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|synonyms = ''Sisymbrium murale''
|synonyms = ''Sisymbrium murale''
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'''''Diplotaxis muralis''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[Brassicaceae|mustard family]] known by the common name '''annual wall-rocket'''. This plant is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, but it is found throughout the [[temperate]] world, where it has [[Introduced species|naturalized]]. This is an erect mustardlike plant rarely reaching half a meter in height. It has lobed leaves and its stems are topped with dense [[inflorescence]]s of yellow, or occasionally light purple, flowers with small oval petals and large [[stamen|anthers]]. The fruit is a podlike [[silique]] two to four centimeters long.
'''''Diplotaxis muralis''''' ('''annual wall-rocket''') is a species of flowering plant in the [[Brassicaceae|mustard family]]. This plant is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, but it is found throughout the [[temperate]] world, where it has [[Introduced species|naturalized]]. This is an erect mustard-like plant rarely reaching half a meter in height. It has lobed leaves and its stems are topped with dense [[inflorescence]]s of yellow, or occasionally light purple, flowers with small oval petals and large [[stamen|anthers]]. The fruit is a podlike [[silique]] two to four centimeters long.


==Description==
⚫
Several [[Cytology| cytological]] and morphological studies have suggested that ''D. muralis'' originated from [[Hybridization (biology)|natural hybridization]] between ''[[Diplotaxis tenuifolia|D. tenuifolia]]'' and ''[[Diplotaxis viminea| D. viminea]]''.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547870 Ueno O1, Wada Y, Wakai M, Bang SW (2006) "Evidence from photosynthetic characteristics for the hybrid origin of Diplotaxis muralis from a C3-C4 intermediate and a C3 species" ''Plant Biology'' (Stuttgart) '''8'''(2):253-9..]</ref>
It is an annual, but sometimes grows as a perennial,<ref name="efloras">{{cite web|title=FOC Vol. 8 Page 24|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009415|publisher=efloras.org|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> growing up to {{convert|15|-|60|cm|abbr=on}} tall on unbranched stems.<ref name=Readers>{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=43 |publisher=[[Reader's Digest]] |isbn=9780276002175}}</ref> It has lobbed leaves, which form a rosette at the base of the plant. They are {{convert|2|-|9|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|-|3|cm|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="efloras"/> It blooms in summer, between May to September in the UK,<ref name=Readers/> and between April to August in [[China]].<ref name="efloras"/> The flowers are yellow, with oblong sepals and longer, obovate petals.<ref name="efloras"/> Later, it produces a fruit capsule, long cylindrical with a short beak.<ref name=Readers/> It contains 2 rows of yellow brown seeds,<ref name=Readers/> which are ovoid or ellipsoid shaped.<ref name="efloras"/>
== Notes==

==Taxonomy==
It was first published by [[A. P. de Candolle|Augustin Candolle]] in Syst. Nat. Vol.2 on page 634 in 1821, based on an earlier description by Carl Linnaeus.<ref name="plantlist">{{cite web|title=Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. is an accepted name|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2771304|website=23 March 2012|publisher=theplantlist.org|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brassicaceae Diplotaxis muralis DC.|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=282204-1|publisher=ipni.org|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> Linnaeus had named it 'Sisymbrium murale' in his seminal publication '[[Species Plantarum]]' in 1753.<ref name="efloras"/>

The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''muralis'' is derived from the Latin word meaning 'growing on the wall'<ref> Archibald William Smith {{google books|ahNMkgoNJ7IC|A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins|page=160}}</ref>

It is commonly known as 'annual wall-rocket' or 'wall rocket', in the UK,<ref> F.H.Perring, P.D.Sell and S.M.Walters{{google books|8N85AAAAIAAJ|A Flora of Cambridgeshire|page=54}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|title=Diplotaxis muralis wall rocket|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/105533/Diplotaxis-muralis/Details|publisher=rhs.org.uk|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> as it can be found growing on old walls, and is similar in form to wall rocket (''Diplotaxis tenuifolia ''), which is taller and bushier.<ref name=Readers/>

It has 2 known subspecies;
* ''Diplotaxis muralis'' subsp. ''ceratophylla'' <small>(Batt.) Mart.-Laborde</small>
* ''Diplotaxis muralis'' subsp. ''simplex'' <small>(Viv.) Jafri</small><ref name="plantlist"/>

⚫
Several [[Cytology| cytological]] and morphological studies have suggested that ''D. muralis'' originated from [[Hybridization (biology)|natural hybridization]] between ''[[Diplotaxis tenuifolia|D. tenuifolia]]'' and ''[[Diplotaxis viminea|D. viminea]]''.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547870 Ueno O1, Wada Y, Wakai M, Bang SW (2006) "Evidence from photosynthetic characteristics for the hybrid origin of Diplotaxis muralis from a C3-C4 intermediate and a C3 species" ''Plant Biology'' (Stuttgart) '''8'''(2):253-9..]</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is [[native plant|native]] to temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of western Asia.<ref name="brc"/><ref name="Grin">{{cite web|title=Taxon: Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.|url=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=319694|publisher=ars-grin.gov|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref>

===Range===
It is found in North Africa, within [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]. Within Asia it is found in the [[Caucasus]], [[Georgia|Georgia (country)]] and [[Turkey]]. In middle Europe, it is in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Switzerland]]. In southeastern Europe, within [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Malta]], [[Montenegro]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Ukraine]]. Also in southwestern Europe, it is found in [[France]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]].<ref name="Grin"/>

It has naturalised in the UK since 1778, when it was found in a field of oats raised from imported seeds from a ship wrecked on the [[Kent]] coast.<ref name="brc"/>

===Habitat===
It grows in waste and disturbed ground,<ref name=Readers/> such as beside railways, roads and on tips.<ref name="brc">{{cite web|title=Diplotaxis muralis|url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/diplotaxis-muralis|publisher=brc.ac.uk|accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref>

==Ecology==
It is pollinated by bees and other flying insects.<ref name=Readers/>
It is occasionally cultivated and [[Plough|ploughed]] into fields as a '[[green manure]]'.<ref name="brc"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:Brassiceae]]
[[Category:Brassiceae]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Libya]]
[[Category:Flora of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Flora of Morocco]]
[[Category:Flora of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Georgia]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkey]]
[[Category:Flora of Austria]]
[[Category:Flora of Belgium]]
[[Category:Flora of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Flora of Germany]]
[[Category:Flora of Hungary]]
[[Category:Flora of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Flora of Poland]]
[[Category:Flora of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Flora of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Flora of Albania]]
[[Category:Flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Flora of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Flora of Croatia]]
[[Category:Flora of Greece]]
[[Category:Flora of Italy]]
[[Category:Flora of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Flora of Malta]]
[[Category:Flora of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Flora of Romania]]
[[Category:Flora of Serbia]]
[[Category:Flora of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Flora of France]]
[[Category:Flora of Portugal]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in the United States]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species in the United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1821]]


{{Brassicales-stub}}

Revision as of 00:57, 11 November 2017

Diplotaxis muralis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Brassicaceae
Genus:
Diplotaxis
Species:
D. muralis
Binomial name
Diplotaxis muralis
Synonyms

Sisymbrium murale

Diplotaxis muralis (annual wall-rocket) is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family. This plant is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, but it is found throughout the temperate world, where it has naturalized. This is an erect mustard-like plant rarely reaching half a meter in height. It has lobed leaves and its stems are topped with dense inflorescences of yellow, or occasionally light purple, flowers with small oval petals and large anthers. The fruit is a podlike silique two to four centimeters long.

Description

It is an annual, but sometimes grows as a perennial,[1] growing up to 15–60 cm (5.9–23.6 in) tall on unbranched stems.[2] It has lobbed leaves, which form a rosette at the base of the plant. They are 2–9 cm (0.79–3.54 in) long and 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) wide.[1] It blooms in summer, between May to September in the UK,[2] and between April to August in China.[1] The flowers are yellow, with oblong sepals and longer, obovate petals.[1] Later, it produces a fruit capsule, long cylindrical with a short beak.[2] It contains 2 rows of yellow brown seeds,[2] which are ovoid or ellipsoid shaped.[1]

Taxonomy

It was first published by Augustin Candolle in Syst. Nat. Vol.2 on page 634 in 1821, based on an earlier description by Carl Linnaeus.[3][4] Linnaeus had named it 'Sisymbrium murale' in his seminal publication 'Species Plantarum' in 1753.[1]

The Latin specific epithet muralis is derived from the Latin word meaning 'growing on the wall'[5]

It is commonly known as 'annual wall-rocket' or 'wall rocket', in the UK,[6]

[7] as it can be found growing on old walls, and is similar in form to wall rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia ), which is taller and bushier.[2]

It has 2 known subspecies;

  • Diplotaxis muralis subsp. ceratophylla (Batt.) Mart.-Laborde
  • Diplotaxis muralis subsp. simplex (Viv.) Jafri[3]

Several cytological and morphological studies have suggested that D. muralis originated from natural hybridization between D. tenuifolia and D. viminea.[8]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate regions of North Africa, Europe and parts of western Asia.[9][10]

Range

It is found in North Africa, within Algeria, Libya, Ethiopia, Morocco and Tunisia. Within Asia it is found in the Caucasus, Georgia (country) and Turkey. In middle Europe, it is in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland. In southeastern Europe, within Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Ukraine. Also in southwestern Europe, it is found in France, Portugal and Spain.[10]

It has naturalised in the UK since 1778, when it was found in a field of oats raised from imported seeds from a ship wrecked on the Kent coast.[9]

Habitat

It grows in waste and disturbed ground,[2] such as beside railways, roads and on tips.[9]

Ecology

It is pollinated by bees and other flying insects.[2] It is occasionally cultivated and ploughed into fields as a 'green manure'.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "FOC Vol. 8 Page 24". efloras.org. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 43. ISBN 9780276002175.
  3. ^ a b "Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. is an accepted name". 23 March 2012. theplantlist.org. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  4. ^ "Brassicaceae Diplotaxis muralis DC". ipni.org. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  5. ^ Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 160, at Google Books
  6. ^ F.H.Perring, P.D.Sell and S.M.WaltersA Flora of Cambridgeshire, p. 54, at Google Books
  7. ^ "Diplotaxis muralis wall rocket". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  8. ^ Ueno O1, Wada Y, Wakai M, Bang SW (2006) "Evidence from photosynthetic characteristics for the hybrid origin of Diplotaxis muralis from a C3-C4 intermediate and a C3 species" Plant Biology (Stuttgart) 8(2):253-9..
  9. ^ a b c d "Diplotaxis muralis". brc.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  10. ^ a b [npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=319694 "Taxon: Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC"]. ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 10 November 2017. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
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