Permanent Structured Cooperation: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Redirect|Pesco}} |
{{Redirect|Pesco}} |
||
[[File:EU PESCO map.svg|thumb|Member states intending to take part in PESCO; the only non-participating being the [[United Kingdom]] - which is scheduled to withdraw from the Union in 2019, Denmark - which does not participate in the CSDP - as well as Malta]] |
[[File:EU PESCO map.svg|thumb|Member states intending to take part in PESCO; the only non-participating being the [[United Kingdom]] - which is scheduled to withdraw from the Union in 2019, Denmark - which does not participate in the CSDP - as well as Malta]] |
||
The '''Permanent Structured Cooperation''' ('''PESCO''') is the structural [[European integration|integration]] pursued by 25 of the 28 national armed forces of within the [[European Union]] (EU), based on Article 42.6 of the [[Treaty on European Union]] and incorporated in the Union's [[Common Security and Defence Policy]] (CSDP). |
The '''Permanent Structured Cooperation''' ('''PESCO''') is the structural [[European integration|integration]] pursued by 25 of the 28 national armed forces of within the [[European Union]] (EU), based on Article 42.6 of the [[Treaty on European Union]] and incorporated in the Union's [[Common Security and Defence Policy]] (CSDP). The PESCO was initiated in the fall of 2017, with the initial integration being a number of projects.<ref>http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/32079/pesco-overview-of-first-collaborative-of-projects-for-press.pdf</ref> |
||
This possibility was introduced by the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2009. This integration is similar to ''[[enhanced co-operation]]'' in other policy areas, in the sense that integration does not require that all EU member states participate. |
This possibility was introduced by the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2009. This integration is similar to ''[[enhanced co-operation]]'' in other policy areas, in the sense that integration does not require that all EU member states participate. |
Revision as of 18:40, 19 December 2017
The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is the structural integration pursued by 25 of the 28 national armed forces of within the European Union (EU), based on Article 42.6 of the Treaty on European Union and incorporated in the Union's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The PESCO was initiated in the fall of 2017, with the initial integration being a number of projects.[1]
This possibility was introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009. This integration is similar to enhanced co-operation in other policy areas, in the sense that integration does not require that all EU member states participate.
History
2009: Enabled by the Treaty of Lisbon
The Treaty of Lisbon added the possibility for those members whose military capabilities fulfill higher criteria and which have made more binding commitments to one another in this area with a view to the most demanding missions shall establish permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) within the EU framework.[2]
2017: Activation
On 7 September 2017 an agreement was made between EU foreign affairs ministers to move forward with PESCO with 10 initial projects. Although the details are still to be established, the aim would be for it to be as inclusive of member states as possible and is anticipated to be activated in December 2017.[3][4][5][6]
Principles
Those Member States whose military capabilities fulfil higher criteria and which have made more binding commitments to one another in this area with a view to the most demanding missions shall establish permanent structured cooperation within the Union framework. Such cooperation shall be governed by Article 46. It shall not affect the provisions of Article 43.
— Article 42.6 of Treaty on European Union
Those states shall notify their intention to the Council and to the High Representative. The Council then adopts, by qualified majority a decision establishing PESCO and determining the list of participating Member States. Any other member state, that fulfills the criteria and wishes to participate, can join the PSCD following the same procedure, but in the voting for the decision will participate only the states already part of the PSCD. If a participating state no longer fulfills the criteria a decision suspending its participation is taken by the same procedure as for accepting new participants, but excluding the concerned state from the voting procedure. If a participating state wishes to withdraw from PSCD it just notifies the Council to remove it from the list of participants. All other decisions and recommendations of the Council concerning PSCD issues unrelated to the list of participants are taken by unanimity of the participating states.[2]
The criteria established in the PSCD Protocol are the following:[2]
- co-operate and harmonise requirements and pool resources in the fields related to defence equipment acquisition, research, funding and utilisation, notably the programmes and initiatives of the European Defence Agency (e.g. Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement)
- capacity to supply, either at national level or as a component of multinational force groups, targeted combat units for the missions planned, structured at a tactical level as a battle group, with support elements including transport (airlift, sealift) and logistics, within a period of five to 30 days, in particular in response to requests from the United Nations, and which can be sustained for an initial period of 30 days and be extended up to at least 120 days.
- capable of carrying out in the above timeframes the tasks of joint disarmament operations, humanitarian and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation[2]
Participating armed forces
Administration
Although PESCO is predominantly intergovernmental, the European Defence Agency and External Action Service will act as PESCO's secretariat.[7]
Projects
Planned
List of first collaborative PESCO projects as of 2017:[8]
Country | Austria | Belgium | Bulgaria | Cyprus | Croatia | Czech Republic | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Ireland | Italy | Latvia | Lithuania | Luxembourg | Netherlands | Poland | Portugal | Romania | Slovakia | Slovenia | Spain | Sweden |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Medical Command (EMC) | No | No | Observer | No | No | Observer | No | No | Observer | Lead | No | No | No | Yes | No | Observer | Observer | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
European Secure Software-defined Radio (ESSOR) | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Observer | Yes | Lead | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Observer | No |
Network of logistic Hubs in Europe and support to Operations | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Observer | Lead | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Military Mobility | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Observer | Lead | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Lead | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
European Union Training Mission Competence Centre (EU TMCC) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Observer | No | No | Lead | Lead | No | No | Yes | Lead | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Observer | Lead | Yes |
European Training Certification Centre for European Armies | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Lead | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Observer | No |
Energy Operational Function (EOF) | No | Yes | No | Observer | No | No | No | No | Lead | Observer | No | No | Observer | Yes | No | No | No | Observer | No | Observer | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Deployable Military Disaster Relief Capability Package | Yes | No | Observer | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Lead | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Maritime (Semi-) Autonomous Systems for Mine Countermeasures (MAS MCM) | No | Lead | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | Observer | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Observer | No |
Harbour & Maritime Surveillance and Protection (HARMSPRO) | No | Observer | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Lead | No | No | No | Observer | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Upgrade of Maritime Surveillance | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Lead | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Cyber Threats and Incident Response Information Sharing Platform | Yes | Observer | No | Yes | No | No | Observer | Observer | No | Observer | Lead | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Observer | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Observer | Yes | No |
Cyber Rapid Response Teams and Mutual Assistance in Cyber Security | No | Observer | No | No | Yes | No | Observer | Yes | No | Observer | Observer | No | No | No | No | Lead | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Observer | Yes | No |
Strategic Command and Control (C2) System for CSDP Missions and Operations | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Observer | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Lead | No |
Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle / Amphibious Assault Vehicle / Light Armoured Vehicle | No | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | No | No | No | Yes | Observer | No | Lead | No | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | Observer | No | Observer | No |
Indirect Fire Support (EuroArtillery) | No | No | Observer | No | No | Observer | No | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | Lead | Observer | Observer | No |
EUFOR Crisis Response Operation Core (EUFOR CROC) | No | Observer | No | Yes | No | Observer | No | No | Lead | Lead | No | No | No | Lead | No | No | No | No | No | Observer | No | No | Observer | Lead | No |
Potential
Potential future PESCO projects include the following existing intergovernmental cooperations between member states' militaries, presently outside the CSDP framework:
- Finabel
- European Corps
- European Gendarmerie Force
- European Air Transport Command
- European Air Group
- European Maritime Force
- Movement Coordination Centre Europe
- Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation
References
- ^ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/32079/pesco-overview-of-first-collaborative-of-projects-for-press.pdf
- ^ a b c d Article 42(6), Article 43(1), Article 46, Protocol 10 of the amended Treaty on European Union
- ^ https://seenews.com/news/romania-to-join-eus-defence-initiative-pesco-587373
- ^ https://www.eu2017.ee/news/press-releases/PESCO
- ^ https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headQuarters-homepage_en/31832/Permanent%20Structured%20Cooperation%20on%20defence%20could%20be%20launched%20by%20end%202017
- ^ http://www.praguemonitor.com/2017/10/12/czech-government-join-pesco-defence-project
- ^ https://isnblog.ethz.ch/defense/permanent-structured-cooperation-an-institutional-pathway-for-european-defence
- ^ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/32020/draft-pesco-declaration-clean-10122017.pdf
- ^ Wiegold, Thomas (2017-12-11). "Vollzugsmeldung: PESCO, mehr Zusammenarbeit in der Verteidigung, in Kraft (Update) : Augen geradeaus". augengeradeaus.net (in German). Retrieved 2017-12-18.
{{cite web}}
: Check|archive-url=
value (help)
See also
- Common Security and Defence Policy
- Enhanced cooperation
- Military of the European Union
- Treaty establishing the European Defence Community
External links
- Joint notification by member states to the High Representative and to the Council on PESCO, 13 November 2017
- Permanent Structured Cooperation: what’s in a name?, European Union Institute for Security Studies
- Description by the European Commission
- Factsheet
- Description by the European External Action Service
- ETH Zurich description