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{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| status = LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3
| status = LR/lc
| status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref = <ref name="Iucn">{{cite web|last1=Holubec|first1=V.|last2=Uzundzhalieva|first2=K.|last3=Vörösváry|first3=G.|last4=Donnini|first4=D|last5=Bulińska|first5=Z.|last6=Strajeru|first6=S.|title=Lepidium heterophyllum|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/176549/0|year=2011|publisher=iucnredlist.org|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>
|image = Downy Pepperwort (Lepidium heterophyllum) - geograph.org.uk - 1393693.jpg
|image = Downy Pepperwort (Lepidium heterophyllum) - geograph.org.uk - 1393693.jpg
|genus = Lepidium
|genus = Lepidium
|species = heterophyllum
|species = heterophyllum
|authority = [[George Bentham|Benth.]]
|authority = [[George Bentham|Benth.]]
|synonyms = Crucifera lepidioides E.H.L.Krause
|synonyms = {{species list
|Crucifera lepidioides |E.H.L.Krause
Lepidium corrigioliforme Pau
|Lepidium corrigioliforme |Pau
Lepidium smithii Hook.
|Lepidium smithii |Hook.
Thlaspi heterophyllum DC.
|Thlaspi heterophyllum |DC. }}
| synonym ref = <ref name="Plantlist">{{cite web|title=Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. is an accepted name|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2337794|website=23 March 2012|publisher=theplantlist.org|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Lepidium heterophyllum''''', ('''Smith's cress''' or '''Smith's pepperwort), is a species of flowering plant in the [[Brassicaceae|mustard family]] which is native
'''''Lepidium heterophyllum''''', ('''Smith's cress''' or '''Smith's pepperwort'''), is a species of flowering plant in the [[Brassicaceae|mustard family]] which is native


The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''{{lang|el|heterophyllum}}'' is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] meaning "different leaf",
The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''{{lang|el|heterophyllum}}'' is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] meaning "different leaf",
Line 18: Line 22:
''Lepidium heterophyllum'' is a robust perennial herb
''Lepidium heterophyllum'' is a robust perennial herb


FNA Vol. 7 Page 571, 578, 582, 583 Login | eFloras Home | Help

FNA | Family List | FNA Vol. 7 | Brassicaceae | Lepidium
18. Lepidium heterophyllum Bentham, Cat. Pl. Pyrénées. 95. 1826.
Perennials; (caudex branched); hirsute. Stems branched from base, erect to ascending, often decumbent basally, unbranched or branched (few) distally, 1-5 dm. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 1-6.2 cm; blade oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 1-4.5 cm × 4-14 mm, margins entire, repand, or denticulate. Cauline leaves sessile; blade oblong to deltate-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm × 3-8 mm, base sagittate or auriculate, margins dentate to denticulate. Racemes much-elongated in fruit; rachis hirsute, trichomes spreading, straight. Fruiting pedicels horizontal, straight or slightly recurved, (terete), 2.8-5 × 0.3-0.4 mm, hirsute. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.6-2.2 × 0.6-1.1 mm; petals white, spatulate, 1.8-2.8 × 0.8-1.4 mm, claw 1-2 mm; stamens 6; filaments 1.8-2.6 mm, (glabrous); anthers 0.4-0.5 mm. Fruits broadly oblong to ovate, 4-5.5 × 3.5-4 mm, (curved adaxially), apically broadly winged, apical notch 0.2-0.3 mm deep; valves thin, often not papillate, not veined; style (0.6-)1-1.5 mm, well-exserted beyond apical notch. Seeds (dark brown), ovoid, 1.8-2.2 × 1-1.2 mm. 2n = 48.
Flowering May-Jun. Gravel mounds, roadsides, abandoned fields, waste grounds, disturbed sites, gardens, hillsides; 0-300 m; introduced; B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.); Calif., Colo., Maine, Mass., N.Y., Oreg., Pa., Wash; Europe.
The records from Maine and Massachusetts are based on old collections, and it is not known if Lepidium heterophyllum has become established as part of the weedy flora of those states.<ref name="efloras">{{cite web|title=FNA Vol. 7 Page 571, 578, 582, 583|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250095029|publisher=efloras.org|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>

Ecology
A perennial, or rarely biennial, herb of acidic soils in dry heathy and gravelly places. It is also frequent on shingle, railway ballast and embankments, and, less commonly, in arable fields. It is tolerant of grazing. Generally lowland, but reaching 425 m (Sow of Atholl, E. Perth).
Status
Native
Trends
L. heterophyllum was mapped as `all records` in the 1962 Atlas. There is little evidence of any change in its distribution except in S.E. England where it appears to be decreasing.
World Distribution
Oceanic Southern-temperate element.<ref name="brc">{{cite web|title=Lepidium heterophyllum|url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/lepidium-heterophyllum|publisher=brc.ac.uk ([[Biological Records Centre]])|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>

Lepidium heterophyllum
Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. (syn.: L. smithii Hook.) (W-Eur.) – A very rare, locally naturalised alien. First recorded on fallow fields in Bouillon in 1866 and between 1881 and 1884 in Egenhoven. A record from dry grassland in Ukkel (1874-1875) is possibly not wild (Hoste 2006). Furthermore also observed in Stokt in the 19th century. In the past decades apparently slightly increasing and recorded on various occasions. At first five specimens in a sandy road verge in 1981 in Ravels (Klaverberg). Furthermore discovered in the 1980’s and in 1990 on a dry, sandy canalbank in Aalter and Knesselare respectively (Hoste 1998). Recorded twice on gravelly riverbanks of river Maas (Kerkeweerd and Meeswijk) since 2004 and 2005 respectively. One recent record is available from Wallonia (Olloy-sur-Viroin, on steep calcareous slope since 1997; comm. W. White). Lepidium heterophyllum mostly grows in dry, more or less disturbed, sandy or stony habitats.

Lepidium heterophyllum much looks like native L. campestre and both have long been confused in Belgium (see Hoste 1998 for more details about their distinction).<ref name="belgium">{{cite web|title=Lepidium heterophyllum|url=http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/lepidium-heterophyllum|date=19 July 2012|publisher=alienplantsbelgium.be|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>

local heath places, shingle, railway lines and arable fields,
on dry acid soil, often gravelly soils,

branchs, often towards the base, into several crowded, parallel-sided flower spikes, with the very smalll flowers on short stalks at right angles to the stem.
foliage grey=green, the stem leaves clasping the stem with long pointed auricles,
softyly hairy, basal leaves strap-shaped, long stalked, sometimes with 1-3 pairs of small but broad side lobes, soon withering (may re-grow as the plant goes to seed)
stem leaves up to 50mm long, triangular, variably toothed, stalkless.
petals 2-3.6mm stles 6, pods 4.5-8.6mm, with variable numbers of tiny green blisters, style 0.5-1.2mm long than the shallow notch
height 10-50cm,
flowers may-spetmeber
altitude to 425m
<ref name=Harrap> Simon Harrap {{google books|rwRpBAAAQBAJ|Harrap's Wild Flowers (2013)|page=130}}</ref>

It has been used in experiments growing in soils high in copper content, to determine if the plant could be used to help clean contaminated soils.
<ref name="soil"> Irena Twardowska, Herbert E. Allen and Max M. Häggblom (Editors) {{google books|0v6Tu4kI7s8C|Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation|page=193}}</ref>


producing a branching, tangled gray stem to about a meter in height. The many sprawling stems are foliated in linear leaves up to about 10 centimeters long which may have several fingerlike lobes. The plant produces thick [[raceme]]s of many small flowers. Each flower has spoon-shaped white petals just a few millimeters long. The fruit is a mostly flattened oblong to rounded capsule under a centimeter long.
producing a branching, tangled gray stem to about a meter in height. The many sprawling stems are foliated in linear leaves up to about 10 centimeters long which may have several fingerlike lobes. The plant produces thick [[raceme]]s of many small flowers. Each flower has spoon-shaped white petals just a few millimeters long. The fruit is a mostly flattened oblong to rounded capsule under a centimeter long.

==Taxonomy==
It was published and described by [[George Bentham]] in 'Cat. Pl. Pyrénées' on page 95 in 1826.<ref name="Plantlist"/><ref name="Ipni">{{cite web|title=Brassicaceae Lepidium heterophyllum Benth.|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=286210-1|publisher=ipni.org|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>

Lepidium heterophyllum subsp. rifanum (Emb. & Maire) J.M.Monts.<ref name="Plantlist">

Lepidium heterophyllum
Smith's cress
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Other common names
Smith's cress
Smith's pepperwort

Family
Brassicaceae

Name Status
RHS Accepted name

Plant range
W Europe<ref name="rhs">{{cite web|title=Lepidium heterophyllum|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9945|publisher=rhs.org.uk|accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>


[[File:Lepidium heterophyllum Habitus 2010-3-21 SierraMadrona.jpg|thumb|Plant seen in [[Sierra Madrona]], Spain]]
[[File:Lepidium heterophyllum Habitus 2010-3-21 SierraMadrona.jpg|thumb|Plant seen in [[Sierra Madrona]], Spain]]
==Distribution and habitat==

France (Southwestern Europe, Europe)<ref name="Ipni"/>

===Range===
===Habitat====


Smith's pepperwort
Distributional Range:

Uncertain:

Europe

Middle Europe: Germany; Netherlands
Northern Europe: Denmark

Native:

Europe

Northern Europe: Ireland; United Kingdom
Southwestern Europe: France; Portugal; Spain

Naturalized:

Europe

Middle Europe: Belgium; Czech Republic
Northern Europe: Finland; Norway; Sweden
Northern America

: Canada; United States
Southern America

Southern South America: Chile



==References==
==References==
Line 27: Line 130:


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LEHE2 Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. Show All
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2240,2504,2518 Jepson Manual Treatment of ''Lepidium fremontii'']
purpleanther field pepperweed usda.gov]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Lepidium+fremontii ''Lepidium fremontii'' — U.C. Photo gallery]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Lepidium+fremontii ''Lepidium fremontii'' — U.C. Photo gallery]


Revision as of 23:18, 26 November 2017

Lepidium heterophyllum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Lepidium
Species:
L. heterophyllum
Binomial name
Lepidium heterophyllum
Synonyms
  • Crucifera lepidioides E.H.L.Krause
  • Lepidium corrigioliforme Pau
  • Lepidium smithii Hook.
  • Thlaspi heterophyllum DC.

Lepidium heterophyllum, (Smith's cress or Smith's pepperwort), is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family which is native

The specific epithet heterophyllum is from the Greek meaning "different leaf",

Description

Lepidium heterophyllum is a robust perennial herb

FNA Vol. 7 Page 571, 578, 582, 583 Login | eFloras Home | Help

FNA | Family List | FNA Vol. 7 | Brassicaceae | Lepidium 18. Lepidium heterophyllum Bentham, Cat. Pl. Pyrénées. 95. 1826. Perennials; (caudex branched); hirsute. Stems branched from base, erect to ascending, often decumbent basally, unbranched or branched (few) distally, 1-5 dm. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 1-6.2 cm; blade oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 1-4.5 cm × 4-14 mm, margins entire, repand, or denticulate. Cauline leaves sessile; blade oblong to deltate-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm × 3-8 mm, base sagittate or auriculate, margins dentate to denticulate. Racemes much-elongated in fruit; rachis hirsute, trichomes spreading, straight. Fruiting pedicels horizontal, straight or slightly recurved, (terete), 2.8-5 × 0.3-0.4 mm, hirsute. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.6-2.2 × 0.6-1.1 mm; petals white, spatulate, 1.8-2.8 × 0.8-1.4 mm, claw 1-2 mm; stamens 6; filaments 1.8-2.6 mm, (glabrous); anthers 0.4-0.5 mm. Fruits broadly oblong to ovate, 4-5.5 × 3.5-4 mm, (curved adaxially), apically broadly winged, apical notch 0.2-0.3 mm deep; valves thin, often not papillate, not veined; style (0.6-)1-1.5 mm, well-exserted beyond apical notch. Seeds (dark brown), ovoid, 1.8-2.2 × 1-1.2 mm. 2n = 48. Flowering May-Jun. Gravel mounds, roadsides, abandoned fields, waste grounds, disturbed sites, gardens, hillsides; 0-300 m; introduced; B.C., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.); Calif., Colo., Maine, Mass., N.Y., Oreg., Pa., Wash; Europe. The records from Maine and Massachusetts are based on old collections, and it is not known if Lepidium heterophyllum has become established as part of the weedy flora of those states.[3]

Ecology A perennial, or rarely biennial, herb of acidic soils in dry heathy and gravelly places. It is also frequent on shingle, railway ballast and embankments, and, less commonly, in arable fields. It is tolerant of grazing. Generally lowland, but reaching 425 m (Sow of Atholl, E. Perth). Status Native Trends L. heterophyllum was mapped as `all records` in the 1962 Atlas. There is little evidence of any change in its distribution except in S.E. England where it appears to be decreasing. World Distribution Oceanic Southern-temperate element.[4]

Lepidium heterophyllum Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. (syn.: L. smithii Hook.) (W-Eur.) – A very rare, locally naturalised alien. First recorded on fallow fields in Bouillon in 1866 and between 1881 and 1884 in Egenhoven. A record from dry grassland in Ukkel (1874-1875) is possibly not wild (Hoste 2006). Furthermore also observed in Stokt in the 19th century. In the past decades apparently slightly increasing and recorded on various occasions. At first five specimens in a sandy road verge in 1981 in Ravels (Klaverberg). Furthermore discovered in the 1980’s and in 1990 on a dry, sandy canalbank in Aalter and Knesselare respectively (Hoste 1998). Recorded twice on gravelly riverbanks of river Maas (Kerkeweerd and Meeswijk) since 2004 and 2005 respectively. One recent record is available from Wallonia (Olloy-sur-Viroin, on steep calcareous slope since 1997; comm. W. White). Lepidium heterophyllum mostly grows in dry, more or less disturbed, sandy or stony habitats.

Lepidium heterophyllum much looks like native L. campestre and both have long been confused in Belgium (see Hoste 1998 for more details about their distinction).[5]

local heath places, shingle, railway lines and arable fields, on dry acid soil, often gravelly soils,

branchs, often towards the base, into several crowded, parallel-sided flower spikes, with the very smalll flowers on short stalks at right angles to the stem. foliage grey=green, the stem leaves clasping the stem with long pointed auricles, softyly hairy, basal leaves strap-shaped, long stalked, sometimes with 1-3 pairs of small but broad side lobes, soon withering (may re-grow as the plant goes to seed) stem leaves up to 50mm long, triangular, variably toothed, stalkless. petals 2-3.6mm stles 6, pods 4.5-8.6mm, with variable numbers of tiny green blisters, style 0.5-1.2mm long than the shallow notch height 10-50cm, flowers may-spetmeber altitude to 425m [6]

It has been used in experiments growing in soils high in copper content, to determine if the plant could be used to help clean contaminated soils. [7]

producing a branching, tangled gray stem to about a meter in height. The many sprawling stems are foliated in linear leaves up to about 10 centimeters long which may have several fingerlike lobes. The plant produces thick racemes of many small flowers. Each flower has spoon-shaped white petals just a few millimeters long. The fruit is a mostly flattened oblong to rounded capsule under a centimeter long.

Taxonomy

It was published and described by George Bentham in 'Cat. Pl. Pyrénées' on page 95 in 1826.[2][8]

Lepidium heterophyllum subsp. rifanum (Emb. & Maire) J.M.Monts.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Plant seen in Sierra Madrona, Spain

Distribution and habitat

France (Southwestern Europe, Europe)[8]

Range

Habitat=

Smith's pepperwort Distributional Range:

Uncertain:

Europe

Middle Europe: Germany; Netherlands Northern Europe: Denmark

Native:

Europe

Northern Europe: Ireland; United Kingdom Southwestern Europe: France; Portugal; Spain

Naturalized:

Europe

Middle Europe: Belgium; Czech Republic Northern Europe: Finland; Norway; Sweden Northern America

Canada; United States

Southern America

Southern South America: Chile


References

  1. ^ Holubec, V.; Uzundzhalieva, K.; Vörösváry, G.; Donnini, D; Bulińska, Z.; Strajeru, S. (2011). "Lepidium heterophyllum". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Lepidium heterophyllum Benth. is an accepted name". 23 March 2012. theplantlist.org. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  3. ^ "FNA Vol. 7 Page 571, 578, 582, 583". efloras.org. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  4. ^ "Lepidium heterophyllum". brc.ac.uk (Biological Records Centre). Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  5. ^ "Lepidium heterophyllum". alienplantsbelgium.be. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  6. ^ Simon Harrap Harrap's Wild Flowers (2013), p. 130, at Google Books
  7. ^ Irena Twardowska, Herbert E. Allen and Max M. Häggblom (Editors) Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation, p. 193, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b "Brassicaceae Lepidium heterophyllum Benth". ipni.org. Retrieved 26 November 2017.

purpleanther field pepperweed usda.gov]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lepidium heterophyllum.

heterophyllum ;Category:Flora of Arizona ;Category:Flora of California ;Category:Flora of Nevada ;Category:Flora of Utah ;Category:Flora of the California desert regions ;Category:Flora of the Great Basin ;Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts ;Category:Natural history of the Colorado Desert ;Category:Natural history of the Mojave Desert ;Category:Plants described in 1826

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