Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven: Difference between revisions

Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
Born	Else Hildegard Plötz; 12 July 1874; Swinemünde, Province of Pomerania, German Empire
Died	15 December 1927 (aged 53); Paris, France
Known for	Poetry, sound poetry
Notable work	Body Sweats
Movement	Dada, avant-garde
Spouse(s)	August Endell; Frederick Philip Grove; Baron Leopold von Freytag-Loringhoven

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 11:02, 5 December 2017

Elsa Hildegard Baroness von Freytag-Loringhoven (née Plötz; 12 July 1874 – 15 December 1927) was a German avant-garde, Dadaist artist and poet who worked for several years in Greenwich Village, New York. She has been claimed as the originator of Fountain, usually ascribed to Marcel Duchamp.

Her provocative poetry was published posthumously in 2011 in Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven.^[1] The New York Times praised the book as one of the notable art books of 2011.^[2]

Early life

Elsa Plötz was born in Swinemünde in Pomerania, Germany, to Adolf Plötz, a mason, and Ida Marie Kleist. She trained and worked as an actress and vaudeville performer and had numerous affairs with artists in Berlin, Munich and Italy. She studied art in Dachau, near Munich.

She married Berlin-based architect August Endell in a civil service on August 22, 1901 in Berlin,^[3] becoming Elsa Endell. They had an "open relationship", and in 1902 she became romantically involved with a friend of Endell's, the minor poet and translator Felix Paul Greve (who later went by the name Frederick Philip Grove). After the trio travelled together to Palermo, Sicily in late January 1903, the Endells' marriage disintegrated.^[4] and they divorced in 1906.^[5] Although their separation was acrimonious, she dedicated several satirical poems to Endell.^[6] In 1906, she and Greve returned to Berlin, where they were married on August 22, 1907.^[7]

By 1909, Greve was in deep financial trouble.^[8] With his wife's help, he staged a suicide^[9] and departed for North America in late July 1909. In July 1910, Else joined him in the United States, where they operated a small farm in Sparta, Kentucky, not far from Cincinnati. Greve suddenly deserted her in 1911 and went west to a bonanza farm near Fargo, North Dakota, and to Manitoba in 1912. There are no records of a divorce from Greve.^[10] She started modeling for artists in Cincinnati, and made her way east via West Virginia and Philadelphia, before she married her third husband, the German Baron Leopold von Freytag-Loringhoven (son of Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven), in November 1913 in New York. There, she became known as "the dadaist Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven".

Work

In New York City, Freytag-Loringhoven supported herself by working in a cigarette factory and by posing as a model for artists such as Louis Bouché, George Biddle, and Man Ray. She also appeared in works by Man Ray, George Grantham Bain and others; lithography by George Biddle; and paintings by Theresa Bernstein.

Poetry

The Baroness was given a platform for her poetry in The Little Review, where, starting in 1918, her work was featured alongside chapters of James Joyce's Ulysses. Jane Heap considered the Baroness "the first American dada." She was an early female pioneer of sound poetry,^[11] but also made creative use of the dash, while many of her portmanteau compositions, such as “Kissambushed” and “Phalluspistol,”^[12] present miniature poems. Most of her poems remained unpublished until the publications of Body Sweats. Her personal papers were preserved after her death by her editor, literary agent, artistic collaborator, and lover Djuna Barnes.^[13] University of Maryland Libraries acquired a collection of her work with the papers of Barnes in 1973 and subsequently separated von Freytag-Lorninghoven's papers and treated them as an individual collection.^[14] The collection contains correspondences, visual poems, and other artistic/literary works by the artist. The University of Maryland's special collections has an extensive digital archive of her manuscripts.^[15]

Collage, performance and assemblage

In New York, the Baroness also worked on assemblage sculptures and paintings, creating art out of the rubbish and refuse she collected from the streets. The Baroness was also known to construct elaborate costumes from found objects, creating a "kind of living collage" that erased the boundaries between life and art.^[17]^[18]

Few artworks by the Baroness exist today. Several known found object works include Enduring Ornament (1913), Earring-Object (ca. 1917-1919), Cathedral (ca. 1918) and Limbswish (ca. 1920). Rediscovered by the Whitney Museum in New York City in 1996, her Portrait of Marcel Duchamp (no longer extant) is another example of her ready-made pieces.

There has been substantial new research indicating that some artworks attributed to other artists of the period can now either be attributed to the Baroness, or raise the possibility that she may have created the works. One work, called God (1917) had for a number of years been attributed to the artist Morton Livingston Schamberg. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, whose collection includes God, now credits the Baroness as a co-artist of this piece. However, according to the scholar Francis Naumann, it is reasonable to conclude, based on the works known to have been made by her, that the Baroness most likely came up with the concept of combining the two elements of the sculpture (a cast iron plumbing trap mounted upside down on top of a wooden mitre box) and provided the title, while Schamberg assembled and photographed the piece.^[19]

The Baroness may have been involved in the creation of Marcel Duchamp's famous ready-made, Fountain (1917). As Irene Gammel has documented, the choice of a urinal as an art work is more in line with Freytag-Loringhoven's scatological aesthetics than with Duchamp's.^[20] Moreover, Duchamp indicated in a letter to his sister Suzanne, written in 1917, that a female friend of his had sent him the urinal for submission to Society of Independent Artists Exhibition: "Une de mes amies sous un pseudonyme masculin, Richard Mutt, avait envoyé une pissotière en porcelaine comme sculpture" ("One of my female friends, under a male pseudonym, Richard Mutt, had sent a porcelain urinal as a sculpture.")^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Death

In 1923, Freytag-Loringhoven went back to Berlin, expecting better opportunities to make money, but instead found an economically devastated post-World War I Germany. Despite her difficulties in the Weimar Republic, she remained in Germany, penniless and on the verge of insanity.^{[citation needed]} Several friends in the expatriate community, in particular Bryher, Djuna Barnes, Berenice Abbott, and Peggy Guggenheim, provided emotional and financial support.

Freytag-Loringhoven's mental stability steadily improved when she was able to move to Paris. She died on 14 December 1927 of gas suffocation after it was left on in her flat. She may have forgotten to turn the gas off, or someone else may have turned it on; the circumstances were not clear.^[25] She is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.

In 1943, Freytag-Loringhoven's work was included in Guggenheim's show Exhibition by 31 Women at the Art of This Century gallery in New York.^[26]

Biographies

The Baroness was one of the “characters, one of the terrors of the district,” wrote her first biographer Djuna Barnes, whose book remained unfinished.^[27] In Irrational Modernism: A Neurasthenic History of New York Dada, Amelia Jones provides a revisionist history of New York Dada, expressed through the life and works of The Baroness.^[28] The 2002 biography, Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity, by Irene Gammel, makes a case for the Baroness’s artistic brilliance and avant-garde spirit. The book explores the Baroness’s personal and artistic relationships with Djuna Barnes, Berenice Abbott, and Jane Heap, as well as with Duchamp, Man Ray, and William Carlos Williams. It shows the Baroness breaking every erotic boundary, reveling in anarchic performance, but the biography also presents her as Elsa’s friend Emily Coleman saw her, “not as a saint or a madwoman, but as a woman of genius, alone in the world, frantic.”^[29]

In 2013, the artists Lily Benson and Cassandra Guan released The Filmballad of Mamadada,^[30] an experimental biopic on the Baroness. The story of The Baroness' life was told through contributions from over 50 artists and filmmakers. The film premiered at Copenhagen International Documentary Festival^[31] and was described as a, "playful and chaotic experiment that posits a return to a grand collective narrative via the postqueer populism of YouTube and crowdsourcing,"^[32] by Art Forum.

Cultural references

The novel Holy Skirts, by Rene Steinke, a finalist for the 2005 National Book Award, is based on the life of Freytag-Loringhoven. Holy Skirts comes from the title of a poem by Elsa.

References

^ Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von. Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag Loringhoven. Ed. Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.
^ The New York Times (November 21, 2011)
^ Gammel, Irene. Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 109.
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 129.
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 144.
^ Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von. Mein Mund ist lüstern / I Got Lusting Palate: Dada Verse. Trans. and Ed. Irene Gammel. Berlin: Ebersback, 2005, 112–118.
^ Gammel, Irene. Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 144
^ See Temple Scott's edition, which is extant in Grove's Library Collection at the UMA. See also the opening pages of Grove's 1927 Search for America, which provides details that led to the discovery of FPG's transatlantic passage in October 1998, shortly after the "In Memoriam FPG: 1879-1948-1998" Symposium commemorating the 50th Anniversary of his death
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 145.
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 153.
^ Gammel, Irene and Suzanne Zelazo. "'Harpsichords Metallic Howl—': The Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven's Sound Poetry." Modernism/modernity 18.2 (2011): 255-271.
^ Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo, “The First American Dada: Introduction,” in Freytag-Loringhoven, p. 17.
^ Gammel, Irene (2002). Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 342–354. ISBN 0-262-07231-9.
^ "Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven papers > ArchivesUM". hdl.handle.net. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
^ "Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven papers". Archives UM. University of Maryland. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
^ Tomkins, Duchamp: A Biography, p. 186.
^ http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/obsession-baroness-elsa-von-freytag-loringhoven
^ Harding, James M. (2012). Cutting Performances: Collage Events, Feminist Artists, and the American Avant-Garde. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 40.
^ Naumann, Francis (1994). New York Dada, 1915-23. New York: Abrams. p. 128.
^ Gammel, Irene (2002). Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN 0-262-07231-9.
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, p. 224-225.
^ Tate, Sue (9 August 2015). "The surprising truth about Duchamp's urinal". Counterfire.
^ Spalding, Julian; Thompson, Glyn (3 November 2014). "Did Marcel Duchamp steal Elsa's urinal?". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Marcel Duchamp, Affectionately, Marcel: The Selected Correspondence of Marcel Duchamp, ed. Francis M. Naumann and Hector Obalk (Ghent: Ludion Press, 2000), p. 47.
^ "Djuna Barnes on Elsa's death". www.francisnaumann.com. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
^ Butler, Cornelia H.; Schwartz, Alexandra (2010). Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 45. ISBN 9780870707711. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, p. 17.
^ Jones, Amelia (2004). Irrational Modernism A Neurasthenic History of New York Dada. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262101028.
^ Gammel, Baroness Elsa, p. 16-17.
^ The Filmballad of Mamadada
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2014-08-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Dallas, Paul (December 19, 2013). "Body Politic". Artforum. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

External links

Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven Research
Baroness Elsa Biography
Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
Christopher Lane's ill. FrL Article, including a brief biography, & some of her poems and writings
In Transition: Selected Poems by the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, University of Maryland Libraries. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven Digital Library. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
University of Maryland Freytag-Loringhoven collection finding aid, Dr. Beth Alvarez. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
University of Manitoba FPG (Greve/Grove) & FrL Collections
Find A Grave Memorial Find a Grave Memorial for Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
The Little Review Collection Finding-Aid, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Francis Naumann Gallery, New York Freytag-Loringhoven web-page
Literatur-Haus, Berlin FrL Exhibition, 30 March to May, 2005

[1] Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von. Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag Loringhoven. Ed. Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.

[2] The New York Times (November 21, 2011)

[3] Gammel, Irene. Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 109.

[4] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 129.

[5] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 144.

[6] Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von. Mein Mund ist lüstern / I Got Lusting Palate: Dada Verse. Trans. and Ed. Irene Gammel. Berlin: Ebersback, 2005, 112–118.

[7] Gammel, Irene. Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 144

[8] See Temple Scott's edition, which is extant in Grove's Library Collection at the UMA. See also the opening pages of Grove's 1927 Search for America, which provides details that led to the discovery of FPG's transatlantic passage in October 1998, shortly after the "In Memoriam FPG: 1879-1948-1998" Symposium commemorating the 50th Anniversary of his death

[9] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 145.

[10] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, 153.

[11] Gammel, Irene and Suzanne Zelazo. "'Harpsichords Metallic Howl—': The Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven's Sound Poetry." Modernism/modernity 18.2 (2011): 255-271.

[12] Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo, “The First American Dada: Introduction,” in Freytag-Loringhoven, p. 17.

[13] Gammel, Irene (2002). Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 342–354. ISBN 0-262-07231-9.

[14] "Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven papers > ArchivesUM". hdl.handle.net. Retrieved 2016-03-05.

[15] "Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven papers". Archives UM. University of Maryland. Retrieved 8 April 2017.

[Tomkins,_p._186-16] Tomkins, Duchamp: A Biography, p. 186.

[17] ttp://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/obsession-baroness-elsa-von-freytag-loringhoven

[18] Harding, James M. (2012). Cutting Performances: Collage Events, Feminist Artists, and the American Avant-Garde. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 40.

[19] Naumann, Francis (1994). New York Dada, 1915-23. New York: Abrams. p. 128.

[20] Gammel, Irene (2002). Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada, and Everyday Modernity. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN 0-262-07231-9.

[21] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, p. 224-225.

[22] Tate, Sue (9 August 2015). "The surprising truth about Duchamp's urinal". Counterfire.

[23] Spalding, Julian; Thompson, Glyn (3 November 2014). "Did Marcel Duchamp steal Elsa's urinal?". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[24] Marcel Duchamp, Affectionately, Marcel: The Selected Correspondence of Marcel Duchamp, ed. Francis M. Naumann and Hector Obalk (Ghent: Ludion Press, 2000), p. 47.

[25] "Djuna Barnes on Elsa's death". www.francisnaumann.com. Retrieved 2016-11-22.

[MOMAbook-26] Butler, Cornelia H.; Schwartz, Alexandra (2010). Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 45. ISBN 9780870707711. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[27] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, p. 17.

[28] Jones, Amelia (2004). Irrational Modernism A Neurasthenic History of New York Dada. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262101028.

[29] Gammel, Baroness Elsa, p. 16-17.

[30] The Filmballad of Mamadada

[31] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2014-08-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[32] Dallas, Paul (December 19, 2013). "Body Politic". Artforum. Retrieved 2 August 2015.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 The Baroness was one of the “characters, one of the terrors of the district,” wrote her first biographer [[Djuna Barnes]], whose book remained unfinished.<ref>Gammel, ''Baroness Elsa'', p. 17.</ref>  In ''Irrational Modernism: A Neurasthenic History of New York Dada'', [[Amelia Jones]] provides a revisionist history of [[New York Dada]], expressed through the life and works of The Baroness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Amelia|title=Irrational Modernism A Neurasthenic History of New York Dada|date=2004|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780262101028}}</ref>  The 2002 biography, [http://ryerson.ca/mlc/inside29.html ''Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity''], by [[Irene Gammel]], makes a case for the Baroness’s artistic brilliance and avant-garde spirit. The book explores the Baroness’s personal and artistic relationships with Djuna Barnes, [[Berenice Abbott]], and Jane Heap, as well as with Duchamp, Man Ray, and [[William Carlos Williams]]. It shows the Baroness breaking every erotic boundary, reveling in anarchic performance, but the biography also presents her as Elsa’s friend [[Emily Coleman]] saw her, “not as a saint or a madwoman, but as a woman of genius, alone in the world, frantic.”<ref>Gammel, ''Baroness Elsa'', p. 16-17.</ref>
-In 2013, the artists [[Lily Benson]] and Cassandra Guan released ''The Filmballad of Mamadada'',<ref>[http://www.mamadada.info The Filmballad of Mamadada]</ref> an experimental biopic on the Baroness. The story of The Baroness' life was told through contributions from over 50 artists and filmmakers. The film premiered at [[Copenhagen International Documentary Festival]]<ref>http://cphdox.dk/en/screening/filmballad-mamadada</ref> and was described as a, "playful and chaotic experiment that posits a return to a grand collective narrative via the postqueer populism of YouTube and crowdsourcing,"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dallas|first1=Paul|title=Body Politic|journal=Artforum|date=December 19, 2013|url=http://artforum.com/film/id=44533|accessdate=2 August 2015}}</ref> by [[Art Forum]].
+In 2013, the artists [[Lily Benson]] and Cassandra Guan released ''The Filmballad of Mamadada'',<ref>[http://www.mamadada.info The Filmballad of Mamadada]</ref> an experimental biopic on the Baroness. The story of The Baroness' life was told through contributions from over 50 artists and filmmakers. The film premiered at [[Copenhagen International Documentary Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cphdox.dk/en/screening/filmballad-mamadada |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827035957/http://cphdox.dk/en/screening/filmballad-mamadada |archivedate=2014-08-27 |df= }}</ref> and was described as a, "playful and chaotic experiment that posits a return to a grand collective narrative via the postqueer populism of YouTube and crowdsourcing,"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dallas|first1=Paul|title=Body Politic|journal=Artforum|date=December 19, 2013|url=http://artforum.com/film/id=44533|accessdate=2 August 2015}}</ref> by [[Art Forum]].
 ==Cultural references==
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 *[http://ryerson.ca/mlc/inside29.html''Baroness Elsa'' Biography]
 *[http://ryerson.ca/mlc/inside237.html ''Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven'']
-*[http://home1.gte.net/zzyzlane/write/essay/baroness.html Christopher Lane's ill. FrL Article, including a brief biography, & some of her poems and writings]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051215180022/http://home1.gte.net/zzyzlane/write/essay/baroness.html Christopher Lane's ill. FrL Article, including a brief biography, & some of her poems and writings]
 *[http://digital.lib.umd.edu/transition?pid=umd:50580 In Transition: Selected Poems by the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven], University of Maryland Libraries. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
 *[http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/collections/EvFL-class/index.html Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven Digital Library]. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 *[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;cc=wiarchives;q1=freytag-loringhoven;op2=And;op3=And;rgn=main;view=text;didno=uw-mil-uwmmss0001 ''The Little Review'' Collection] Finding-Aid, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
 *[http://www.francisnaumann.com/ELSA/ Francis Naumann Gallery, New York] Freytag-Loringhoven web-page
-*[http://www.literaturhaus-berlin.de/unten/prosa/p_maerz_05.html Literatur-Haus, Berlin] FrL Exhibition, 30 March to May, 2005
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055413/http://www.literaturhaus-berlin.de/unten/prosa/p_maerz_05.html Literatur-Haus, Berlin] FrL Exhibition, 30 March to May, 2005
 {{Authority control}}

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat
National	Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland
Artists	Museum of Modern Art RKD Artists ULAN
People	Deutsche Biographie
Other	SNAC IdRef

v t e New Woman of the late 19th century (born before 1880)
19th-century feminism First-wave feminism Women's history
Artists	Louise Abbéma Elenore Abbott Nina E. Allender Sophie Gengembre Anderson Cornelia Barns Cecilia Beaux Enella Benedict Rosa Bonheur Jennie Augusta Brownscombe Julia Margaret Cameron Mary Cassatt Minerva J. Chapman Émilie Charmy Alice Brown Chittenden Elizabeth Coffin Emma Lampert Cooper Susan Stuart Frackelton Wilhelmina Weber Furlong Elizabeth Shippen Green Ellen Day Hale Laura Knight Anna Lea Merritt Elizabeth Nourse Violet Oakley Rose O'Neill Elizabeth Okie Paxton Emily Sartain Pamela Colman Smith Jessie Willcox Smith Annie Swynnerton Candace Wheeler Anne Whitney
Writers	Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mona Caird Kate Chopin Annie Sophie Cory Ella D'Arcy Ella Hepworth Dixon Maria Edgeworth George Egerton (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright) Sarah Grand Amy Levy Olive Schreiner
Educators	Alice Freeman Palmer
Literature about the New Woman	Isabel Archer in Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady (serialized 1880–81) Elizabeth Barrett's Aurora Leigh (1856) Kate Chopin's The Awakening (1899) Victoria Cross' Anna Lombard (1901) Ella Hepworth Dixon's The Story of a Modern Woman Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1856) Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House (1879) Henry Arthur Jones's The Case of Rebellious Susan (1894) Henry James' novella Daisy Miller (serialized 1878) Amy Levy's The Romance of a Shop (1888) George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893) George Bernard Shaw's Candida (1898) H. G. Wells' Ann Veronica (1909)