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Adoration is a sign of devotion to and worship of [[Jesus Christ]], who is believed by Catholics to be present Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity, under the appearance of the [[consecration|consecrated]] [[host (Holy Communion)|host]], in the form of hosts, that is, consecrated altar bread. As a devotion, Eucharistic adoration, prayer, and meditation are more than merely looking at the Blessed Host, but are believed to be a continuation of what was celebrated in the [[Eucharist]].<ref>''The seven sacraments'' by Anselm Grün, John Cumming 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6704-1}} pages 82–83</ref> From a theological perspective, the adoration is a form of [[latria]], based on the tenet of the [[real presence of Christ]] in the Blessed Host.{{sfn|Hardon|1997|p=9}}<ref>''Encyclopedia of World Religions'' by Johannes P. Schadé 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-60136-000-7}}, see entry under ''Eucharistic adoration''</ref>
Adoration is a sign of devotion to and worship of [[Jesus Christ]], who is believed by Catholics to be present Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity, under the appearance of the [[consecration|consecrated]] [[host (Holy Communion)|host]], in the form of hosts, that is, consecrated altar bread. As a devotion, Eucharistic adoration, prayer, and meditation are more than merely looking at the Blessed Host, but are believed to be a continuation of what was celebrated in the [[Eucharist]].<ref>''The seven sacraments'' by Anselm Grün, John Cumming 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6704-1}} pages 82–83</ref> From a theological perspective, the adoration is a form of [[latria]], based on the tenet of the [[real presence of Christ]] in the Blessed Host.{{sfn|Hardon|1997|p=9}}<ref>''Encyclopedia of World Religions'' by Johannes P. Schadé 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-60136-000-7}}, see entry under ''Eucharistic adoration''</ref>


[[Christian meditation]] performed in the presence of the Eucharist outside Mass is called '''Eucharistic meditation'''. It has been practiced by such as [[Peter Julian Eymard]], [[Jean Vianney]] and [[Thérèse of Lisieux]].<ref name="autogenerated1938">''The Real Presence: eucharistic meditations'' by Saint Pierre Julien Eymard, Sentinel Press, 1938 ASIN B00087ST7Q</ref><ref name="autogenerated1961">''The eucharistic meditations of the Curé d'Ars'' by Saint Jean Baptiste Marie Vianney Carmelite Publications (1961) ASIN B0007IVDMY</ref><ref name="autogenerated1998">''Eucharistic Meditations: Extracts from the Writings and Instructions of Saint John Vianney'' by H. Convert, Jean Baptiste Marie, Saint Vianney, and Mary Benvenuta 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-940147-03-4}}</ref><ref name="descouvemont245">''Therese and Lisieux'' by Pierre Descouvemont, Helmuth Nils Loose, 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3836-0}} page 245</ref><ref name="autogenerated75">''Collected poems of St Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Saint Thérèse (de Lisieux), Alan Bancroft 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-85244-547-1}} page 75</ref> Authors such as the [[Venerable]] [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]] and Blessed [[Maria Candida of the Eucharist]] have produced large volumes of text based on their Eucharistic meditations.<ref name="autogenerated2">Concepción Cabrera de Armida. ''I Am: Eucharistic Meditations on the Gospel'' {{ISBN|978-0-8189-0890-3}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated255">''Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac'' by Matthew Bunson 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-59276-441-9}} page 255</ref><ref name="vatican1">[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20040321_candida_en.html Vatican Website]</ref>
[[Christian meditation]] performed in the presence of the Eucharist outside Mass is called '''Eucharistic meditation'''. It has been practiced by such as [[Peter Julian Eymard]], [[Jean Vianney]] and [[Thérèse of Lisieux]].<ref name="autogenerated1938">''The Real Presence: eucharistic meditations'' by Saint Pierre Julien Eymard, Sentinel Press, 1938 ASIN B00087ST7Q</ref><ref name="autogenerated1961">''The eucharistic meditations of the Curé d'Ars'' by Saint Jean Baptiste Marie Vianney Carmelite Publications (1961) ASIN B0007IVDMY</ref><ref name="autogenerated1998">''Eucharistic Meditations: Extracts from the Writings and Instructions of Saint John Vianney'' by H. Convert, Jean Baptiste Marie, Saint Vianney, and Mary Benvenuta 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-940147-03-4}}</ref><ref name="descouvemont245">''Therese and Lisieux'' by Pierre Descouvemont, Helmuth Nils Loose, 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3836-0}} page 245</ref><ref name="autogenerated75">''Collected poems of St Thérèse of Lisieux'' by Saint Thérèse (de Lisieux), Alan Bancroft 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-85244-547-1}} page 75</ref> Authors such as the [[Venerable]] [[Concepcion Cabrera de Armida]] and Blessed [[Maria Candida of the Eucharist]] have produced large volumes of text based on their Eucharistic meditations.<ref name="autogenerated2">Concepción Cabrera de Armida. ''I Am: Eucharistic Meditations on the Gospel'' {{ISBN|978-0-8189-0890-3}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated255">''Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac'' by Matthew Bunson 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-59276-441-9}} page 255</ref><ref name="vatican1">[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20040321_candida_en.html "Maria Candida of the Eucharist (1884-1949)", Vatican Website]</ref>


When the exposure and adoration of the Eucharist is constant (twenty-four hours a day), it is called '''Perpetual adoration'''. In a [[monastery]] or [[convent]], it is done by the resident [[monk]]s or [[nun]]s and, in a [[parish]], by volunteer parishioners since the 20th century.<ref name=Groeschel2 /> In the opening prayer of the Perpetual chapel in [[St. Peter Basilica]], Pope [[John Paul II]] prayed for a perpetual adoration chapel in every parish in the world.<ref name=perpetuals >[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/sinodo/documents/bollettino_21_xi-ordinaria-2005/02_inglese/b10_02.html Vatican website]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoremus.org/1967/05/25/eucharisticum-mysterium/|title=Eucharisticum Mysterium - Instruction on Eucharistic Worship, 53|last=Separate chapel|first=|last2=1967|date=1967-05-25|website=Adoremus Bulletin|access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref> Pope [[Benedict XVI]] instituted perpetual adoration for the laity in each of the five sectors of the diocese of Rome.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/march/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060302_roman-clergy_en.html Vatican website]</ref>
When the exposure and adoration of the Eucharist is constant (twenty-four hours a day), it is called '''Perpetual adoration'''. In a [[monastery]] or [[convent]], it is done by the resident [[monk]]s or [[nun]]s and, in a [[parish]], by volunteer parishioners since the 20th century.<ref name=Groeschel2 /> In the opening prayer of the Perpetual chapel in [[St. Peter Basilica]], Pope [[John Paul II]] prayed for a perpetual adoration chapel in every parish in the world.<ref name=perpetuals >[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/sinodo/documents/bollettino_21_xi-ordinaria-2005/02_inglese/b10_02.html "The Eucharist: Source and Summit of the Life and Mission of the Church", October 2005, Vatican website]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoremus.org/1967/05/25/eucharisticum-mysterium/|title=Eucharisticum Mysterium - Instruction on Eucharistic Worship, 53|last=Separate chapel|first=|last2=1967|date=1967-05-25|website=Adoremus Bulletin|access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref> Pope [[Benedict XVI]] instituted perpetual adoration for the laity in each of the five sectors of the diocese of Rome.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/march/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060302_roman-clergy_en.html Pope Benedict XVI. "Meeting with the members of the Roman Clergy", March 2, 2006, Vatican website]</ref>


==Practice and context==
==Practice and context==
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[[File:Lalinde église vitrail nef (5).JPG|thumb|[[Stained glass]] window of [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]]]]
[[File:Lalinde église vitrail nef (5).JPG|thumb|[[Stained glass]] window of [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]]]]


The [[Franciscan]] archives credit Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] (who died in 1226) for starting Eucharistic Adoration in Italy. This process then spread from [[Umbria]] to other parts of Italy by the Franciscans.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120804124836/http://www.franciscan-archive.org/patriarcha/opera/fwintro.html Franciscan Archives]</ref><ref>''St Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life'' by Michael Robson 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6508-5}} pages 83–84</ref> Francis had a deep devotion to the Eucharist and Saint [[Bonaventure]] commented that Francis would be swept in ecstasy after receiving Communion. For Francis, the adoration of the Eucharist amounted to "seeing Christ".<ref>''A Eucharistic Vision and the Spirituality of St Francis of Assisi'' by Mark Elvins 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-85244-663-8}} pages 71–72</ref>
The [[Franciscan]] archives credit Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] (who died in 1226) for starting Eucharistic Adoration in Italy. This process then spread from [[Umbria]] to other parts of Italy by the Franciscans.<ref>''St Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life'' by Michael Robson 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-6508-5}} pages 83–84</ref> Francis had a deep devotion to the Eucharist and Saint [[Bonaventure]] commented that Francis would be swept in ecstasy after receiving Communion. For Francis, the adoration of the Eucharist amounted to "seeing Christ".<ref>''A Eucharistic Vision and the Spirituality of St Francis of Assisi'' by Mark Elvins 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-85244-663-8}} pages 71–72</ref>


The theological basis for the adoration was prepared in the 11th century by [[Pope Gregory VII]], who was instrumental in affirming the tenet that Christ is present in the Blessed Host. In 1965, the confession of belief that Gregory imposed on [[Berengarius]] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic encyclical ''[[Mysterium fidei (encyclical)|Mysterium fidei]]'':{{sfn|Hardon|1997|p=4}}
The theological basis for the adoration was prepared in the 11th century by [[Pope Gregory VII]], who was instrumental in affirming the tenet that Christ is present in the Blessed Host. In 1965, the confession of belief that Gregory imposed on [[Berengarius]] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic encyclical ''[[Mysterium fidei (encyclical)|Mysterium fidei]]'':<blockquote>I believe in my heart and openly profess that the bread and wine that are placed on the altar are, through the mystery of the sacred prayer and the words of the Redeemer, substantially changed into the true and proper and lifegiving flesh and blood of Jesus Christ our Lord, and that after the consecration they are the true body of Christ<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_03091965_mysterium_en.html Pope Paul VI. "Mysterium Fidei", §52, September 3, 1965, Libreria Editrice Vaticana]</ref></blockquote>

{{quote|
"I believe in my heart and openly profess that the bread and wine that are placed on the altar are, through the mystery of the sacred prayer and the words of the Redeemer, substantially changed into the true and proper and lifegiving flesh and blood of Jesus Christ our Lord, and that after the consecration they are the true body of Christ"<ref>["http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_03091965_mysterium_en.html Vatican website: ''Mysterium Fidei'']</ref>
}}


This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in the churches of Europe.{{sfn|Hardon|1997|p=5}} As of the fourteenth century in The [[Western Christianity|Western Church]], devotions began to focus on the Eucharistic gifts as the objective presence of the risen Christ and the Host began to be elevated during the liturgy for the purpose of adoration.{{sfn|Hardon|1997}}{{page needed|date=August 2016}}
This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in the churches of Europe.{{sfn|Hardon|1997|p=5}} As of the fourteenth century in The [[Western Christianity|Western Church]], devotions began to focus on the Eucharistic gifts as the objective presence of the risen Christ and the Host began to be elevated during the liturgy for the purpose of adoration.{{sfn|Hardon|1997}}{{page needed|date=August 2016}}
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The adoration of the Eucharist within France grew in this period and there were interactions between Catholic figures who were enthusiastic about spreading the Eucharist e.g., [[Leo Dupont]], Saint [[Jean Vianney]] and Saint [[Peter Julian Eymard]], who in 1858, formed the [[Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament]].<ref>[[Joan Carroll Cruz]], OCDS, ''Saintly Men of Modern Times.'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-1-931709-77-4}}</ref>
The adoration of the Eucharist within France grew in this period and there were interactions between Catholic figures who were enthusiastic about spreading the Eucharist e.g., [[Leo Dupont]], Saint [[Jean Vianney]] and Saint [[Peter Julian Eymard]], who in 1858, formed the [[Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament]].<ref>[[Joan Carroll Cruz]], OCDS, ''Saintly Men of Modern Times.'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-1-931709-77-4}}</ref>


Also in 1858, Eymard, known as the [[Apostle of the Eucharist]], and sister [[Marguerite Guillot]] formed the [[Servants of the Blessed Sacrament]] which now maintains houses on several continents where continuous Eucharistic adoration takes place.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13731b.htm Catholic encyclopedia]</ref>
Also in 1858, Eymard, known as the [[Apostle of the Eucharist]], and sister [[Marguerite Guillot]] formed the [[Servants of the Blessed Sacrament]] which now maintains houses on several continents where continuous Eucharistic adoration takes place.<ref> [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13731b.htm Letellier, Arthur. "Congregation of the Servants of the Most Blessed Sacrament."] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 24 November 2017</ref>


By DECREE of the Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship, dated 9<sup>th</sup> December 1995, SAINT PETER JULIAN EYMARD, PRIEST, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar with the rank of optional memoria.
By DECREE of the Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship, dated 9<sup>th</sup> December 1995, SAINT PETER JULIAN EYMARD, PRIEST, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar with the rank of optional memoria.
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''Font and fullness of all evangelization and striking expression of the infinite love of our divine Redeemer for mankind, the Holy Eucharist clearly marked the life and pastoral activity of Peter Julian Eymard. He truly deserves to be called an outstanding apostle of the Eucharist. In fact, his mission in the Church consisted in promoting the centrality of the Eucharistic Mystery in the whole life of the Christian community.''
''Font and fullness of all evangelization and striking expression of the infinite love of our divine Redeemer for mankind, the Holy Eucharist clearly marked the life and pastoral activity of Peter Julian Eymard. He truly deserves to be called an outstanding apostle of the Eucharist. In fact, his mission in the Church consisted in promoting the centrality of the Eucharistic Mystery in the whole life of the Christian community.''


The first informally organized [[Eucharistic Congress]] took place in 1874, through the efforts of [[Marie-MartheTamisier]] of [[Tours]], France.<ref name="Bunson334">''OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history'' by Matthew Bunson 2004 {{ISBN|978-1-59276-026-8}} page 334</ref> In 1881 Pope [[Leo XIII]] approved the first formal Eucharistic Congress which was organized by [[Louis-Gaston de Ségur]] in [[Lille]] France and was attended by few adherents.<ref name="CathEn">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05592a.htm</ref> The 1905 congress took place in Rome and [[Pope Pius X]] presided over it.<ref name="Bunson334" />
The first informally organized [[Eucharistic Congress]] took place in 1874, through the efforts of [[Marie-MartheTamisier]] of [[Tours]], France.<ref name="Bunson334">''OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history'' by Matthew Bunson 2004 {{ISBN|978-1-59276-026-8}} page 334</ref> In 1881 Pope [[Leo XIII]] approved the first formal Eucharistic Congress which was organized by [[Louis-Gaston de Ségur]] in [[Lille]] France and was attended by few adherents.<ref name="CathEn">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05592a.htm Meehan, Thomas. "Eucharistic Congresses." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 24 November 2017</ref> The 1905 congress took place in Rome and [[Pope Pius X]] presided over it.<ref name="Bunson334" />


The practice of prolonged Eucharistic adoration also spread to the United States in the 19th century and [[Saint John Neumann]] the Archbishop of [[Philadelphia]] started [[Forty Hours]] adorations there, where it continues to date.<ref>''The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions'' by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-4022-0806-5}} page 153</ref>
The practice of prolonged Eucharistic adoration also spread to the United States in the 19th century and [[Saint John Neumann]] the Archbishop of [[Philadelphia]] started [[Forty Hours]] adorations there, where it continues to date.<ref>''The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions'' by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-4022-0806-5}} page 153</ref>
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[[File:Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús - Adoración nocturna.jpg|thumbnail|right|Perpetual adoration at the National Expiatory Temple of San Felipe de Jesus, Mexico City]]
[[File:Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús - Adoración nocturna.jpg|thumbnail|right|Perpetual adoration at the National Expiatory Temple of San Felipe de Jesus, Mexico City]]


Perpetual adoration is the practice of the continuous exposition and adoration of the Eucharist, twenty four hours a day. Similar to the "Perpetual Rosary" in which the [[Rosary]] is recited uninterrupted by a changing group of people, this practice gained popularity among Roman Catholics in 19th century France, and has since spread to lay Catholics in parishes across the world.<ref name=Groeschel2 /><ref name=autogenerated1>Peter Stravinskas, 1998, ''Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia'', OSV Press {{ISBN|978-0-87973-669-9}} page 776</ref>
Perpetual adoration is the practice of the continuous exposition and adoration of the Eucharist, twenty four hours a day. Similar to the "Perpetual Rosary" in which the [[Rosary]] is recited uninterrupted by a changing group of people, this practice gained popularity among Roman Catholics in 19th century France, and has since spread to lay Catholics in parishes across the world.<ref name=autogenerated1>Peter Stravinskas, 1998, ''Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia'', OSV Press {{ISBN|978-0-87973-669-9}} page 776</ref>


During perpetual adoration, a specific person performs adoration for a period of one hour or more, so there is always at least one person who performs adoration during each day and night. However, during [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] the Blessed Sacrament may be reposed and is then exposed again after Mass.<ref name=Stravinskas /> The only other time perpetual adoration is not performed is during the three days of [[Easter Triduum]].<ref name=Groeschel2 >''In the presence of our Lord'' by Benedict J. Groeschel, James Monti 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-87973-920-1}} pages 167–171</ref>
During perpetual adoration, a specific person performs adoration for a period of one hour or more, so there is always at least one person who performs adoration during each day and night. However, during [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] the Blessed Sacrament may be reposed and is then exposed again after Mass.<ref name=Stravinskas /> The only other time perpetual adoration is not performed is during the three days of [[Easter Triduum]].<ref name=Groeschel2 >''In the presence of our Lord'' by Benedict J. Groeschel, James Monti 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-87973-920-1}} pages 167–171</ref>
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In the 20th century, the practice of perpetual adoration spread from monasteries and convents to Catholic parishes at large, and is now also performed by lay Catholics. The perpetual adoration chapel in [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] was inaugurated by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and a number of the major [[basilica]]s in Rome have also started perpetual adoration in the 20th century.<ref name=Stravinskas /><ref>''Praying in the Presence of Our Lord: Players for Eucharistic Adoration'' by Benedict J. Groeschel 1999 {{ISBN|978-0-87973-586-9}} page 57</ref>
In the 20th century, the practice of perpetual adoration spread from monasteries and convents to Catholic parishes at large, and is now also performed by lay Catholics. The perpetual adoration chapel in [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] was inaugurated by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and a number of the major [[basilica]]s in Rome have also started perpetual adoration in the 20th century.<ref name=Stravinskas /><ref>''Praying in the Presence of Our Lord: Players for Eucharistic Adoration'' by Benedict J. Groeschel 1999 {{ISBN|978-0-87973-586-9}} page 57</ref>


Early in the 20th century, questions arose as to the suitability of perpetual adoration by lay Catholics. However, after various discussions, on 2 June 1991 ([[feast of Corpus Christi]]), the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]] issued specific guidelines that permit perpetual adoration in parishes.<ref name=Groeschel2 /> In order to establish a "perpetual adoration chapel" in a parish, the local priest must obtain permission from his bishop by submitting a request along with the required information for the local "perpetual adoration association", its officers, etc.<ref name=Groeschel2 />
Early in the 20th century, questions arose as to the suitability of perpetual adoration by lay Catholics. However, after various discussions, on 2 June 1991 ([[feast of Corpus Christi]]), the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]] issued specific guidelines that permit perpetual adoration in parishes. In order to establish a "perpetual adoration chapel" in a parish, the local priest must obtain permission from his bishop by submitting a request along with the required information for the local "perpetual adoration association", its officers, etc.


At the beginning of the 21st century, there were over 2,500 perpetual adoration chapels in Catholic parishes around the world. The [[United States]] (with about 70 million Catholics) had about 1,100 chapels, the [[Philippines]] (with about 80 million Catholics) 500, the [[Republic of Ireland]] (with about 4 million Catholics) about 150, [[South Korea]] (with about 4 million Catholics) had about 70.<ref name=perpetuals />
At the beginning of the 21st century, there were over 2,500 perpetual adoration chapels in Catholic parishes around the world. The [[United States]] (with about 70 million Catholics) had about 1,100 chapels, the [[Philippines]] (with about 80 million Catholics) 500, the [[Republic of Ireland]] (with about 4 million Catholics) about 150, [[South Korea]] (with about 4 million Catholics) had about 70.<ref name=perpetuals />

Revision as of 01:06, 25 November 2017

The Eucharist displayed in a monstrance, flanked by candles being adored by a kneeling altar server
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Eucharistic adoration is a practice in the Roman Catholic, Anglo-Catholic and some Lutheran traditions, in which the Blessed Sacrament is adored by the faithful. This practice may occur either when the Eucharist is exposed, or when it is not publicly viewable because it is reserved in a place such as a church tabernacle.[1][2][3]

Adoration is a sign of devotion to and worship of Jesus Christ, who is believed by Catholics to be present Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity, under the appearance of the consecrated host, in the form of hosts, that is, consecrated altar bread. As a devotion, Eucharistic adoration, prayer, and meditation are more than merely looking at the Blessed Host, but are believed to be a continuation of what was celebrated in the Eucharist.[4] From a theological perspective, the adoration is a form of latria, based on the tenet of the real presence of Christ in the Blessed Host.[5][6]

Christian meditation performed in the presence of the Eucharist outside Mass is called Eucharistic meditation. It has been practiced by such as Peter Julian Eymard, Jean Vianney and Thérèse of Lisieux.[7][8][9][10][11] Authors such as the Venerable Concepcion Cabrera de Armida and Blessed Maria Candida of the Eucharist have produced large volumes of text based on their Eucharistic meditations.[12][13][14]

When the exposure and adoration of the Eucharist is constant (twenty-four hours a day), it is called Perpetual adoration. In a monastery or convent, it is done by the resident monks or nuns and, in a parish, by volunteer parishioners since the 20th century.[15] In the opening prayer of the Perpetual chapel in St. Peter Basilica, Pope John Paul II prayed for a perpetual adoration chapel in every parish in the world.[16][17] Pope Benedict XVI instituted perpetual adoration for the laity in each of the five sectors of the diocese of Rome.[18]

Practice and context

A lighted monstrance at the monastery of Bidaurreta, Spain

Eucharistic adoration may be performed both when the Eucharist is exposed for viewing and when it is not.[3] In Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, the Eucharist is displayed in a monstrance, typically placed on an altar, at times with a light focused on it, or with candles flanking it. The exposition usually occurs in the context of a service of Benediction or similar service of devotions to the Blessed Sacrament.[1][2][19] Exposition also takes place in the context of "perpetual adoration", where specific people attend the exposition for a certain period of time, 24 hours a day.[19]

The adoration may also take place when the Eucharist is not exposed but left in a ciborium, which is likewise placed on an altar or in an enclosed tabernacle so that the faithful may pray in its presence without the need for volunteers to be in constant attendance (as is required when the Blessed Sacrament is exposed).[2][20]

Official Catholic teachings consider the exposition and adoration of the Blessed Sacrament an important practice which "stimulates the faithful to an awareness of the marvellous presence of Christ and is an invitation to spiritual communion with Him."[19][21]

In many cases Eucharistic adoration is performed by each person for an uninterrupted hour known as the Holy Hour.[22] The inspiration for the Holy Hour is Matthew 26:40 when in the Garden of Gethsemane the night before his crucifixion, Jesus asks Peter: "So, could you men not keep watch with me for one hour?".[23]

While psalms, readings and devotional music may be performed during Eucharistic adoration, in many Roman Catholic churches this is rarely done and silent contemplation and reflection is the focus of adoration.[3] Pope John Paul II spent many hours in silent Eucharistic adoration and stated that the practice provides contact with the "very wellspring of grace".[24][25]

Since the Protestant Reformation, some Christian denominations have criticized Eucharistic adoration, even considering it a form of idolatry.[26][27] Many Anglicans, Catholics and Lutherans contend that it cannot be idolatry because Christ, whole and entire, is present in the Eucharist.

History

See also: History of Catholic eucharistic theology

Early history

While the keeping of the Blessed Sacrament outside Mass seems to have been part of the Eucharistic Christian practice from the beginning, (both Justin Martyr and Tertullian refer to it), the practice of adoration began somewhat later.[20]

One of the first possible references to reserving the Blessed Sacrament for adoration is found in a life of St. Basil (died AD 379). Basil is said to have divided the Eucharistic bread into three parts when he celebrated the Divine Liturgy in the monastery. One part he consumed, the second part he gave to the monks, and the third he placed in a golden dove-shaped container suspended over the altar.[28] It is more likely, however, that this separate portion was simply for the purpose of reserving the sacrament for distribution in contexts in which a communicant could not attend the liturgy,[citation needed] which is a standard practice throughout the ancient churches, even those which do not practice extra-liturgical Eucharistic adoration.

In Eastern Christianity, the sort of extra-liturgical adoration which developed in the West has never been part of the Eastern liturgy which St. Basil celebrated, but a liturgy for adoration does exist among the Eastern Catholic Churches, involving psalms and placing a covered diskos with the sacred species on the altar. This is befitting the Eastern custom of veiling those things deemed sacred from human eyes.[29]

Middle Ages

Stained glass window of St. Francis

The Franciscan archives credit Saint Francis of Assisi (who died in 1226) for starting Eucharistic Adoration in Italy. This process then spread from Umbria to other parts of Italy by the Franciscans.[30] Francis had a deep devotion to the Eucharist and Saint Bonaventure commented that Francis would be swept in ecstasy after receiving Communion. For Francis, the adoration of the Eucharist amounted to "seeing Christ".[31]

The theological basis for the adoration was prepared in the 11th century by Pope Gregory VII, who was instrumental in affirming the tenet that Christ is present in the Blessed Host. In 1965, the confession of belief that Gregory imposed on Berengarius was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic encyclical Mysterium fidei:

I believe in my heart and openly profess that the bread and wine that are placed on the altar are, through the mystery of the sacred prayer and the words of the Redeemer, substantially changed into the true and proper and lifegiving flesh and blood of Jesus Christ our Lord, and that after the consecration they are the true body of Christ[32]

This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in the churches of Europe.[33] As of the fourteenth century in The Western Church, devotions began to focus on the Eucharistic gifts as the objective presence of the risen Christ and the Host began to be elevated during the liturgy for the purpose of adoration.[34][page needed]

The first recorded instance of perpetual adoration formally began in Avignon, France on 11 September 1226. To celebrate and give thanks for the victory over the Albigensians in the later battles of the Albigensian Crusade, King Louis VIII asked that the sacrament be placed on display at the Chapel of the Holy Cross.[35] The overwhelming number of adorers brought the local bishop, Pierre de Corbie, to suggest that the exposition be continued indefinitely. With the permission of Pope Honorius III, the idea was ratified and the adoration continued there practically uninterrupted until the chaos of the French Revolution halted it from 1792.

In the thirteenth century, the Feast of Corpus Christi was instituted. From this point, devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, both within and outside the Mass, became central in the piety of Western Christians.

16th–18th centuries

In the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation was challenging various issues with respect to the Eucharist and the Council of Trent responded to them via specific affirmations of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist and the theological basis for Eucharistic adoration. The Trent declaration was of the most significant theological component of Eucharistic doctrine since the apostolic age.[36] The statement included the following:

The other sacraments do not have the power of sanctifying until someone makes use of them, but in the Eucharist the very Author of sanctity is present before the Sacrament is used. For before the apostles received the Eucharist from the hands of our Lord, He told them that it was His Body that He was giving them.[36]

The council then declared Eucharistic adoration as a form of latria:

The only-begotten Son of God is to be adored in the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist with the worship of "latria", including external worship. The Sacrament, therefore, is to be honored with extraordinary festive celebrations (and) solemnly carried from place to place in processions according to the praiseworthy universal rite and custom of the holy Church. The Sacrament is to be publicly exposed for the people's adoration.[5]

Following the Council of Trent, figures such as Saints Charles Borromeo and Alain de Solminihac promoted Eucharistic devotion and adoration.[37] As part of the simplification of Church interiors, and to emphasize the importance of the Blessed Sacrament, Charles Borromeo initiated the practice of placing the tabernacle at a higher, central location in the main altar. As Eucharistic adoration and Benediction became more widespread during the 17th century, the altar came to be seen as the "home of the Blessed Sacrament" where it would be adored.[38]

A common early practice of adoration known as Quarantore (literary forty hours) started in the 16th century. It is an exercise of devotion in which continuous prayer is made for forty hours before the exposed Blessed Sacrament. This practice started in Milan in the 1530s and 1540s by Capuchins such as Giuseppe da Fermo who promoted long periods of adoration. From Northern Italy it was carried to elsewhere in Europe by the Capuchins and Jesuits.[39][40]

The practice of the perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament started in Naples in 1590 within the Order of the Clerics Regular Minor, founded by St. Francis Caracciolo, Fr. Augustine Adorno and Fr. Fabrizio Caracciolo. This practice was modified to continuous adoration during the day due to the few number of religious in the Order's Constitutions of 1597 with approval by Pope Clement VIII [41] At a later date, the Order would revert to its earlier rule of perpetual adoration, but only within houses of no less than twenty religious. The houses with less religious were offered perpetual adoration as an option if it would not interfere in the execution of the house's ministries.

The practice of the perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament also started in Paris on 25 March 1654 in the Benedictine society formed for that purpose by Mother Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament.[42]

In the 18th century, large numbers of people were drawn to quiet adoration of the Eucharist and priests such as Alphonsus Liguori encouraged the practice.[43] He wrote a book on Visits to the Blessed Sacrament and he explained that a visit to the Blessed Sacrament is the "practice of loving Jesus Christ", since friends who love each other visit regularly. A model for the love of Eucharist at this time in Rome was Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, a homeless beggar and Franciscan tertiary, who spent many hours wrapped in silent ecstasy as he adored the Blessed Sacrament, at times in the sacrament-chapel of St. Peter's Basilica, and became known as the "saint of the Forty Hours".[43]

19th and 20th centuries

St. Peter Julian Eymard

During the French Revolution, the persecution of Catholics hindered the practice of Eucharistic adoration. However, the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a strong emphasis on Eucharistic piety, devotions and adorations. It may be said that at the beginning of the 19th century no Catholic saint can be found who did not place Eucharistic piety at the center of their spirituality.[43]

By 1829, the efforts of the Confraternity of Penitents-Gris brought Eucharistic adoration back in France.[44] Twenty years later, the Venerable Leo Dupont initiated the nightly adoration of the Blessed Sacrament in Tours in 1849, from where it spread within France.[45] Saint Anthony Mary Claret, the confessor to Isabella II of Spain and the founder of the Claretians, was also a fervent promoter of Eucharistic devotion and adoration and introduced the practice to Cuba, where he was sent as Archbishop.[46]

The Venerable Leo Dupont

The adoration of the Eucharist within France grew in this period and there were interactions between Catholic figures who were enthusiastic about spreading the Eucharist e.g., Leo Dupont, Saint Jean Vianney and Saint Peter Julian Eymard, who in 1858, formed the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament.[47]

Also in 1858, Eymard, known as the Apostle of the Eucharist, and sister Marguerite Guillot formed the Servants of the Blessed Sacrament which now maintains houses on several continents where continuous Eucharistic adoration takes place.[48]

By DECREE of the Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship, dated 9th December 1995, SAINT PETER JULIAN EYMARD, PRIEST, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar with the rank of optional memoria.

Font and fullness of all evangelization and striking expression of the infinite love of our divine Redeemer for mankind, the Holy Eucharist clearly marked the life and pastoral activity of Peter Julian Eymard. He truly deserves to be called an outstanding apostle of the Eucharist. In fact, his mission in the Church consisted in promoting the centrality of the Eucharistic Mystery in the whole life of the Christian community.

The first informally organized Eucharistic Congress took place in 1874, through the efforts of Marie-MartheTamisier of Tours, France.[49] In 1881 Pope Leo XIII approved the first formal Eucharistic Congress which was organized by Louis-Gaston de Ségur in Lille France and was attended by few adherents.[50] The 1905 congress took place in Rome and Pope Pius X presided over it.[49]

The practice of prolonged Eucharistic adoration also spread to the United States in the 19th century and Saint John Neumann the Archbishop of Philadelphia started Forty Hours adorations there, where it continues to date.[51]

Christian traditions

Anglicans

See also: Anglican Eucharistic theology

Early Anglicanism officially rejected Eucharistic adoration. Article XXVIII — Of the Lord's Supper in Anglicanism's 39 Articles rejects transubstantiation, declaring that "Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by Holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions."[52] The Article also state that "The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshiped."[52] Furthermore, the Black Rubric (in both its 1552 and 1662 versions) explain that "the Sacramental Bread and Wine remain still in their very natural substances, and therefore may not be adored; for that were Idolatry, to be abhorred of all faithful Christians".

However, since the mid-19th century, the Oxford Movement has broadened Anglican opinions on the matter. For example, an early 20th century bishop, the Right Reverend Edgar Gibson, Bishop of Gloucester, wrote of Article 28 that "The statement in the Article is worded with the utmost care, and with studied moderation. It cannot be said that any one of the practices is condemned or prohibited by it. It only amounts to this: that none of them can claim to be part of the original Divine institution."[53]

Today, opinions on the nature of the Eucharist and thus on the propriety of adoration and exposition of the Blessed Sacrament vary in the Anglican tradition (see Anglican Eucharistic theology), but many Anglo-Catholics practice Eucharistic adoration.[citation needed] Others celebrate Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, which is not unlike Eucharistic adoration.[54]

Lutherans

See also: Eucharist in the Lutheran Church
Adoration at a High Lutheran church in Kansas City, Missouri

Lutheran Eucharistic adoration is most commonly limited in duration to the Eucharistic service because Lutheran tradition typically does not include public reservation of the Sacrament. If the holy elements are not consumed at the altar or after the service, then they can be set aside and placed in an aumbry, which is normally located in the sacristy. Primarily, the extra hosts are reserved for another Eucharist or for taking to the sick and those too feeble to attend a church service. However, in North America and Europe, some Lutherans may choose to reserve the Eucharist in a tabernacle near the altar. The Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church and some parishes in the Lutheran Evangelical Catholic tradition strongly encourage Eucharistic adoration.

Historically in Lutheranism there have been two parties regarding Eucharistic adoration: Gnesio-Lutherans, who followed Martin Luther's view in favor of adoration, and Philippists who followed Philipp Melanchthon's view against it. Although Luther did not entirely approve of the Feast of Corpus Christi,[55] he wrote a treatise The Adoration of the Sacrament (1523) where he defended adoration but desired that the issue not be forced. In his reform of the Roman Mass Luther placed the Sanctus after the Institution Narrative to serve as a solemn act of worship of the Real Presence just brought about by the latter. After the death of Martin Luther, further controversies developed including Crypto-Calvinism and the second Sacramentarian controversy, started by Gnesio-Lutheran Joachim Westphal. The Philippist understanding of the Real Presence without overt adoration through time became dominant in Lutheranism, although it is not in accordance with Luther's teaching. The German theologian Andreas Musculus can be regarded as one of the warmest defenders of Eucharistic adoration in early Lutheranism.[56]

Roman Catholics

See also: Eucharist in the Catholic Church
Eucharistic adoration in the Chapel of the Apparitions of the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima in Portugal.

In Catholic teachings, at the moment of Consecration the elements (or "gifts" as they are termed for liturgical purposes) are changed in substance (transubstantiation – as opposed to 'transformation' wherein a change in physical form occurs) into the actual Body and Blood of Christ. Catholic doctrine holds that the elements are not only spiritually changed, but rather their substances are actually (substantially) changed into the Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity of Christ. In the doctrine of Real Presence, at the point of Consecration, the act that takes place is a double miracle: 1) that Christ is present in a physical form and 2) that the bread and wine have truly, substantially become Jesus' Body and Blood. Because Roman Catholics believe that Christ is truly present (Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity) in the Eucharist, the reserved sacrament serves as a focal point of adoration. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (item 1377) states that: "The Eucharistic presence of Christ begins at the moment of the consecration and endures as long as the Eucharistic species subsist."[57][58] The official Raccolta book provides specific indulgences for Eucharistic adoration during the Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament.[22]

Prolonged Eucharistic adoration is one of the distinguishing features of Roman Catholicism and is credited with the calling of saints and the bringing of converts to the Catholic Church. St. Faustina Kowalska stated that she was called to religious service while attending the Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament at age seven.[59] Notable examples of conversion are Saints Elizabeth Ann Seton and John Henry Newman, both having converted from Anglicanism,[43] and the Venerable Hermann Cohen (Carmelite), O.C.D., from Judaism, following Eucharistic adoration. Cohen went on to help establish the widespread practice of nocturnal adoration.

The practice of a "daily Holy Hour" of adoration has been encouraged in the Catholic tradition, for instance Mother Teresa of Calcutta had a Holy Hour each day and all members of her Missionaries of Charity followed her example.[60][61]

Since the Middle Ages the practice of Eucharistic adoration outside Mass has been encouraged by the popes.[62]

In the middle of the Second Vatican Council, on 3 September 1965, a few days before opening the fourth session, Pope Paul VI issued the Encyclical Mysterium fidei whereby he urged daily Mass and communion and said that "In the course of the day the faithful should not omit to visit the Blessed Sacrament, which according to the liturgical laws must be kept in the churches with great reverence in a most honorable location. Such visits are a proof of gratitude, an expression of love, an acknowledgment of the Lord's presence." "The daily adoration or visit to the Blessed Sacrament is the practice which is the fountainhead of all devotional works," St. Pius X used to say.

In Dominicae Cenae Pope John Paul II stated:

The Church and the world have a great need of Eucharistic worship. Jesus waits for us in this sacrament of love. Let us be generous with our time in going to meet Him in adoration and in contemplation that is full of faith.[63]

And in Ecclesia de Eucharistia John Paul II stated:

The worship of the Eucharist outside of the Mass is of inestimable value for the life of the Church.... It is the responsibility of Pastors to encourage, also by their personal witness, the practice of Eucharistic adoration, and exposition of the Blessed Sacrament.[64]

From his early years, the Eucharist had a central place in the theology of Joseph Ratzinger and in his role as Pope Benedict XVI as well as in his book God Is Near Us: The Eucharist, the Heart of Life he strongly encouraged Eucharistic adoration.[65][66]

Catholic prayers to the Blessed Sacrament

A gold Ciborium

The Handbook of Prayers by Fr. Charles Belmonte and James Socias said that a simple way of doing the visit to the Blessed Sacrament is to pray 3 Our Fathers, 3 Hail Marys and 3 Glory Bes, and ended with a Spiritual Communion, as for example, "I wish, Lord, to receive You with the purity, humility and devotion, with which Your Most Holy Mother received You, with the spirit and fervor of the saints." (The Spiritual Communion prayer was made known by St. Josemaria Escriva[67])

Through the centuries, saints have also composed prayers for making visits to the Blessed Sacrament.

Short Visit to the Blessed Sacrament By Blessed John Henry Newman

I place myself in the presence of Him, in whose Incarnate Presence I am before I place myself there.
I adore You, O my Savior, present here as God and Man, in Soul and Body, in true Flesh and Blood.
I acknowledge and confess that I kneel before the Sacred Humanity, which was conceived in Mary's womb, and lay in Mary's bosom; which grew up to man's estate, and by the Sea of Galilee called the Twelve, wrought miracles, and spoke words of wisdom and peace; which in due season hung on the cross, lay in the tomb, rose from the dead, and now reigns in heaven.
I praise and bless, and give myself wholly to Him, Who is the true Bread of my soul, and my everlasting joy.

Before the Blessed Sacrament Prayer from the Fátima Children

O most Holy Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, I adore You profoundly. I offer You the Most Precious Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity of Jesus Christ, present in all the tabernacles of the world, in reparation for the outrages, sacrileges and indifferences by which He is offended. By the infinite merits of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary, I beg the conversion of sinners.

Eucharistic celebrations of any nature are sometimes initiated with the first four or at least the first stanza of the Pange lingua hymn, and often concluded with the Tantum ergo (being the other two stanzas of the same hymn), or at the least the versicle and oration attached to the Tantum ergo (see the article). These hymns and orations are from the Daily Office for Corpus Christi, composed by St. Thomas Aquinas.

Eucharistic meditation

See also: Christian meditation
Neo-Gothic "solar" monstrance at the hermitage church of Warfhuizen

Christian meditation performed along with adoration of the Blessed Sacrament outside Mass has been associated with a large number of Catholic writings and inspirations.

Apart from promoting the Eucharist, Saint Pierre Julien Eymard also performed meditations before the Blessed host and his writings were later published as a book: The Real Presence.[7] His contemporary, Saint Jean Vianney also performed Eucharistic meditations and books on his meditations have also been published.[8][9]

Saint Thérèse of Lisieux was devoted to Eucharistic meditation and on 26 February 1895 shortly before she died wrote from memory and without a rough draft her poetic masterpiece "To Live by Love" which she had composed during Eucharistic meditation. During her life, the poem was sent to various religious communities and was included in a notebook of her poems.[10][11]

Significant portions of the writings of the Venerable Concepcion Cabrera de Armida were reported as having been based on her adorations of the Blessed Sacrament.[12] Cabrera de Armida did not represent her writings as interior locutions or visions of Jesus and Mary but as her meditations and inspirations during Eucharistic adoration.

The Italian mystic Maria Valtorta's Eucharistic meditations titled Holy Hour of Jesus were recorded in her notebooks while she was bedridden for over 20 years and the Eucharist was brought to her.[68]

In her book Eucharist: true jewel of eucharistic spirituality Maria Candida of the Eucharist (who was beatified by Pope John Paul II) wrote about her own personal experiences and reflections on Eucharistic meditation.[13][14]

Perpetual adoration

Perpetual adoration at the National Expiatory Temple of San Felipe de Jesus, Mexico City

Perpetual adoration is the practice of the continuous exposition and adoration of the Eucharist, twenty four hours a day. Similar to the "Perpetual Rosary" in which the Rosary is recited uninterrupted by a changing group of people, this practice gained popularity among Roman Catholics in 19th century France, and has since spread to lay Catholics in parishes across the world.[69]

During perpetual adoration, a specific person performs adoration for a period of one hour or more, so there is always at least one person who performs adoration during each day and night. However, during Mass the Blessed Sacrament may be reposed and is then exposed again after Mass.[19] The only other time perpetual adoration is not performed is during the three days of Easter Triduum.[15]

Early traditions

Perpetual adoration of God by psalm and prayer has been a tradition among Christians since ancient times, e.g., in Eastern Christianity since the year 400 the Acoemetae monks kept up a divine service day and night and in Western Christianity the monks at the monastery of Agaunum performed perpetual prayers since its formation in 522 by King Sigismund.[42]

Perpetual adoration at the Cathedral of Chihuahua, Mexico

Mother Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament pioneered perpetual adoration of the Eucharist on request of Père Picotte.[70][71] Père Picotte was the confessor of Anne of Austria who asked him for a vow for the deliverance of France from war and the order was formed in response to that vow. A small house was bought on Rue Feron in Paris and a Benedictine convent, founded for this purpose, began perpetual adoration there on 25 March 1654, one or more nuns kneeling in front of the altar in adoration each hour of the day and night.[42] The simple Benedictine rules with which the nuns started were amended and formal approval for perpetual adoration was provided by the Camera Apostolica in Rome in 1705.[42]

Various Roman Catholic societies and orders were formed for the specific purpose of perpetual adoration prior to the 19th century, e.g., the Perpetual Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament (1659 in Marsaille), Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and of the Perpetual Adoration (formed in 1768 in Paris), and the Religious of the Perpetual Adoration (1789, Switzerland).

By the beginning of the 19th century, in France, as well as elsewhere in Europe, strong currents in favor of the Eucharistic piety, devotions and adoration began to appear. Preachers such as Prosper Guéranger, Peter Julian Eymard and Jean Vianney very effective in renewing such devotions.[43][72]

The 19th century thus witnessed a rapid growth in perpetual adoration societies, and some existing orders (e.g., the Dominicans and the Poor Clares) [19] e.g., Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration (1845 in Brittany), Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (also in 1854), Religious of Perpetual Adoration (Brussels, 1857), Servants of the Most Blessed Sacrament (1858, Paris), Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration (1863, Olpe, Germany), Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters (the Netherlands, 1896), etc. A number of perpetual adoration orders were also formed in the United States, e.g. Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (1849 Wisconsin), and Benedictine Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (1874, Clyde, Missouri).

The Poor Clares of the Monastery of Saint Mary of the Angels of Perpetual Adoration, in Drumshanbo, Ireland, first established perpetual adoration on 25 March 1870, and have continued the practice uninterrupted to this day.[73] The Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration have been praying nonstop longer than anyone in the United States; the practice began on 1 August 1878, at 11 a.m. and continues to this date.[74]

20th and 21st centuries

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In the 20th century, the practice of perpetual adoration spread from monasteries and convents to Catholic parishes at large, and is now also performed by lay Catholics. The perpetual adoration chapel in Saint Peter's Basilica was inaugurated by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and a number of the major basilicas in Rome have also started perpetual adoration in the 20th century.[19][75]

Early in the 20th century, questions arose as to the suitability of perpetual adoration by lay Catholics. However, after various discussions, on 2 June 1991 (feast of Corpus Christi), the Pontifical Council for the Laity issued specific guidelines that permit perpetual adoration in parishes. In order to establish a "perpetual adoration chapel" in a parish, the local priest must obtain permission from his bishop by submitting a request along with the required information for the local "perpetual adoration association", its officers, etc.

At the beginning of the 21st century, there were over 2,500 perpetual adoration chapels in Catholic parishes around the world. The United States (with about 70 million Catholics) had about 1,100 chapels, the Philippines (with about 80 million Catholics) 500, the Republic of Ireland (with about 4 million Catholics) about 150, South Korea (with about 4 million Catholics) had about 70.[16]

The world's largest monstrance is in Chicago where a perpetual adoration chapel is under construction. This Sanctuary devoted to The Divine Mercy is being constructed adjacent to Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka, one of the city's Polish churches.[76]

See also

References

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  56. ^ The Sacrament of the Altar. A Book on the Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper by Tom G A Hardt
  57. ^ Vatican website catechism item 1377
  58. ^ Celebrating the Holy Eucharist by Francis Cardinal Arinze 2006 ISBN 978-1-58617-158-2 page 103
  59. ^ The encyclopedia of saints by Rosemary Guiley 2001 ISBN 978-0-8160-4134-3 page 106
  60. ^ A Drama of Reform by Benedict J. Groeschel 2005 ISBN 978-1-58617-114-8 page 30
  61. ^ My Daily Eucharist II Joan Carter McHugh 1997 ISBN 978-0-9640417-5-2 page 14
  62. ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 978-0-87973-910-2 page 11
  63. ^ Vatican website: Dominicae Cenae
  64. ^ Vatican website Ecclesia de Eucharistia
  65. ^ Christ, Our Joy: The Theological Vision of Pope Benedict XVI by Joseph Murphy 2008 ISBN 978-1-58617-182-7 page 180
  66. ^ God Is Near Us: The Eucharist, the Heart of Life by Joseph Ratzinger 2003 ISBN 978-0-89870-962-9 pages 88–91
  67. ^ http://www.josemariaescriva.info/article/opus-dei-founder-spiritual-communion-a-prayer-that-went-round-the-world
  68. ^ The Notebooks 1944 by Maria Valtorta and David G. Murray ISBN 978-88-7987-042-9
  69. ^ Peter Stravinskas, 1998, Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia, OSV Press ISBN 978-0-87973-669-9 page 776
  70. ^ Catholic encyclopedia
  71. ^ Catholic encyclopedia
  72. ^ Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1998). Butler's Lives of the Saints: August. Burns & Oats. p. 16. ISBN 0860122573.
  73. ^ "History". Poor Clare Colettine Federation of St. Mary of the Angels in Ireland & Scotland.
  74. ^ History of Our Adoration
  75. ^ Praying in the Presence of Our Lord: Players for Eucharistic Adoration by Benedict J. Groeschel 1999 ISBN 978-0-87973-586-9 page 57
  76. ^ Catholic News Agency

Works cited

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