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The '''Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate''' ('''OMI''') is a [[missionary]] [[Congregation of Papal Right|religious congregation]] in the [[Catholic Church]]. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by [[Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod|Saint Eugene de Mazenod]], a [[France|French]] priest born in [[Aix-en-Provence]] in the south of [[France]] on August 1, 1782. The congregation was given recognition by [[Pope Leo XII]] on February 17, 1826. The congregation is composed of [[Presbyter|priests]] and [[Lay brother|brothers]] usually living in community. Their traditional [[salutation]] is ''[[Laudetur Jesus Christus]]'' ("Praised be Jesus Christ"), to which the response is ''Et Maria Immaculata'' ("And Mary Immaculate").<ref>[http://www.omiworld.org/DizionarioVoce.asp?L=1&D=252 Oblate Communications<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> As of 2011, the congregation had approximately 4,400 (including 580 in formation) members serving in numerous parts of the world.<ref name=oblatecom/>
The '''Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate''' ('''OMI''') is a [[missionary]] [[Congregation of Papal Right|religious congregation]] in the [[Catholic Church]]. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by [[Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod|Saint Eugene de Mazenod]], a [[France|French]] priest born in [[Aix-en-Provence]] in the south of [[France]] on August 1, 1782. The congregation was given recognition by [[Pope Leo XII]] on February 17, 1826. The congregation is composed of [[Presbyter|priests]] and [[Lay brother|brothers]] usually living in community. Their traditional [[salutation]] is ''[[Laudetur Jesus Christus]]'' ("Praised be Jesus Christ"), to which the response is ''Et Maria Immaculata'' ("And Mary Immaculate"). As of 2011, the congregation had approximately 4,400 (including 580 in formation) members serving in numerous parts of the world.


==History and charism==
==History and charism==
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{{Main|Eugène de Mazenod}}
{{Main|Eugène de Mazenod}}


The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate were founded in 1816 in Aix-en-Provence by Eugene de Mazenod. Born into the French minor nobility, his family were forced to flee to Italy during the Revolution. There he experienced years of family instability, poverty, and danger. The family was forced to flee successively to Turin, Venice, Naples, and Palermo. Returning to France as a young man, he entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice and was ordained in 1811.
The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate were founded in 1816 in Aix-en-Provence by Eugene de Mazenod. Born into the French minor nobility, his family were forced to flee to Italy during the Revolution. There he experienced years of family instability, poverty, and danger. The family was forced to flee successively to Turin, Venice, Naples, and Palermo. Returning to France as a young man, he entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice and was ordained in 1811.<ref>[http://www.oblatesusa.org/who-we-are/our-missionary-work/our-founder,-st-eugene-de-mazenod/ "Our Founder, St. Eugene De Mazenod", Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, USA]</ref>


On January 25, 1816, Father Eugene de Mazenod and four companions came together to preach missions in Provençal.<ref name="oblatecom">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiworld.org/content.asp?artID=4|title=Our publications - Oblate Communications|website=-|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref>
On January 25, 1816, Father Eugene de Mazenod and four companions came together to preach missions in Provençal. The first members of this society were known as "Missionaries of Provence". They received the title of "Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate" and approbation as a congregation under simple vows in a Brief of Leo XII dated 17 February, 1826. <ref name=Blanchin>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11184b.htm Blanchin, François. "Oblates of Mary Immaculate."] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 18 November 2017</ref>


The congregation was established to renew the Church in [[France]] after the [[French Revolution|Revolution]], primarily to<blockquote>(1) Revive the spirit of [[faith]] among rural and industrial populations by means of [[Parochial mission (Catholicism)|missions]] and [[Retreat (spiritual)|retreats]], in which devotion to the [[Sacred Heart]] and to [[Immaculate Heart of Mary|Mary Immaculate]] is recommended as a supernatural means of regeneration. "He hath sent me to preach the [[Gospel]] to the poor," has been adopted as the device of the congregation. (2) Care of young men's societies, Catholic clubs. (3) Formation of clergy in [[Seminary|seminaries]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11184b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Oblates of Mary Immaculate|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref></blockquote>
The congregation was established to renew the Church in [[France]] after the [[French Revolution|Revolution]], primarily to<blockquote>(1) Revive the spirit of [[faith]] among rural and industrial populations by means of [[Parochial mission (Catholicism)|missions]] and [[Retreat (spiritual)|retreats]], in which devotion to the [[Sacred Heart]] and to [[Immaculate Heart of Mary|Mary Immaculate]] is recommended as a supernatural means of regeneration. "He hath sent me to preach the [[Gospel]] to the poor," has been adopted as the device of the congregation. (2) Care of young men's societies, Catholic clubs. (3) Formation of clergy in [[Seminary|seminaries]].<ref name=Blanchin/></blockquote>


However, the work of the congregation soon developed and the charism of the Oblates is that they<blockquote>are not specialised, except in facing urgent needs. ...It was enough for bishops to come to our Founder and say to him: "I do not have anybody" for him to act, re-examine his manpower, cut personnel here and there, and release 2 or 3 men for these new needs. And that continues today still. You see, it is a question of passion, of missionary concern.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oblates.com.au/CharismHistory/OblateCharism.aspx|title=Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate Australia > Charism & History > Oblate Charism|website=www.oblates.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref></blockquote>
However, the work of the congregation soon developed and the charism of the Oblates is that they<blockquote>are not specialised, except in facing urgent needs. ...It was enough for bishops to come to our Founder and say to him: "I do not have anybody" for him to act, re-examine his manpower, cut personnel here and there, and release 2 or 3 men for these new needs. And that continues today still. You see, it is a question of passion, of missionary concern.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oblates.com.au/CharismHistory/OblateCharism.aspx|title=Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate Australia > Charism & History > Oblate Charism|website=www.oblates.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref></blockquote>

The ancient sanctuary of St. [[Martin of Tours]] was re-excavated and revived by Oblate Fathers under Cardinal Guibert in 1862.<ref name=Blanchin/>


==Vows==
==Vows==
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==Religious formation==
==Religious formation==
The congregation’s Rule of 1853 makes a statement which still applies:<blockquote>Whoever wishes to become one of us must have an ardent desire for his own perfection, and be enflamed with the love for Our Lord Jesus Christ and his Church and a burning zeal for the salvation of souls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiworld.org/content.asp?sezID=&catID=0&artID=4&pag=2|title=Our publications - Oblate Communications|website=-|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref></blockquote>
The congregation’s Rule of 1853 makes a statement which still applies: "Whoever wishes to become one of us must have an ardent desire for his own perfection, and be enflamed with the love for Our Lord Jesus Christ and his Church and a burning zeal for the salvation of souls."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiworld.org/content.asp?sezID=&catID=0&artID=4&pag=2|title=Our publications - Oblate Communications|website=-|access-date=2017-07-17}}{{dead link|date=November 2017}}</ref>


In the initial stages, those interested in joining the congregation have several meetings with an OMI priest, usually with visits to a community. Young adults aged 18 and over meet regularly to share their experiences of God and what God may be calling them to become. During this time the members of the congregation share what it is like to be a [[presbyter|priest]] or religious [[Lay brother|brother]]. Those who are enquiring about entering the congregation are strongly encouraged to attend [[Mass (Liturgy)|Mass]] as often as possible, to read the [[Bible|Sacred Scriptures]] especially the [[Gospel]] accounts, and to regularly spend time in [[prayer]] in order to better discern their vocation.
In the initial stages, those interested in joining the congregation have several meetings with an OMI priest, usually with visits to a community. Young adults aged 18 and over meet regularly to share their experiences of God and what God may be calling them to become. During this time the members of the congregation share what it is like to be a [[presbyter|priest]] or religious [[Lay brother|brother]]. Those who are enquiring about entering the congregation are strongly encouraged to attend [[Mass (Liturgy)|Mass]] as often as possible, to read the [[Bible|Sacred Scriptures]] especially the [[Gospel]] accounts, and to regularly spend time in [[prayer]] in order to better discern their vocation.


===Postulancy/Pre-Novitiate===
===Postulancy/Pre-Novitiate===
This is a 2-4 year-long experience of living in an OMI community, sharing in many aspects of the life of the congregation. During this time the postulants participate in the prayer life of a community, share more deeply with others, and become involved in one or more of the congregation’s apostolates. Essentially, it is an extended period of discernment for the postulants and an opportunity for the congregation to assess the strengths of the candidates and possible areas requiring growth. For those straight out of high school it is possible, in some provinces, to begin working on an undergraduate degree.<ref name="omiphil1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiphil.org/formation_oblate.htm|title=Oblates of Mary Immaculate > Join Us > Formation to Oblate Life|website=www.omiphil.org|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref><ref>[http://www.omiusa.org/en/interested-in-oblate-life/preparation.html US Province: Formation and Education]</ref>
This is a 2-4 year-long experience of living in an OMI community, sharing in many aspects of the life of the congregation. During this time the postulants participate in the prayer life of a community, share more deeply with others, and become involved in one or more of the congregation’s apostolates. Essentially, it is an extended period of discernment for the postulants and an opportunity for the congregation to assess the strengths of the candidates and possible areas requiring growth. For those straight out of high school it is possible, in some provinces, to begin working on an undergraduate degree.<ref name="omiphil1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiphil.org/formation_oblate.htm|title=Oblates of Mary Immaculate > Join Us > Formation to Oblate Life|website=www.omiphil.org|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref>


===Novitiate===
===Novitiate===
Line 84: Line 86:
With Gospel values we dialogue with peoples of different cultures, faiths, and religions, in the search for an integral transformation of society; we work with others to safeguard human dignity, nurture family, foster harmony, promote a culture of peace, and respond to the calls of justice and integrity of creation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiphil.org/about_us.htm|title=Oblates of Mary Immaculate > About Us|website=www.omiphil.org|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref></blockquote>
With Gospel values we dialogue with peoples of different cultures, faiths, and religions, in the search for an integral transformation of society; we work with others to safeguard human dignity, nurture family, foster harmony, promote a culture of peace, and respond to the calls of justice and integrity of creation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omiphil.org/about_us.htm|title=Oblates of Mary Immaculate > About Us|website=www.omiphil.org|access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref></blockquote>


The Oblates work in parishes, Catholic schools, [[Retreat (spiritual)|retreat centres]], and among [[indigenous peoples]], emphasizing issues of [[Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace|justice and peace]]. The Oblates are active on five continents. They maintain a presence at a number of Marian Shrines including [[Lourdes]], [[National Shrine of Our Lady of the Snows|Our Lady of Snows]], in [[Belleville, Illinois]], Notre-Dame de [[Pontmain]], France, and in [[Loreto, Italy]].<ref name=oblatecom/>
The Oblates work in parishes, Catholic schools, [[Retreat (spiritual)|retreat centres]], and among [[indigenous peoples]], emphasizing issues of [[Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace|justice and peace]]. The Oblates are active on five continents. They maintain a presence at a number of Marian Shrines including [[Lourdes]], [[National Shrine of Our Lady of the Snows|Our Lady of Snows]], in [[Belleville, Illinois]], Notre-Dame de [[Pontmain]], France, and in [[Loreto, Italy]].


In the UK and Ireland the Oblates work through parishes and Centres of Mission in London, Edinburgh, Anglesey and Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oblates.ie/ministries/parishes/|title=The Oblate Parishes in the UK and Ireland|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref>
In the UK and Ireland the Oblates work through parishes and Centres of Mission in London, Edinburgh, Anglesey and Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oblates.ie/ministries/parishes/|title=The Oblate Parishes in the UK and Ireland|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref>
Line 91: Line 93:


===''Beati''===
===''Beati''===
* Blessed [[Joseph Gérard]] (1831–1914), French missionary priest, called the "Apostle of the Basuthos," beatified in 1988
* Blessed [[Joseph Gérard]] (1831–1914), French missionary priest, called the "Apostle of the Basuthos," beatified in 1988<ref name=Assumption>[http://omiap.org/?page_id=93 "Our Saints and Blessed", Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Assumption Province]</ref>
* Blessed [[Józef Cebula]] (1902–1941), Polish priest killed by the Nazis at Mauthausen concentration camp, beatified in 1999
* Blessed [[Józef Cebula]] (1902–1941), Polish priest killed by the Nazis at Mauthausen concentration camp, beatified in 1999<ref name=Assumption/>
* The [[Martyrs of Laos]], include one Italian and five French missionary priests, beatified in 2016
* The [[Martyrs of Laos]], include one Italian and five French missionary priests, beatified in 2016


Line 113: Line 115:
* Mark Edwards, Auxiliary Bishop of Melbourne
* Mark Edwards, Auxiliary Bishop of Melbourne
* [[Victor Gnanapragasam]], prefect of the Roman Catholic [[Apostolic Vicariate of Quetta]], Balochistan, Pakistan.
* [[Victor Gnanapragasam]], prefect of the Roman Catholic [[Apostolic Vicariate of Quetta]], Balochistan, Pakistan.
* [[Angelito Lampon]], Vicar Apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo, in the Philippines.
*[[Sebastian Koto Khoarai]], Bishop Emeritus of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mohale's Hoek]]
*[[Sebastian Koto Khoarai]], Bishop Emeritus of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mohale's Hoek]]
*[[Jean Khamse Vithavong]], Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of Vientiane, in Laos.
*[[Jean Khamse Vithavong]], Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of Vientiane, in Laos.
Line 166: Line 167:
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{catholic|title=Oblates of Mary Immaculate}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:16, 18 November 2017

Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
AbbreviationOMI
Established1816; 208 years ago (1816)
TypeMissionary religious congregation
Headquarters9480 North Demazenod Dr.
Belleville, Illinois, United States
Membership
4,400 (2011)
Founder
Saint Eugene de Mazenod
AffiliationsCatholic
WebsiteOMI

The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) is a missionary religious congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by Saint Eugene de Mazenod, a French priest born in Aix-en-Provence in the south of France on August 1, 1782. The congregation was given recognition by Pope Leo XII on February 17, 1826. The congregation is composed of priests and brothers usually living in community. Their traditional salutation is Laudetur Jesus Christus ("Praised be Jesus Christ"), to which the response is Et Maria Immaculata ("And Mary Immaculate"). As of 2011, the congregation had approximately 4,400 (including 580 in formation) members serving in numerous parts of the world.

History and charism

Mgr de Mazenod
Main article: Eugène de Mazenod

The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate were founded in 1816 in Aix-en-Provence by Eugene de Mazenod. Born into the French minor nobility, his family were forced to flee to Italy during the Revolution. There he experienced years of family instability, poverty, and danger. The family was forced to flee successively to Turin, Venice, Naples, and Palermo. Returning to France as a young man, he entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice and was ordained in 1811.[1]

On January 25, 1816, Father Eugene de Mazenod and four companions came together to preach missions in Provençal. The first members of this society were known as "Missionaries of Provence". They received the title of "Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate" and approbation as a congregation under simple vows in a Brief of Leo XII dated 17 February, 1826. [2]

The congregation was established to renew the Church in France after the Revolution, primarily to

(1) Revive the spirit of faith among rural and industrial populations by means of missions and retreats, in which devotion to the Sacred Heart and to Mary Immaculate is recommended as a supernatural means of regeneration. "He hath sent me to preach the Gospel to the poor," has been adopted as the device of the congregation. (2) Care of young men's societies, Catholic clubs. (3) Formation of clergy in seminaries.[2]

However, the work of the congregation soon developed and the charism of the Oblates is that they

are not specialised, except in facing urgent needs. ...It was enough for bishops to come to our Founder and say to him: "I do not have anybody" for him to act, re-examine his manpower, cut personnel here and there, and release 2 or 3 men for these new needs. And that continues today still. You see, it is a question of passion, of missionary concern.[3]

The ancient sanctuary of St. Martin of Tours was re-excavated and revived by Oblate Fathers under Cardinal Guibert in 1862.[2]

Vows

As members of a religious congregation the Missionaries Oblates of Mary Immaculate embrace the evangelical counsels, taking the three traditional religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Poverty means that all possessions are held in common and that no member may accumulate wealth. Chastity, abstaining from sexual activity, is intended to make the religious totally available for religious service.

Religious formation

The congregation’s Rule of 1853 makes a statement which still applies: "Whoever wishes to become one of us must have an ardent desire for his own perfection, and be enflamed with the love for Our Lord Jesus Christ and his Church and a burning zeal for the salvation of souls."[4]

In the initial stages, those interested in joining the congregation have several meetings with an OMI priest, usually with visits to a community. Young adults aged 18 and over meet regularly to share their experiences of God and what God may be calling them to become. During this time the members of the congregation share what it is like to be a priest or religious brother. Those who are enquiring about entering the congregation are strongly encouraged to attend Mass as often as possible, to read the Sacred Scriptures especially the Gospel accounts, and to regularly spend time in prayer in order to better discern their vocation.

Postulancy/Pre-Novitiate

This is a 2-4 year-long experience of living in an OMI community, sharing in many aspects of the life of the congregation. During this time the postulants participate in the prayer life of a community, share more deeply with others, and become involved in one or more of the congregation’s apostolates. Essentially, it is an extended period of discernment for the postulants and an opportunity for the congregation to assess the strengths of the candidates and possible areas requiring growth. For those straight out of high school it is possible, in some provinces, to begin working on an undergraduate degree.[5]

Novitiate

Next follows the novitiate which is the time for preparing to take the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The novitiate year is crucial, for it is then “that the novices better understand their divine vocation and indeed one which is proper to the institute, experience the manner of living of the institute, and form their mind and heart in its spirit, and so that their intention and suitability are tested.”[6] Thus, the novices are given the opportunity for longer periods of prayer and spiritual reading as well as silence in order to reflect on the vocation God is offering and nature of their response. The spiritual development of the novice is of particular focus, especially through spiritual direction. During the novitiate the history and Constitutions of the Congregation are studied in depth.

A simple profession is made at the end of the novitiate and the person officially becomes a member of the Congregation for: “By religious profession, members assume the observance of the three evangelical counsels by public vow, are consecrated to God through the ministry of the Church, and are incorporated into the institute with the rights and duties defined by law.”[7]

Post Novitiate/Scholasticate

After the novitiate, the new members of the congregation continue their studies. In the Philippines this normally involves a 4-year theology degree, followed by a missionary year abroad, although a student may make a request to study at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.[5] In Canada, studies are undertaken at Saint Paul University in Ottawa. Scholastics from four provinces in Southern Africa (Central, Lesotho, Natal, and Northern) study at the congregation’s scholasticate in the small town of Hilton in KwaZulu-Natal or at the international scholasticate in Rome.[8]

Vows are renewed annually; after three years a member may request final vows. According to Canon law, temporary vows may be renewed for a longer period but not exceeding nine years.[7]

Missions

Pope Pius XI (1857-1939) was so impressed by the courage of the Oblates that he referred to them as “specialists in the most difficult missions of the Church.”[9] Indeed, regarding their ministry the Oblates declare:

We fulfill our task in healing the world by understanding its evolutionary character, by critically engaging its contemporary spirit, and by meeting its new needs in new ways.

We seek out and immerse ourselves in the lives of the most abandoned in their many faces and voices, and struggle with those most affected by conflicts.

With Gospel values we dialogue with peoples of different cultures, faiths, and religions, in the search for an integral transformation of society; we work with others to safeguard human dignity, nurture family, foster harmony, promote a culture of peace, and respond to the calls of justice and integrity of creation.[10]

The Oblates work in parishes, Catholic schools, retreat centres, and among indigenous peoples, emphasizing issues of justice and peace. The Oblates are active on five continents. They maintain a presence at a number of Marian Shrines including Lourdes, Our Lady of Snows, in Belleville, Illinois, Notre-Dame de Pontmain, France, and in Loreto, Italy.

In the UK and Ireland the Oblates work through parishes and Centres of Mission in London, Edinburgh, Anglesey and Dublin.[11]

Notable Oblates

Beati

  • Blessed Joseph Gérard (1831–1914), French missionary priest, called the "Apostle of the Basuthos," beatified in 1988[12]
  • Blessed Józef Cebula (1902–1941), Polish priest killed by the Nazis at Mauthausen concentration camp, beatified in 1999[12]
  • The Martyrs of Laos, include one Italian and five French missionary priests, beatified in 2016

Cardinals

Cardinal Guibert, cofounder of Sacré-Cœur, Paris

Bishops and archbishops

Priests and religious

Institutions

Americas

Australia

Philippines

Hong Kong

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Our Founder, St. Eugene De Mazenod", Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, USA
  2. ^ a b c Blanchin, François. "Oblates of Mary Immaculate." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 18 November 2017
  3. ^ "Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate Australia > Charism & History > Oblate Charism". www.oblates.com.au. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  4. ^ "Our publications - Oblate Communications". -. Retrieved 2017-07-17.[dead link‍]
  5. ^ a b "Oblates of Mary Immaculate > Join Us > Formation to Oblate Life". www.omiphil.org. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  6. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  7. ^ a b "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  8. ^ Natal Province: Formation
  9. ^ "Oblates of Mary Immaculate > About Us > The Mission Today". www.omiphil.org. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  10. ^ "Oblates of Mary Immaculate > About Us". www.omiphil.org. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  11. ^ "The Oblate Parishes in the UK and Ireland". Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  12. ^ a b "Our Saints and Blessed", Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Assumption Province
  13. ^ "Since 1848: About U of O". University of Ottawa. Retrieved 2009-10-09.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Oblates of Mary Immaculate". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

References

38°33′39.5″N 90°4′56.36″W / 38.560972°N 90.0823222°W / 38.560972; -90.0823222

  • Carrière,, Gaston (1957), Histoire documentaire de la congrégation des Missionnaires Oblats de Marie-Immaculée dans l’Est du Canada. Vol. 1., Ottawa, Ontario: Éditions de l’Université d’Ottawa,{{citation}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  • Carrière,, Gaston (1957), Dictionnaire biographique des Oblats de Marie-Immaculée au Canada. Vol. 1-3., Ottawa, Ontario: Éditions de l’Université d’Ottawa,{{citation}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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