List of lay Catholic scientists: Difference between revisions
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* [[Arthur W. Conway]] (1876–1950) – remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity |
* [[Arthur W. Conway]] (1876–1950) – remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity |
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* [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]] (1896–1984) – shared the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with his wife for their discovery of the Cori cycle |
* [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]] (1896–1984) – shared the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with his wife for their discovery of the Cori cycle |
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* [[Gerty Cori]] (1896–1957) – biochemist who was the first American woman win a Nobel Prize in science (1947)<ref>http://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/cori.html</ref> |
* [[Gerty Cori]] (1896–1957) – biochemist who was the first American woman win a Nobel Prize in science (1947)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/cori.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-01-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110101439/http://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/cori.html |archivedate=2012-11-10 |df= }}</ref> |
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* [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis]] (1792–1843) – formulated laws regarding rotating systems, which later became known as the Corialis effect |
* [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis]] (1792–1843) – formulated laws regarding rotating systems, which later became known as the Corialis effect |
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* [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]] (1736–1806) – physicist known for developing Coulomb's law |
* [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]] (1736–1806) – physicist known for developing Coulomb's law |
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* [[John Eccles (neurophysiologist)|John Eccles]] (1903–1997) – Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the synapse<ref>http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/John_Eccles.html John Eccles</ref> |
* [[John Eccles (neurophysiologist)|John Eccles]] (1903–1997) – Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the synapse<ref>http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/John_Eccles.html John Eccles</ref> |
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* [[Stephan Endlicher]] (1804–1849) – botanist who formulated a major system of plant classification |
* [[Stephan Endlicher]] (1804–1849) – botanist who formulated a major system of plant classification |
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* [[Gerhard Ertl]] (1936–present) – German [[physicist]] who won the 2007 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces<ref name=cicero>{{cite news |last=Weishaupt |first=Till |title=Glauben Sie an Gott? |url=http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |work=Cicero |date=December 2007 |quote=Translated from German: Oh, yes, I believe in God. (…) I am a Christian and I try to live as a Christian (…) I read the Bible very often and I try to understand it. |accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref> |
* [[Gerhard Ertl]] (1936–present) – German [[physicist]] who won the 2007 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces<ref name=cicero>{{cite news |last=Weishaupt |first=Till |title=Glauben Sie an Gott? |url=http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |work=Cicero |date=December 2007 |quote=Translated from German: Oh, yes, I believe in God. (…) I am a Christian and I try to live as a Christian (…) I read the Bible very often and I try to understand it. |accessdate=2008-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130213538/http://www.cicero.de/97.php?ress_id=6&item=2223 |archivedate=2007-11-30 |df= }}</ref> |
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* [[Bartolomeo Eustachi]] (c.1500–1574) – one of the founders of human anatomy |
* [[Bartolomeo Eustachi]] (c.1500–1574) – one of the founders of human anatomy |
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* [[Hieronymus Fabricius]] (1537–1619) – father of embryology |
* [[Hieronymus Fabricius]] (1537–1619) – father of embryology |
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* [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] (1748–1836) – first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants |
* [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] (1748–1836) – first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants |
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* [[Mary Kenneth Keller]] (c.1914–1985) – Sister of Charity and first American woman to earn a PhD in computer science, helped develop [[BASIC]] |
* [[Mary Kenneth Keller]] (c.1914–1985) – Sister of Charity and first American woman to earn a PhD in computer science, helped develop [[BASIC]] |
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* [[Brian Kobilka]] (1955–present) – American [[Nobel Prize]] winning professor who teaches at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]<ref>http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20121023.htm#head1</ref><ref>http://www.austindiocese.org/newsletter_article_view.php?id=7177</ref> |
* [[Brian Kobilka]] (1955–present) – American [[Nobel Prize]] winning professor who teaches at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]<ref>http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20121023.htm#head1 {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130215164324/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20121023.htm |date=2013-02-15 }}</ref><ref>http://www.austindiocese.org/newsletter_article_view.php?id=7177{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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* [[René Laennec]] (1781–1826) – physician who invented the stethoscope |
* [[René Laennec]] (1781–1826) – physician who invented the stethoscope |
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* [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] (1736–1813) – mathematician and astronomer known for Lagrangian points and Lagrangian mechanics |
* [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] (1736–1813) – mathematician and astronomer known for Lagrangian points and Lagrangian mechanics |
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Revision as of 04:01, 31 December 2017
Many Catholics have made significant contributions to the development of science and mathematics from the Middle Ages to today. These scientists include Galileo Galilei,[1] René Descartes,[2], Louis Pasteur,[3] Blaise Pascal, André-Marie Ampère, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Pierre de Fermat, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Alessandro Volta,[4] Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Pierre Duhem, Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Alois Alzheimer, and Georgius Agricola.
For additional Catholic scientists, see the List of Catholic churchmen-scientists.
Catholic scientists
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- Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799) – mathematician who wrote on differential and integral calculus
- Georgius Agricola (1494–1555) – father of mineralogy[5]
- Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915) – credited with identifying the first published case of presenile dementia, which is now known as Alzheimer's disease[6]
- André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) – one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism
- Leopold Auenbrugger (1722–1809) – first to use percussion as a diagnostic technique in medicine
- Adrien Auzout (1622–1691) – astronomer who contributed to the development of the telescopic micrometer
- Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) – Italian scientist noted for contributions to molecular theory and Avogadro's Law[7]
- Francisco J. Ayala (1934–present) – Spanish-American biologist and philosopher at the University of California, Irvine[8][9]
- Stephen M. Barr (1953–present) – professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Delaware and a member of its Bartol Research Institute
- Laura Bassi (1711–1778) – physicist at the University of Bologna and Chair in experimental physics at the Bologna Institute of Sciences, the first woman to be offered a professorship at a European university
- Antoine César Becquerel (1788–1878) – pioneer in the study of electric and luminescent phenomena
- Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) – awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his co-discovery of radioactivity
- Carlo Beenakker (1960 – present) – professor at Leiden University and leader of the university's mesoscopic physics group, established in 1992.
- John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) – British pioneer in X-ray crystallography in molecular biology[10][11]
- Claude Bernard (1813–1878) – physiologist who helped to apply scientific methodology to medicine
- Jacques Philippe Marie Binet (1786–1856) – mathematician known for Binet's formula and his contributions to number theory
- Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862) – physicist who established the reality of meteorites and studied polarization of light
- Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) – often referred to as the father of modern biomechanics
- Raoul Bott (1923–2005) – mathematician known for numerous basic contributions to geometry in its broad sense[12][13]
- Louis Braille (1809–1852) – inventor of the Braille reading and writing system
- Edouard Branly (1844–1940) – inventor and physicist known for his involvement in wireless telegraphy and his invention of the Branly coherer
- James Britten (1846–1924) – botanist, member of the Catholic Truth Society and Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great[14]
- Hermann Brück (1905–2000) – Astronomer Royal for Scotland from 1957–1975; honored by Pope John Paul II
- Albert Brudzewski (c. 1445–c.1497) – first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse
- Nicola Cabibbo (1935–2010): Italian physicist, discoverer of the universality of weak interactions (Cabibbo angle), President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences from 1993 until his death
- Alexis Carrel (1873–1944) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for pioneering vascular suturing techniques
- John Casey (mathematician) (1820–1891) – Irish geometer known for Casey's theorem
- Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712) – first to observe four of Saturn's moons and the co-discoverer of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter
- Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) – mathematician who was an early pioneer in analysis
- Andrea Cesalpino (c.1525–1603) – botanist who also theorized on the circulation of blood
- Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832) – published the first translation of the Rosetta Stone
- Guy de Chauliac (c.1300–1368) – the most eminent surgeon of the Middle Ages
- Albert Claude (1899–1983) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his contributions to cytology
- Mateo Realdo Colombo (1516–1559) – discovered the pulmonary circuit,[15] which paved the way for Harvey's discovery of circulation
- Arthur W. Conway (1876–1950) – remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity
- Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984) – shared the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with his wife for their discovery of the Cori cycle
- Gerty Cori (1896–1957) – biochemist who was the first American woman win a Nobel Prize in science (1947)[16]
- Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (1792–1843) – formulated laws regarding rotating systems, which later became known as the Corialis effect
- Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) – physicist known for developing Coulomb's law
- Clyde Cowan (1919–1974) – Co-discoverer of the neutrino
- René Descartes (1596–1650) – father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry
- Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859) – mathematicians who contributed to number theory and was one of the first to give the modern formal definition of a function
- Pierre Duhem (1861–1916) – historian of science who made important contributions to hydrodynamics, elasticity, and thermodynamics
- Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884) – chemist who established new values for the atomic mass of thirty elements
- John Eccles (1903–1997) – Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the synapse[17]
- Stephan Endlicher (1804–1849) – botanist who formulated a major system of plant classification
- Gerhard Ertl (1936–present) – German physicist who won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces[18]
- Bartolomeo Eustachi (c.1500–1574) – one of the founders of human anatomy
- Hieronymus Fabricius (1537–1619) – father of embryology
- Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562) – pioneering Italian anatomist who studied the human ear and reproductive organs
- Mary Celine Fasenmyer (1906–1996) – Religious sister and mathematician, founder of Sister Celine's polynomials
- Hervé Faye (1814–1902) – astronomer whose discovery of the periodic comet 4P/Faye won him the 1844 Lalande Prize and membership in the French Academy of Sciences
- Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665) – number theorist who contributed to the early development of calculus
- Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) – awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his work in induced radioactivity
- Jean Fernel (1497–1558) – physician who introduced the term physiology
- Fibonacci (c.1170–c.1250) – popularized Hindu-Arabic numerals in Europe and discovered the Fibonacci sequence
- Hippolyte Fizeau (1819–1896) – first person to determine experimentally the velocity of light[19]
- Léon Foucault (1819–1868) – invented the Foucault pendulum to measure the effect of the earth's rotation
- Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826) – discovered Fraunhofer lines in the sun's spectrum
- Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) – made significant contributions to the theory of wave optics
- Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs (1774–1856) – confirmed the stoichiometric laws and observed isomorphism and the cation exchange of zeolites[20]
- Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) – father of modern science[21]
- Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) – formulated the theory of animal electricity
- William Gascoigne (1610–1644) – developed the first micrometer
- Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) – chemist known for two laws related to gases
- Riccardo Giacconi (1931–present) – Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid the foundations of X-ray astronomy
- Paula González (1932–present) – Religious sister and professor of biology
- Peter Grünberg (1939–present) – German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate[22]
- Johannes Gutenberg (c.1398–1468) – inventor of the printing press
- Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783–1875) – one of the pioneers of modern geology[23]
- Eduard Heis (1806–1877) – astronomer who contributed the first true delineation of the Milky Way
- Jan Baptist van Helmont (1579–1644) – founder of pneumatic chemistry
- George de Hevesy (1885–1966) – Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate[24]
- Charles Hermite (1822–1901) – mathematician who did research on number theory, quadratic forms, elliptic functions, and algebra
- John Philip Holland (1840–1914) – developed the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the US Navy
- Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) – first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants
- Mary Kenneth Keller (c.1914–1985) – Sister of Charity and first American woman to earn a PhD in computer science, helped develop BASIC
- Brian Kobilka (1955–present) – American Nobel Prize winning professor who teaches at Stanford University School of Medicine[25][26]
- René Laennec (1781–1826) – physician who invented the stethoscope
- Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813) – mathematician and astronomer known for Lagrangian points and Lagrangian mechanics
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) – French naturalist, biologist and academic whose theories on evolution preceded those of Darwin
- Johann von Lamont (1805–1879) – astronomer and physicist who studied the magnetism of the Earth and was the first to calculate the mass of Uranus
- Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) – Nobel Prize winner who identified and classified the human blood types
- Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833) – pioneer in entomology
- Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) – father of modern chemistry[27]
- Jérôme Lejeune (1926–1994) – pediatrician and geneticist, best known for his discovery of the link of diseases to chromosome abnormalities
- Jonathan Lunine (1959–present) – planetary scientist at the forefront of research into planet formation, evolution, and habitability; serves as vice-president of the Society of Catholic Scientists[28]
- Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) – father of comparative physiology[29]
- Étienne-Louis Malus (1775–1812) – discovered the polarization of light
- Anna Morandi Manzolini (1714–1774) – anatomist and anatomical wax artist who lectured at the University of Bologna
- Giovanni Manzolini (1700–1755) – anatomical wax artist and Professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna
- Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) – father of wireless technology and radio transmission
- Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) – known for the Maupertuis principle and for being the first president of the Berlin Academy of Science
- Michele Mercati (1541–1593) – one of the first to recognize prehistoric stone tools as man-made
- Charles W. Misner (1932–present) – American cosmologist dedicated to the study of general relativity
- Kenneth R. Miller (1948–present) – American cell biologist and molecular biologist who teaches at Brown University[30]
- Mario J. Molina (1943–present) – Mexican chemist, one of the precursors to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole (1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
- Peter Joseph Moloney (1891–1989) – Canadian immunologist and pioneering vaccine researcher, who worked out the first large-scale purification of insulin in 1922; International Gairdner Award, 1967)[31]
- Gaspard Monge (1746–1818) – father of descriptive geometry
- John J. Montgomery (1858–1911) – American physicist and inventor of gliders and aerodynamics
- Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771) – father of modern anatomical pathology[32]
- Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858) – founder of modern physiology[33]
- Joseph Murray (1919–2012) – Nobel Prize in Medicine laureate[34]
- John von Neumann (1903–1957) – Hungarian-born American mathematician and polymath[35] who converted to Catholicism[36]
- Martin Nowak (1965–present) – evolutionary theorist and Director of the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics at Harvard University; serves on the board of the Society of Catholic Scientists[37]
- Karin Öberg (1982–present) – her Öberg Astrochemistry Group discovered the first complex organic molecule in a protoplanetary disk; serves on the board of the Society of Catholic Scientists[38]
- Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) – created the first modern atlas and theorized on continental drift
- Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) – French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and philosopher
- Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) – father of bacteriology[3][39]
- Pierre Joseph Pelletier (1788–1842) – co-discovered strychnine, caffeine, quinine, cinchonine, among many other discoveries in chemistry[40]
- Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461) – called the father of mathematical and observational astronomy in the West[41]
- Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) – Hungarian polymath, made contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy
- Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998) – Croatian-Swiss organic chemist, winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize for chemistry
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) – awarded the Nobel Prize for his contributions to neuroscience
- René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757) – scientific polymath known especially for his study of insects
- Francesco Redi (1626–1697) – his experiments with maggots were a major step in overturning the idea of spontaneous generation
- Henri Victor Regnault (1810–1878) – chemist with two laws governing the specific heat of gases named after him[42]
- Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853–1925) – one of the founders of tensor calculus
- Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675) – mathematician who studied the geometry of infinitesimals and was one of the founders of kinematic geometry
- Frederick Rossini (1899–1990) – Priestley Medal and Laetare Medal-winning chemist[43]
- Paul Sabatier (chemist) (1854–1941) – awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work improving the hydrogenation of organic species in the presence of metals
- Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant (1797–1886) – Remembered for Saint-Venant's principle, Saint-Venant's theorem, and Saint-Venant's compatibility condition; given the title Count by Pope Pius IX in 1869
- Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) – founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms
- Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) – early pioneer of antiseptic procedures, discoverer of the cause of puerperal fever
- Louis Jacques Thénard (1777–1857) – discovered hydrogen peroxide and contributed to the discovery of boron[44]
- Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647) – inventor of the barometer
- Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397–1482) – Italian mathematician, astronomer and cosmographer
- Richard Towneley (1629–1707) – mathematician and astronomer whose work contributed to the formulation of Boyle's Law
- Louis René Tulasne (1815–1885) – biologist with several genera and species of fungi named after him
- Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1763–1829) – discovered the chemical element beryllium
- Urbain Le Verrier (1811–1877) – mathematician who predicted the discovery of Neptune
- Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) – father of modern human anatomy
- François Viète (1540–1603) – father of modern algebra[45]
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) – Renaissance anatomist, scientist, mathematician, and painter
- Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703) – mathematician known for Viviani's theorem, Viviani's curve and his work in determining the speed of sound
- Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) – physicist known for the invention of the battery[4]
- Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen (1841–1900) – geologist and paleontologist who provided the first example of evolution described from the geologic record, after studying Jurassic ammonites[46]
- Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897) – often called the father of modern analysis[47]
- E. T. Whittaker (1873–1956) – English mathematician who made contributions to applied mathematics and mathematical physics
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) – one of the founders of scientific archaeology
- Bertram Windle (1858–1929) – anthropologist, physician, and former president of University College Cork
- Jacob B. Winslow (1669–1760) – convert to Catholicism who was regarded as the greatest European anatomist of his day [48]
- Antonino Zichichi (1929–present) – Italian nuclear physicist, former President of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare[49][50]
See also
References
- ^ Stephen Hawking; A Brief History of Time, 1996; p. 194-195
- ^ "René Descartes". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
...preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority.
- ^ a b Vallery-Radot, Maurice (1994). Pasteur. Paris: Perrin. pp. 377–407.
- ^ a b "Gli scienziati cattolici che hanno fatto lItalia". Zenit.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ George Agricola
- ^ Berrios, G. E. (1990-11-01). "Alzheimer's disease: A conceptual history". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 5 (6): 355–65. doi:10.1002/gps.930050603. ISSN 1099-1166.
- ^ Guareschi, Icilio (1911). "Amedeo Avogadro e la sua opera scientifica". Opere scelte di Amedeo Avogadro. Turin: Accademia delle scienze. pp. i–cxl.
- ^ "Evolution: Religion: Science and Faith". Pbs.org. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Dreifus, Claudia (April 27, 1999). "A CONVERSATION WITH: FRANCISCO J. AYALA; Ex-Priest Takes the Blasphemy Out of Evolution". New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
- ^ Brown, Andrew (2005). J. D. Bernal: the sage of science. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851544-8.
- ^ Brown 2005, pp. 1–3
- ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Bott.html
- ^ http://www.ams.org/notices/200605/fea-bott-2.pdf
- ^
Obituary: James Britten.
- ^ Mateo Realdo Colombo
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://www.adherents.com/people/pe/John_Eccles.html John Eccles
- ^ Weishaupt, Till (December 2007). "Glauben Sie an Gott?". Cicero. Archived from the original on 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
Translated from German: Oh, yes, I believe in God. (…) I am a Christian and I try to live as a Christian (…) I read the Bible very often and I try to understand it.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Armand-Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/fuchs-johann-nepomuk-von
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp. 17, 213)
- ^ "Peter Grünberg – Autobiography".
- ^ Jean-Baptiste-Julien D'Omalius Halloy
- ^ Levi, Hilde (1985), George de Hevesy : life and work : a biography, Bristol: A. Hilger, p. 14, ISBN 978-0-85274-555-7
- ^ http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20121023.htm#head1 Archived 2013-02-15 at archive.today
- ^ http://www.austindiocese.org/newsletter_article_view.php?id=7177[permanent dead link]
- ^ Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
- ^ https://www.catholicscientists.org/about/board
- ^ Marcello Malpighi
- ^ http://research.brown.edu/pdf/1100924768.pdf?nocache=1322280569
- ^ http://drpetermoloney.com
- ^ Giovanni Battista Morgagni
- ^ Johann Müller
- ^ http://www.adherents.com/people/pm/Joseph_Murray.html
- ^ Regis, Ed (1992-11-08). "Johnny Jiggles the Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- ^ Halmos, P.R. (1973). "The Legend of von Neumann". The American Mathematical Monthly. 80 (4): 382–394. doi:10.2307/2319080. JSTOR 2319080.
- ^ https://www.catholicscientists.org/about/board
- ^ https://www.catholicscientists.org/about/board
- ^ Louis Pasteur
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pelletier-pierre-joseph
- ^ George von Peuerbach
- ^ Henri Victor Regnault
- ^ Eliel, Ernest L., Frederick Dominic Rossini, Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sciences.
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/louis-jacques-thenard
- ^ François Vieta, Seigneur de La Bigottière
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=vMk4t21fOvoC&pg=PA272&dq=Wilhelm+Heinrich+Waagen+encyclopedia.com&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjqyaTU2aDXAhUDr48KHaesB8kQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Heinrich%20Waagen%20encyclopedia.com&f=false
- ^ The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Ed. Timothy Gowers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. (p.770).
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/winslow-jacobor-jacques-benigne
- ^ Official Biography of Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation
- ^ Antonino Zichichi; Richard C. Ragaini; Ettore M (2001). International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 25th session. p. 4. ISBN 9789812797001.
