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The Conference adopted a resolution on the status of "national liberation movements",<ref>[http://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/repofstates_intlorgs-1975/repofstates_intlorgs-1975.html United Nations Conference on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations, 1975]</ref> and similar provisions were also adopted by the UNGA.<ref>[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/43/a43r160.htm Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or by the League of Arab States]</ref><ref name="UN_ARES43160">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-43-160 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=43 |resolution_number=160 |accessdate=2010-08-31}}</ref>
The Conference adopted a resolution on the status of "national liberation movements",<ref>[http://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/repofstates_intlorgs-1975/repofstates_intlorgs-1975.html United Nations Conference on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations, 1975]</ref> and similar provisions were also adopted by the UNGA.<ref>[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/43/a43r160.htm Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or by the League of Arab States]</ref><ref name="UN_ARES43160">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-43-160 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=43 |resolution_number=160 |accessdate=2010-08-31}}</ref>


The UNGA recognized some of these nationalist movements as representatives of the people of their respective territories, along with their right to [[self-determination]], [[national independence]] and [[sovereign state|sovereignty]] there. In 1973 [[South West Africa People's Organization]] was recognized as representative of the [[Namibia]]n people and gained UN observer entity status in 1976.<ref>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/303/35/IMG/NR030335.pdf?OpenElement UNGA Resolution A/RES/31/152] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144356/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/303/35/IMG/NR030335.pdf?OpenElement |date=28 July 2011 }} Observer status for the South West Africa People's Organization</ref> In 1974 the UN [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236|took similar decision]] for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] and it was also given the status of [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Palestine|UN observer entity]]<ref name="UN_ARES3237XXIX">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-3237(XXIX) |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=-1 |resolution_number=3237 |accessdate=2010-09-23}}</ref> The OAU and the UN have contacts with the [[Polisario Front]]<ref>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/376/64/IMG/NR037664.pdf?OpenElement Point 7, Res. 34/37 -Question of Western Sahara- 34th General assembly UN, 21-11-1979]</ref> and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (established by the [[Polisario Front]]) is member state of the OAU since 1982. Since 1991 the UN is maintaining a peacekeeping mission in [[Western Sahara]] overseeing a cease-fire between [[Morocco]] and the Polisario Front. The goal of [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|the mission]] is to conduct a referendum on the status of Western Sahara.
The UNGA recognized some of these nationalist movements as representatives of the people of their respective territories, along with their right to [[self-determination]], [[national independence]] and [[sovereign state|sovereignty]] there. In 1973 [[South West Africa People's Organization]] was recognized as representative of the [[Namibia]]n people and gained UN observer entity status in 1976.<ref>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/303/35/IMG/NR030335.pdf?OpenElement UNGA Resolution A/RES/31/152] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144356/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/303/35/IMG/NR030335.pdf?OpenElement |date=28 July 2011 }} Observer status for the South West Africa People's Organization</ref> In 1974 the UN [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236|took similar decision]] for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] and it was also given the status of [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Palestine|UN observer entity]]<ref name="UN_ARES3237XXIX">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-3237(XXIX) |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=-1 |resolution_number=3237 |accessdate=2010-09-23}}</ref> The OAU and the UN have contacts with the [[Polisario Front]]<ref>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/376/64/IMG/NR037664.pdf?OpenElement Point 7, Res. 34/37 -Question of Western Sahara- 34th General assembly UN, 21-11-1979] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921175532/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/376/64/IMG/NR037664.pdf?OpenElement |date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (established by the [[Polisario Front]]) is member state of the OAU since 1982. Since 1991 the UN is maintaining a peacekeeping mission in [[Western Sahara]] overseeing a cease-fire between [[Morocco]] and the Polisario Front. The goal of [[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|the mission]] is to conduct a referendum on the status of Western Sahara.


The aim of these movements is to eventually establish independent states and some of them have already succeeded. After independence most of the liberation movements transform into [[Political party|political parties]] - governing or oppositional. The most recent of these that finished the process of [[decolonization]] in its territory was SWAPO that established [[Namibia]] in 1990.
The aim of these movements is to eventually establish independent states and some of them have already succeeded. After independence most of the liberation movements transform into [[Political party|political parties]] - governing or oppositional. The most recent of these that finished the process of [[decolonization]] in its territory was SWAPO that established [[Namibia]] in 1990.


The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) also recognized some nationalist movements.<ref>[http://www.oic-oci.org/page_detail.asp?p_id=179 OIC Observer Muslim Organisations and Communities]</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/embassies/embassy_doha.nsf/misc_en/52D53EC97ACC4A52432572CC003B9E90?OpenDocument Cyprus and the Organization of Islamic Conferences]</ref>
The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) also recognized some nationalist movements.<ref>[http://www.oic-oci.org/page_detail.asp?p_id=179 OIC Observer Muslim Organisations and Communities]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/embassies/embassy_doha.nsf/misc_en/52D53EC97ACC4A52432572CC003B9E90?OpenDocument Cyprus and the Organization of Islamic Conferences]</ref>


== List ==
== List ==

Revision as of 09:50, 28 December 2017

This is a list of separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations.

Background

The United Nations General Assembly, by resolution 3247 (XXIX) of 29 November 1974, decided to invite also the nationalist movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity (OAU, later transformed into the AU) and/or by the League of Arab States (AL) in their respective regions to participate in the United Nations Conference on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations as observers.[1]

The Conference adopted a resolution on the status of "national liberation movements",[2] and similar provisions were also adopted by the UNGA.[3][4]

The UNGA recognized some of these nationalist movements as representatives of the people of their respective territories, along with their right to self-determination, national independence and sovereignty there. In 1973 South West Africa People's Organization was recognized as representative of the Namibian people and gained UN observer entity status in 1976.[5] In 1974 the UN took similar decision for the Palestine Liberation Organization and it was also given the status of UN observer entity[6] The OAU and the UN have contacts with the Polisario Front[7] and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (established by the Polisario Front) is member state of the OAU since 1982. Since 1991 the UN is maintaining a peacekeeping mission in Western Sahara overseeing a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front. The goal of the mission is to conduct a referendum on the status of Western Sahara.

The aim of these movements is to eventually establish independent states and some of them have already succeeded. After independence most of the liberation movements transform into political parties - governing or oppositional. The most recent of these that finished the process of decolonization in its territory was SWAPO that established Namibia in 1990.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) also recognized some nationalist movements.[8][9]

List

Nationalist movement Nation Territory Recognized by Current administering power Established state Former administering power
Khalistan Movement Khalistan Punjab, India OAU, AL  India  United Kingdom
Movement for the National Liberation of Comoro Comorians Comoro Islands OAU, AL  Comoros  France
National Liberation Front of Angola Angolans Angola OAU  Angola  Portugal
People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola Mbundu
Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian people Palestine AL, OIC, UN  Israel[i] State of Palestine State of Palestine[10]  United Kingdom
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Black people South Africa OAU  South Africa  South Africa
South West African People's Organization Namibians South-West Africa OAU, UN  Namibia
Southern Cameroon Liberation Movement Southern Cameroons Southern Cameroons UN  Cameroon  France
Zimbabwe African People's Union Black people Southern Rhodesia OAU  Zimbabwe  Rhodesia
Moro National Liberation Front Moro people Mindanao[11] OIC  Philippines  Spain
 United States
Turkish Muslim community of Cyprus Turkish Cypriots Northern Cyprus OIC  Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus  Republic of Cyprus
Cyprus dispute unresolved
Polisario Front[12] Sahrawi people Western Sahara OAU, UN  Spain (de iure)
 Morocco (de facto)
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (de facto)		  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic  Spain
Biafraland Government Biafrans Biafra Region UN via UNICEF Biafraland Government
 Nigeria
 Cameroon		  Biafra  United Kingdom (via  Nigeria)
 France (via  Cameroon)
 Germany (via  Cameroon)

See also

Notes

i.   ^ Israel is the administering power of the Occupied Palestinian Territory and retains the ultimate control over the whole of it. Nevertheless, Israel allows the PNA (established by the PLO following the Oslo Accords with Israel) to execute some functions there, depending on special area classification. Israel maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[13] sea beyond internal waters,[13][14] land[15]) in the Gaza strip and maximum in "Area C" of the West Bank.[16][17][18][19][20]

References

  1. ^ United Nations Conference on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations, 1975, Volume II, page 190:"The following national liberation movements accepted this invitation: ..."
  2. ^ United Nations Conference on the Representation of States in Their Relations with International Organizations, 1975
  3. ^ Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or by the League of Arab States
  4. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 160. A/RES/43/160 Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  5. ^ UNGA Resolution A/RES/31/152 Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Observer status for the South West Africa People's Organization
  6. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session -1 Resolution 3237. A/RES/3237(XXIX) Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  7. ^ Point 7, Res. 34/37 -Question of Western Sahara- 34th General assembly UN, 21-11-1979 Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ OIC Observer Muslim Organisations and Communities[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Cyprus and the Organization of Islamic Conferences
  10. ^ Declared in exile in 1988 and still not controlling any territory because of Israel occupation.
  11. ^ Another Insurgency in the Philippines continues in the same region with the Islamist groups of Abu Sayyaf, Rajah Sulaiman Movement, Jemaah Islamiyah, Ampatuan and al-Khobar.
  12. ^ Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro
  13. ^ a b Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip
  14. ^ Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones"
  15. ^ Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."
  16. ^ Gold, Dore; Institute for Contemporary Affairs (26 August 2005). "Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws". Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 5, No. 3. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  17. ^ Bell, Abraham (28 January 2008). "International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense". Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  18. ^ "Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. 22 January 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  19. ^ Salih, Zak M. (17 November 2005). "Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status". University of Virginia School of Law. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  20. ^ "Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation". Human Rights Watch. 29 October 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2010.

External links

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