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==Background==
==Background==
In 214 BC, the [[Qin dynasty]] undertook a military campaign against the [[Baiyue]] in [[Lingnan]] to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 |last= Holcombe |first= Charles |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0824824655 |publication-date=May 1, 2001 |pages=147}}</ref> Motivated by the region's vast land and valuable exotic products, Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]] secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction of his large army (300,000 men), and sent the majority (500,000 men) south to seize the land and profit from it while attempting to subdue the barbarian Yue tribes of the southern provinces.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 |last= Holcombe |first= Charles |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0824824655 |publication-date=May 1, 2001 |pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition |last=Stevenson |first=John |last2=Guy |first2=John |publisher=Art Media Resources |year=1997 |isbn= 978-1878529220 |publication-date=August 1, 1997 |page=101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=90-92}}</ref> At that time, southern China was known for its fertile land, [[Elephant#Tusks|elephant tusks]] and [[jade]] production. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, the Baiyue had gained possession of much of [[Sichuan]] to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and was defeated by the southern Yue tribes' guerrilla warfare tactics, suffering casualties of over 10000 men.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition |last=Stevenson |first=John |last2=Guy |first2=John |publisher=Art Media Resources |year=1997 |isbn= 978-1878529220 |publication-date=August 1, 1997 |page=101}}</ref> Despite these motivations, the central imperial government would begin to promote a series of policies for assimilating the ethnic minorities through [[sinicization]].<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=90-92}}</ref>
In 214 BC, the [[Qin dynasty]] undertook a military campaign against the [[Baiyue]] in [[Lingnan]] to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 |last= Holcombe |first= Charles |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0824824655 |publication-date=May 1, 2001 |pages=147}}</ref> Motivated by the region's vast land and valuable exotic products, Emperor Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction of his large army (300,000 men), and sent the majority (500,000 men) south to seize the land and profit from it while attempting to subdue the barbarian Yue tribes of the southern provinces.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907 |last= Holcombe |first= Charles |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0824824655 |publication-date=May 1, 2001 |pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition |last=Stevenson |first=John |last2=Guy |first2=John |publisher=Art Media Resources |year=1997 |isbn= 978-1878529220 |publication-date=August 1, 1997 |page=101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=90-92}}</ref> At that time, southern China was known for its fertile land, [[Elephant#Tusks|elephant tusks]] and [[jade]] production. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, the Baiyue had gained possession of much of [[Sichuan]] to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and was defeated by the southern Yue tribes' guerrilla warfare tactics, suffering casualties of over 10000 men.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition |last=Stevenson |first=John |last2=Guy |first2=John |publisher=Art Media Resources |year=1997 |isbn= 978-1878529220 |publication-date=August 1, 1997 |page=101}}</ref> Despite these motivations, the central imperial government would begin to promote a series of policies for assimilating the ethnic minorities through [[sinicization]].<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=90-92}}</ref>


Emperor Qin Shi Huang imposed sinification by importing Chinese culture to displace, weaken, and ultimately eliminate indigenous ethnic consciousness to prevent Yue nationalism to could potentially lead to the desire of independent states.<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=91-92}}</ref> After the cessation of war of the Yue in Lingnan, Qin Shi Huang began his efforts to sinicize the original inhabitants. Sinification of Lingnan was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular settlement and an influx of Han Chinese refugees. In addition to promoting immigration, Qin Shi Huang imposed the use of the Han Chinese written script.<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=91-92}}</ref>
Emperor Qin Shi Huang imposed sinification by importing Chinese culture to displace, weaken, and ultimately eliminate indigenous ethnic consciousness to prevent Yue nationalism to could potentially lead to the desire of independent states.<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=91-92}}</ref> After the cessation of war of the Yue in Lingnan, Qin Shi Huang began his efforts to sinicize the original inhabitants. Sinification of Lingnan was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular settlement and an influx of Han Chinese refugees. In addition to promoting immigration, Qin Shi Huang imposed the use of the Han Chinese written script.<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=91-92}}</ref>
Line 25: Line 25:
However, Qin did manage to construct the [[Lingqu Canal]] to the south, which they used heavily to supply and reinforce their troops during a second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding [[Guangzhou]] and took areas of [[Fuzhou]] and [[Guilin]]. After these victories in the south, the First Emperor moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to the newly conquered area to colonize them. Though the Qin emperor was victorious against the Yue kingdoms, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue peoples to regain their independence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence |last=Stuart-Fox |first=Martin |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2003 |publication-date=November 1, 2003 |page=24-25}}</ref>
However, Qin did manage to construct the [[Lingqu Canal]] to the south, which they used heavily to supply and reinforce their troops during a second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding [[Guangzhou]] and took areas of [[Fuzhou]] and [[Guilin]]. After these victories in the south, the First Emperor moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to the newly conquered area to colonize them. Though the Qin emperor was victorious against the Yue kingdoms, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue peoples to regain their independence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence |last=Stuart-Fox |first=Martin |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2003 |publication-date=November 1, 2003 |page=24-25}}</ref>


In 208 BC, the Qin Chinese renegade general [[Zhao Tuo]] had reached [[Cổ Loa Citadel]], capital of the state of [[Âu Lạc]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Lonely Planet |title=Vietnam |last=Ray |first=Nick |author2-last=Balasingamchow |author2-first=Yu-Mei |display-authors=1 |date=2010 |isbn=9781742203898 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZqOLmYD-0l4C&pg=PA123 |contribution=Co Loa Citadel |p=123 }}.</ref> There, he defeated [[An Dương Vương]] and established the [[Nanyue]] kingdom during the same year.<ref>''[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]'' (Complete Annals of Đại Việt)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians |last=Suryadinata |first=Leo |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=1997 |page=268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=World On Fire |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0385721868 |pages=33}}</ref>
In 208 BC, the Qin Chinese renegade general [[Zhao Tuo]] had reached [[Cổ Loa Citadel]], capital of the state of [[Âu Lạc]].<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Lonely Planet |title=Vietnam |last=Ray |first=Nick |author2-last=Balasingamchow |author2-first=Yu-Mei |display-authors=1 |date=2010 |isbn=9781742203898 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZqOLmYD-0l4C&pg=PA123 |contribution=Co Loa Citadel |p=123 }}.</ref> There, he defeated [[An Dương Vương]] and established the [[Nanyue]] kingdom during the same year.<ref>''[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]'' (Complete Annals of Đại Việt)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians |last=Suryadinata |first=Leo |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=1997 |page=268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=World On Fire |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-0385721868 |pages=33}}</ref> By the end of the Qin dynasty, many peasant rebellions led Zhao Tuo to claim independence from the imperial government and declared himself the emperor of Nanyue in 207 BC. Zhao led the peasants to rise up against the despised Qinshi Emperor.<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=92}}</ref> Zhao opened up Guangxi and southern China to the immigration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese and the kingdom of Nanyue was established after the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 204 BC. At its height, Nanyue was the strongest of the Yue states, with Zhao declaring himself emperor and receiving allegiance from the neighboring kings.<ref>{{Cite paper |last=Huang |first=Pingwen |title=Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/huang2002sinification.pdf |journal= SEALS |volume= XII |pages=92}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 22:49, 18 December 2017

Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes
Date214 BC
Location
Southern China and northern Vietnam
Result Qin temporary victory, later Yue victory
Belligerents
Qin empire Baiyue

As trade was an important source of wealth for the Yue tribes of coastal China, south of the Yangtze River attracted the attention of Emperor Qin Shi Huang to undertake a series of military campaigns to conquer it. Attracted by its temperate climate, fertile fields, and relative security from the warring factions from the west and northwest, the wealth and access to luxury products from Southeast Asia motivated the First Emperor to send an army to conquer the Yue kingdoms. The emperor craved for the resources of the Baiyue and ordered military expeditions against the region between 221 and 214 BC.[1][2][3][4] With dynastic changes, wars, and foreign invasions, Han Chinese living in Central China were forced to expand into the unfamiliar and southern barbarian regions. For a long time, the southern parts of contemporary China and Northern Vietnam was considered a barbarian region, as it was populated by numerous non-Chinese minorities.[5]

Background

In 214 BC, the Qin dynasty undertook a military campaign against the Baiyue in Lingnan to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern Vietnam.[6] Motivated by the region's vast land and valuable exotic products, Emperor Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction of his large army (300,000 men), and sent the majority (500,000 men) south to seize the land and profit from it while attempting to subdue the barbarian Yue tribes of the southern provinces.[7][8][9] At that time, southern China was known for its fertile land, elephant tusks and jade production. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, the Baiyue had gained possession of much of Sichuan to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and was defeated by the southern Yue tribes' guerrilla warfare tactics, suffering casualties of over 10000 men.[10] Despite these motivations, the central imperial government would begin to promote a series of policies for assimilating the ethnic minorities through sinicization.[11]

Emperor Qin Shi Huang imposed sinification by importing Chinese culture to displace, weaken, and ultimately eliminate indigenous ethnic consciousness to prevent Yue nationalism to could potentially lead to the desire of independent states.[12] After the cessation of war of the Yue in Lingnan, Qin Shi Huang began his efforts to sinicize the original inhabitants. Sinification of Lingnan was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular settlement and an influx of Han Chinese refugees. In addition to promoting immigration, Qin Shi Huang imposed the use of the Han Chinese written script.[13]

However, Qin did manage to construct the Lingqu Canal to the south, which they used heavily to supply and reinforce their troops during a second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding Guangzhou and took areas of Fuzhou and Guilin. After these victories in the south, the First Emperor moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to the newly conquered area to colonize them. Though the Qin emperor was victorious against the Yue kingdoms, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue peoples to regain their independence.[14]

In 208 BC, the Qin Chinese renegade general Zhao Tuo had reached Cổ Loa Citadel, capital of the state of Âu Lạc.[15] There, he defeated An Dương Vương and established the Nanyue kingdom during the same year.[16][17][18] By the end of the Qin dynasty, many peasant rebellions led Zhao Tuo to claim independence from the imperial government and declared himself the emperor of Nanyue in 207 BC. Zhao led the peasants to rise up against the despised Qinshi Emperor.[19] Zhao opened up Guangxi and southern China to the immigration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese and the kingdom of Nanyue was established after the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 204 BC. At its height, Nanyue was the strongest of the Yue states, with Zhao declaring himself emperor and receiving allegiance from the neighboring kings.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Holcombe 2001, p. 147. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHolcombe2001 (help)
  2. ^ Gernet 1996, p. 126.
  3. ^ Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003). A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence. Allen & Unwin (published November 1, 2003). p. 24-25.
  4. ^ Hutcheon, Robin (1996). China–Yellow. Chinese University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-962-201-725-2.
  5. ^ Zhang, Baohui (2015). Revolutions as Organizational Change: The Communist Party and Peasant Communities in South China, 1926–1934 (published December 16, 2015). p. 75.
  6. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press (published May 1, 2001). p. 147. ISBN 978-0824824655.
  7. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press (published May 1, 2001). p. 147. ISBN 978-0824824655.
  8. ^ Stevenson, John; Guy, John (1997). Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition. Art Media Resources (published August 1, 1997). p. 101. ISBN 978-1878529220.
  9. ^ Huang, Pingwen. "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" (PDF). SEALS. XII: 90–92.
  10. ^ Stevenson, John; Guy, John (1997). Vietnamese Ceramics: A Separate Tradition. Art Media Resources (published August 1, 1997). p. 101. ISBN 978-1878529220.
  11. ^ Huang, Pingwen. "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" (PDF). SEALS. XII: 90–92.
  12. ^ Huang, Pingwen. "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" (PDF). SEALS. XII: 91–92.
  13. ^ Huang, Pingwen. "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" (PDF). SEALS. XII: 91–92.
  14. ^ Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003). A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence. Allen & Unwin (published November 1, 2003). p. 24-25.
  15. ^ Ray, Nick; et al. (2010), "Co Loa Citadel", Vietnam, Lonely Planet, p. 123, ISBN 9781742203898.
  16. ^ Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Annals of Đại Việt)
  17. ^ Suryadinata, Leo (1997). Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 268.
  18. ^ Chua, Amy (2003). World On Fire. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-0385721868.
  19. ^ Huang, Pingwen. "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" (PDF). SEALS. XII: 92.
  20. ^ Huang, Pingwen. "Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language" (PDF). SEALS. XII: 92.



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