Lilian Lenton
Harriet Taylor Mill
Christabel Pankhurst
Ethel Smyth
Beatrice Webb
Rebecca West
  • Janie Allan (1868–1968) - suffragette activist and significant financial supporter of the WSPU
  • Mary Sophia Allen (1878–1964) - women's rights activist, involved in far right political activity
  • Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley (1844–1874) - early advocate of birth control, mother of philosopher Bertrand Russell
  • Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917) - physician, feminist, co-founder of first hospital staffed by women, first dean of a British medical school, first female mayor and magistrate in Britain
  • Louisa Garrett Anderson (1873–1943) - medical pioneer, member of Women's Social and Political Union, social reformer, Chief Surgeon of Women's Hospital Corps, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine
  • Jane Arthur (1827-1907) - educationalist
  • Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor (1879–1964) - politician, socialite, first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons
  • Barbara Ayrton-Gould (née Ayrton; June 1886 - 14 October 1950) - Labour politician in the United Kingdom
  • Sarah Jane Baines (1866-1951) - feminist, suffragette and social reformer. The first suffragette to be tried by jury and one of the first to advocate militancy.
  • Frances Balfour (1858–1931) - highest-ranking members of British aristocracy to assume a leadership role in the women's suffrage movement
  • Rachel Barrett (1874-1953) - editor of The Suffragette
  • Dorothea Beale (1831–1906) - educational reformer, author, Principal of the Cheltenham Ladies' College
  • Lydia Becker (1827–1890) - amateur scientist with interests in biology and astronomy, best remembered for founding and publishing the Women's Suffrage Journal
  • Ethel Bentham (1861–1931) - doctor, politician
  • Annie Besant (1847–1933) - prominent socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist, writer, orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self-rule
  • Rosa May Billinghurst (1875–1953) - member of the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Teresa Billington-Greig (1877–1964) - founder of Women's Freedom League
  • Barbara Bodichon (1827–1891) - educationalist, artist, feminist, activist for women's rights
  • Margaret Bondfield (1873–1953) - Labour politician, feminist, first woman Cabinet minister in the United Kingdom
  • Catherine Booth (1829–1890) - speaker, known as the 'Mother of The Salvation Army'
  • Elsie Bowerman (1889–1973) - lawyer, RMS Titanic survivor
  • Vera Brittain (1893–1970) - writer, feminist, pacifist
  • Annie Leigh Browne (1851–1936) - educationalist, co-founder of College Hall, London and of Women's Local Government Society
  • Frances Buss (1827–1894) - headmistress, pioneer of women's education
  • Josephine Butler (1828–1906) - feminist, social reformer concerned about the welfare of prostitutes
  • Mona Caird (1854–1932) - Scottish novelist, essayist
  • Mabel Capper (1888–1966) - activist in the Women's Social and Political Union, devoted to the struggle against bad luck and discrimination
  • Isabella Carrie (1878–1981), suffragette. safe house keeper and schoolteacher
  • Anne Clough (1820–1892) - promoter of higher education for women
  • Jane Cobden (1851–1947) - Liberal politician who was active in many radical causes
  • Leonora Cohen (1873–1978) - regional activist who was also an appointed OBE
  • Margaret Cole (1893–1980) - socialist politician, champion of comprehensive education
  • Florence Annie Conybeare (1872-1916) - campaigned on behalf of the Women's Suffrage Movement, President of the Dartford Women's Liberal Association, First World War fundraiser, VAD worker
  • Selina Cooper (1864–1946) - local magistrate, campaigner against fascism, first woman to represent the Independent Labour Party in 1901 when elected as Poor Law Guardian
  • Jessie Craigen (c.1835-1899) - a working-class suffragist.
  • Richmal Crompton (1890–1969) - schoolmistress, writer who is best known for her humorous short stories
  • Mary Crudelius (1839–1877) - campaigner for women's education
  • Emily Davies (1830–1921) - feminist, campaigner for women's rights to university access, co-founder and first Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge University
  • Emily Wilding Davison (1872–1913) - militant activist, key member of the Women's Social and Political Union, died in a protest action at a racetrack
  • Charlotte Despard (1844–1939) - novelist, Sinn Féin activist, vegetarian, anti-vivisection advocate
  • Flora Drummond (1878–1949) - organiser for Women's Social and Political Union, imprisoned nine times for her activism in Women's Suffrage movement, inspiring orator
  • Norah Elam (1878–1961) - radical feminist, militant suffragette, anti-vivisectionist and fascist
  • Millicent Fawcett (1847–1929) - feminist, intellectual, political leader, union leader, writer
  • Elizabeth Fry (1780–1845) - prison reformer, social reformer, philanthropist
  • Edith Margaret Garrud (1872–1971) - professional arts instructor
  • Mary Gawthorpe (1881–1973) - socialist, trade unionist, editor
  • Gerald Gould (1885–1936) - writer, known as a journalist and reviewer, essayist and poet
  • Beatrice Forbes-Robertson Hale (1883-1967) - actress, lecturer, and writer
  • Cicely Hale (1884-1981) - health visitor and author
  • Nellie Hall (1895–1929) - god-daughter of Emmeline Pankhurst (the leader of British suffragette movement)
  • Cicely Hamilton (1872–1952) - actress, writer, journalist, feminist
  • Marion Coates Hansen (1870–1947) - early member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), founding member Women's Freedom League, important activist for suffrage
  • Jane Ellen Harrison (1850–1928) - linguist, feminist, scholar, co-founder of modern studies in Greek mythology
  • Evelina Haverfield (1867–1920) - aid worker, involved in the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Emily Hobhouse (1860–1926) - campaigner, worked to change the conditions inside the concentration camps in South Africa during the Second Boer War
  • Olive Hockin (married name Olive Leared) (1881–1936) - artist
  • Winifred Holtby (1898–1935) - novelist, journalist
  • Winifred Horrabin (1887–1971) - socialist activist, journalist
  • Clemence Housman (1861–1955) - author, illustrator, activist
  • Laurence Housman (1865–1959) - playwright, writer, illustrator
  • Elizabeth How-Martyn (1875–1954) - member of the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Ellen Hughes (1867–1927) - Welsh writer, poet, suffragist
  • Elsie Inglis (1864–1917) - innovative Scottish doctor
  • Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912) - physician, teacher, feminist, a leading campaigner for medical education for women
  • Ellen Isabel Jones (d.1948) - close associate of the Pankhursts
  • Annie Kenney (1879–1953) - leading figure in the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Edith Key 1872-1937 - secretary-organiser of the Women's Social and Political Union, Huddersfield branch, and author of the only surviving regional WSPU minute book
  • Mary Stewart Kilgour (1851-1955) - educationalist and writer
  • Grace Kimmins (1871–1954) - active in the foundation of charitable foundations, particularly those concerned with the welfare of poor and disabled children
  • Anne Knight (1786–1862) - social reformer, pioneer of feminism
  • Annie Knight (1895–2006) - organizer
  • Aeta Adelaide Lamb (1886-1928) - longest serving organizer in the Women's Social and Political Union
  • George Lansbury (1859–1940) - politician and social reformer
  • Jennie Lee (1904–1988) - politician
  • Lilian Lenton (1891–1972) - dancer
  • Lady Constance Lytton (1869–1923) - writer and campaigner
  • Agnes Macdonald (1836–1920) - spouse of the first Prime Minister of Canada
  • Margaret Mackworth (1883–1958) - activist and director of more than thirty companies
  • Sarah Mair (1846–1941) - campaigner and founder
  • Edith Mansell Moullin (1859-1941) suffragist, settlement worker and Welsh feminist organization founder
  • Kitty Marion (1871–1944) - actress and political activist
  • Dora Marsden (1882–1960) - anarcho-feminist, editor of literary journals and philosopher of language
  • Charlotte Marsh (1842-1909) - joined the Women Social & Political Union in March 1907. In March 1916 sh set up the Independent WSPU
  • Selina Martin (1882-1972) - activist
  • Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) - social theorist and writer
  • Eleanor Marx (1855–1898) - activist and translator
  • Eva McLaren (1852-1921) - suffragist, writer and political campaigner.
  • Alice Meynell (1847–1922) - editor, writer and poet
  • Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858) - philosopher and women's rights advocate
  • John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) - philosopher, political economist and civil servant
  • Hannah Mitchell (1872–1956) - activist
  • Dora Montefiore (1851–1933) - activist and writer
  • Ethel Moorhead (1869–1955) - painter
  • Anna Munro (1881-1962) - activist
  • Flora Murray (1869–1923) - medical pioneer and activist
  • Mary Neal (1860–1944) - social worker and collector of English folk dances
  • Alison Roberta Noble Neilans (1884–1942) - activist, member of the executive committee of the Women's Freedom League
  • Ada Nield Chew (1870–1945) - organiser
  • Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) - celebrated social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing
  • Adela Pankhurst (1885–1961) - political organizer, co-founder of the Communist Party of Australia and the Australia First Movement
  • Christabel Pankhurst (1880–1958) - co-founder and leader of the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928) - a main founder and the leader of the British Suffragette Movement
  • Sylvia Pankhurst (1882–1960) - campaigner and anti-fascism activist
  • Edith Pechey (1845–1908) - campaigner for women's rights, involved in a range of social causes
  • Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954) - member Suffrage Society, secretary Women's Social and Political Union
  • Eleanor Rathbone (1872–1946) - campaigner for women's rights
  • Mary Reid (1880–1921) - Scottish trades unionist
  • Mary Richardson (1882–1961) - Canadian suffragette, arsonist, head of the women's section of the British Union of Fascists
  • Edith Rigby (1872–1948) - founder of St. Peter's School, prominent activist
  • Elizabeth Robins (1862–1952) - actress, playwright, novelist
  • Rona Robinson
  • Esther Roper (1868–1938) - social justice campaigner
  • Arnold Stephenson Rowntree (1872-1951) - MP, philanthropist and suffragist
  • Agnes Royden (1876-1956) - preacher
  • Margaret Sandhurst (1828-1892) - one of the first women elected to a city council in the United Kingdom
  • Sophia Duleep Singh (1876–1948) - had leading roles in the Women's Tax Resistance League, and the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Ethel Smyth (1858–1944) - composer, writer
  • Ethel Snowden (1881–1951) - socialist, human rights activist, feminist politician
  • Flora Stevenson (1839–1905) - Scottish social reformer with interest in education for poor or neglected children
  • Louisa Stevenson (1835–1908) - Scottish campaigner for women's university education, effective, well-organised nursing
  • Una Harriet Ella Stratford Duval (née Dugdale) (1879–1975) - suffragette and marriage reformer
  • Lucy Deane Streatfeild (1865–1950) - civil servant, social worker, one of the first female factory inspectors in UK
  • Helena Swanwick (1864–1939) - feminist, pacifist
  • Dora Thewlis (1890–1976) - activist
  • Elizabeth Thompson (1846–1933) - prominent painter
  • Violet Tillard (1874–1922) - nurse, pacifist, supporter of conscientious objectors, relief worker
  • Marion Wallace Dunlop (1864–1942) - suffragett went on hunger strike after being arrested for militancy
  • Harriet Shaw Weaver (1876–1961) - political activist, magazine editor
  • Beatrice Webb (1858–1943) - sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian, social reformer
  • Rebecca West (1892–1983) - author, journalist, literary critic, travel writer
  • Olive Wharry (1886–1947) - artist, arsonist
  • Ellen Wilkinson (1891–1947) - politician, Member of Parliament, served as Minister of Education
  • Alice Zimmern (1855–1939) - teacher, writer

Bulgarian

Canadian

Edith Archibald
  • Edith Archibald (1854–1936) - writer who led the Maritime Women's Christian Temperance Union and the National Council of Women of Canada and the Local Council of Women of Halifax
  • Laura Borden (1861–1940) - wife of Sir Robert Laird Borden, the eighth Prime Minister of Canada
  • Henrietta Muir Edwards (1849–1931) - women's rights activist and reformer
  • Gertrude Harding (1889-1977) - one of the highest-ranking and longest-lasting members of the Women's Social and Political Union
  • Anna Leonowens (1831–1915) - travel writer, educator and social activist
  • Nellie McClung (1873–1951) - politician, author, social activist, member of The Famous Five
  • Louise McKinney (1868–1931) - politician, women's rights activist, Alberta legislature
  • Jean McWilliam
  • Emily Murphy
  • Irene Parlby
  • Eliza Ritchie (1856–1933) - educator and member of the executive of the Local Council of Women of Halifax
  • Emily Stowe (1831–1903) - doctor, campaigned for the country's first medical college for women

Chilean

  • Henrietta Müller (1846–1906) - Chilean-British women's rights activist and theosophist
  • Marta Vergara (1898-1995) - co-founder of MEMch; Inter-American Commission of Women delegate

Chinese

  • Lin Zongsu (1878-1944) - founder of the first suffrage organization in China

Colombian

  • Lucila Rubio de Laverde co-founder of the suffrage organizations, Unión Femenina de Colombia (Women's Union of Colombia) (UFC) and the Alianza Femenina de Colombia (Women's Alliance of Colombia)
  • María Currea Manrique (1890-1985) - co-founder of the suffrage organizations, Unión Femenina de Colombia (Women's Union of Colombia) (UFC) and the Alianza Femenina de Colombia (Women's Alliance of Colombia)

Danish

  • Mathilde Fibiger (1830–1872) - feminist writer
  • Eline Hansen (1859–1919) - co-founder of Dansk Kvinderaad, later Danske Kvinders Nationalråd (DKN)
  • Line Luplau (1823-1891) - co-founder and chairperson of the Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund or DKV
  • Elna Munch (1871-1945) - co-founder of the Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret (National Association for Women's Suffrage) or LKV
  • Louise Nørlund (1854-1919) - co-founder and chairperson of the Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund or DKV
  • Johanne Rambusch (1865-1944) - co-founder of the Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret (Country Association for Women's Suffrage) or LKV
  • Caroline Testman (1839-1919) - co-founder and chairman of the Dansk Kvindesamfund

Dutch

Egyptian

French

Marguerite Durand

German

Bust of Clara Zetkin

Greek

Haitian

Icelandic

Indian

Irish

Constance Markievicz

Italian

Japanese

Jordanian

  • Emily Bisharat (d. 2004), first female lawyer in Jordan, fought for women's suffrage

Liechtensteinerin

  • Melitta Marxer (1923-2015) - one of the "Sleeping Beauties" who took the issue of women's suffrage to the Council of Europe in 1983

Mexican

New Zealander

Kate Sheppard

Nicaraguan

  • Josefa Toledo de Aguirre, also called Josefa Emilia Toledo Murillo (1866–1962) - Nicaraguan feminist, writer and reform pedagogue

Norwegian

  • Randi Blehr (1851-1928) - chairperson and co-founder of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
  • Anna Bugge (1862-1928) - chairman of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
  • Betzy Kjelsberg (1866-1950) - co-founder of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1884), the National Association for Women's Suffrage (1885)
  • Gina Krog (1847-1916) - co-founder of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
  • Ragna Nielsen (1845-1924) - chairperson of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
  • Thekla Resvoll (1871-1948) - head of the Norwegian Female Student’s Club and on the board of the women's suffrage movement (Kvinnestemmeretsforeningen)
  • Anna Rogstad (1854-1938) - vice president of the Association for Women's Suffrage

Panamanian

Peruvian

Filipino

Puerto Rican

Romanian

Russian

South African

Spanish

  • Clara Campoamor (1888–1972) - added language into the writing of the Spanish constitution of 1931 giving women the right to vote in Spain

Swedish

Signe Bergman

Swiss

  • Simone Chapuis-Bischof (born March 16, 1931) - head of the Association Suisse Pour les Droits de la Femme (ADF) and the president of the journal Femmes Suisses
  • Caroline Farner (1842–1913) - the second female Swiss doctor
  • Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin (1842–1913) - Swiss doctor and campaigner for the Swiss women's movement
  • Marthe Gosteli (1917–2017) - Swiss suffrage activist and creator of the Swiss archive of women's history
  • Ursula Koch (born 1941) - politician, refused the 'male' oath in the Zürich cantonal parliament; first women president of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SP)
  • Emilie Lieberherr (1924–2011) - Swiss politician who was a leading figure in the final struggle for women suffrage in Switzerland, and the famous 1969 March to Bern for women suffrage
  • Rosa Neuenschwander (1883–1962) - pioneer in vocational education, founder of the Schweizerische Landfrauenverband or SLFV (Swiss Country Association for Women Suffrage)
  • Julie von May (von Rued)
  • Helene von Mülinen (1850–1924) - founder of Switzerland's organized suffrage movement; created and served as first president of Bund Schweizerischer Frauenvereine (BSF)

Trinidadian

United States

Uruguayan

  • Paulina Luisi Janicki (1875-1949) - leader of the feminist movement in Uruguay, first Uruguayan woman to earn a medical degree in Uruguay (1909)

Venezuelan

Yishuvian

Major suffrage organizations

Women's suffrage publications

Back cover of The Woman Citizen magazine from Jan 19, 1918

See also

References

  1. ^ Kingston, Beverly. "Golding, Annie Mackenzie (1855–1934)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  2. ^ 1903 'Women's Progressive Association.', The Dawn (Sydney, NSW : 1888 - 1905) , 1 April, p. 7, viewed 12 May, 2014, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77083149
  3. ^ "Huygens, Cornélie Lydie (1848-1902)". Huygens ING. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  4. ^ "Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test". New York Times. September 26, 1918.
  5. ^ Parker, Jacqueline (1974). Helen Valeska Bary: Labor Administration and Social Security: A Woman's Life. Berkeley CA: University of California.
  6. ^ Santiago-Valles, Kelvin A. (1994). Subject People and Colonial Discourses: Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898-1947. SUNY Press. p. 58, 161. ISBN 9781438418650. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Services For Mrs. Dudley To Be Held Thursday". Nashville Banner. September 14, 1955.
  8. ^ a b Anastatia Sims (1998). "Woman Suffrage Movement". In Carroll Van West. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society. ISBN 1-55853-599-3.
  9. ^ "L.F.Feickert". Njwomenshistory.orgpx. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Yung, Judy (1995). Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco. University of California Press.
  11. ^ The African-American history of Nashville, Tennessee, 1780-1930: elites and dilemmas, by Bobby L. Lovett, University of Arkansas Press, 1999, page 232
  12. ^ Tennessee Through Time, The Later Years. Gibbs Smith. 1 August 2007. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-1-58685-806-3.
  13. ^ "Black History Month: J. Frankie Pierce founded school for girls | The Tennessean | tennessean.com". Archive.tennessean.com. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2015-09-07.[dead link]
  14. ^ "Frankie Pierce & the Tennessee Vocational School for Colored Girls". Ww2.tnstate.edu. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  15. ^ "Belfast suffragettes". Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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