Ship floodability: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Water-tight compartment (Seaman's Pocket-Book, 1943).jpg|thumb|Parts of a water-tight compartment]] |
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[[File:Parts of a water-tight compartment (Seaman's Pocket-Book, 1943).jpg|thumb|Parts of a water-tight compartment]] |
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'''Floodability''' is the susceptibility of a [[ship]]'s construction to [[flooding]]. It also refers to the ability to intentionally flood certain areas of the hull for [[damage control]] purposes, or to increase stability, which is particularly important in combat vessels, which often face the possibility of serious hull breach due to enemy action, and which rely on well-trained [[Damage controlman|Damage Controlmen]] to equalize and then stop flooding of the hull. |
'''Floodability''' is the susceptibility of a [[ship]]'s construction to [[flooding]]. It also refers to the ability to intentionally flood certain areas of the hull for [[damage control]] purposes, or to increase stability, which is particularly important in combat vessels, which often face the possibility of serious hull breach due to enemy action, and which rely on well-trained [[Damage controlman|Damage Controlmen]] to equalize and then stop flooding of the hull. |
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The [[Song Dynasty]] Chinese author [[Zhu Yu (author)|Zhu Yu]] wrote of Chinese invented watertight compartments in his book, ''Pingzhou Table Talks'', written from AD 1111 to 1117 and published in 1119. [[Junk (ship)|Junk]]s made use of Chinese invented watertight compartments strengthened the ship and slowed [[Ship floodability|flooding]] in case of holing. The type of construction for Chinese ship hulls was attested to by the Moroccan Muslim Berber traveler [[Ibn Batutta]] (1304-1377 AD), who described it in great detail (refer to [[Technology of the Song Dynasty]]).<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 469">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 469.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KWANGCHOW - Freddy Everard On The China Seas |last=Harper |first=David Adamson |year= 2011 |publisher=BookBaby |orig-year=2011 |publication-date= December 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Britannica Guide to Modern China: A Comprehensive Introduction to the World's New Economic Giant |publisher= Running Press Book Publishers |year=2008 |publication-date=April 30, 2008 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Understanding China: Dangerous Resentments |last=Du Bois |first=George |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2014 |publication-date=November 8, 2014}}</ref> The wide application of Chinese watertight compartments soon spread to the Europeans through the Indian and Arab merchants.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology |last=\Richardson |first=Douglas |last2=Goodchild |first2=Michael F. |last3=Kobayashi |first3=Audrey |last4=Liu |first4=Weidong |last5=Marston |first5=Richard |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2017 |isbn=978-0470659632 |publication-date=March 20 2017 |page=7161}}</ref> |
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{{citation|title=The shorter Science and Civilisation in China|author1=Colin Ronan|author2=Joseph Needham|year=1986|pages=70–77|volume=3|publisher=C.U.P.}} |
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| ⚫ | Watertight compartments were frequently implemented in East Asian ships, and had been implemented in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty warships of [[Kubla Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Chronology of Asian maritime history|author=Sten Sjostrand & Claire Barnes|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref >{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article531495.ece|title=Life - The Times|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref >{{cite web|url=http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=1983|title=The Seoul Times|publisher=|accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref> Chinese seagoing [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s often had 14 crosswalls, some of which could be flooded to increase stability or for the carriage of liquids.<ref>{{citation|title=The shorter Science and Civilisation in China|author1=Colin Ronan|author2=Joseph Needham|year=1986|pages=70–77|volume=3|publisher=C.U.P.}}</ref> |
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Some types of ships, such as certain [[Heavy-lift ship|heavy lift vessels]], can intentionally flood their own hulls or tanks within their hulls, to sink below the water, and then pump all of the water back out and re-float themselves with the salvaged object on deck. Similarly, [[Submersible|submersibles]] and [[Submarine|submarines]] also produce negative buoyancy by allowing compartments (called "[[Ballast tank|ballast tanks]]") to flood. |
Some types of ships, such as certain [[Heavy-lift ship|heavy lift vessels]], can intentionally flood their own hulls or tanks within their hulls, to sink below the water, and then pump all of the water back out and re-float themselves with the salvaged object on deck. Similarly, [[Submersible|submersibles]] and [[Submarine|submarines]] also produce negative buoyancy by allowing compartments (called "[[Ballast tank|ballast tanks]]") to flood. |
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Revision as of 11:41, 17 September 2017
Floodability is the susceptibility of a ship's construction to flooding. It also refers to the ability to intentionally flood certain areas of the hull for damage control purposes, or to increase stability, which is particularly important in combat vessels, which often face the possibility of serious hull breach due to enemy action, and which rely on well-trained Damage Controlmen to equalize and then stop flooding of the hull.
Floodability is reduced by dividing the volume of the hull into watertight compartments with decks and bulkheads (which also increase the strength of ships), use of double bottom (or double hull), and by other means. If a ship's hull is divided into watertight compartments, any flooding resulting from a breach of the hull can be contained in the compartments where the flooding occurs. In most case, the watertight compartments are fitted with a system of automatic doors, which can be triggered either remotely or locally as soon as flooding is detected (and early example of such as system was used on the RMS Titanic, which sank in spite of its watertight bulkheads). Smaller vessels and submarines generally feature watertight hatches between compartments, which are closed manually to block water from escaping the flooded compartment. As long as the flooding is localised, this can allow a ship to retain sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat, but if numerous compartments are opened to the sea, the ship can sink regardless. If a ship is fitted with longitudinal bulkheads (running fore and aft) as well as transverse bulkheads, flooding along one side of the ship can cause a serious list, which can threaten to capsize the vessel. In such cases, damage control parties can intentionally flood the corresponding compartment on the other side, equalizing the list (although this can happen in ships without longitudinal bulkheads, as well). Such techniques can work fore-and-aft as well, for example, if a flooded bow is holding the rudder and propellers out of the water.[1]
The Song Dynasty Chinese author Zhu Yu wrote of Chinese invented watertight compartments in his book, Pingzhou Table Talks, written from AD 1111 to 1117 and published in 1119. Junks made use of Chinese invented watertight compartments strengthened the ship and slowed flooding in case of holing. The type of construction for Chinese ship hulls was attested to by the Moroccan Muslim Berber traveler Ibn Batutta (1304-1377 AD), who described it in great detail (refer to Technology of the Song Dynasty).[2][3][4][5] The wide application of Chinese watertight compartments soon spread to the Europeans through the Indian and Arab merchants.[6]
Watertight compartments were frequently implemented in East Asian ships, and had been implemented in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty warships of Kubla Khan.[7][8][9] Chinese seagoing junks often had 14 crosswalls, some of which could be flooded to increase stability or for the carriage of liquids.[10]
Some types of ships, such as certain heavy lift vessels, can intentionally flood their own hulls or tanks within their hulls, to sink below the water, and then pump all of the water back out and re-float themselves with the salvaged object on deck. Similarly, submersibles and submarines also produce negative buoyancy by allowing compartments (called "ballast tanks") to flood.
Alexei Krylov and Stepan Makarov worked extensively on ship floodability in the early 20th century.[11][12]
References
- ^ by Authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty (June 1943). A Seaman's Pocket-Book. London: HMSO. pp. 11–12.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 469.
- ^ Harper, David Adamson (2011) [2011]. "KWANGCHOW - Freddy Everard On The China Seas". BookBaby (published December 30, 2011).
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ The Britannica Guide to Modern China: A Comprehensive Introduction to the World's New Economic Giant. Running Press Book Publishers (published April 30, 2008). 2008. p. 1.
- ^ Du Bois, George (2014). Understanding China: Dangerous Resentments. Trafford Publishing (published November 8, 2014).
- ^ \Richardson, Douglas; Goodchild, Michael F.; Kobayashi, Audrey; Liu, Weidong; Marston, Richard (2017). International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology. Wiley-Blackwell (published March 20 2017). p. 7161. ISBN 978-0470659632.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|publication-date=(help) - ^ Sten Sjostrand & Claire Barnes. "Chronology of Asian maritime history". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ "Life - The Times". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ "The Seoul Times". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ Colin Ronan; Joseph Needham (1986), The shorter Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 3, C.U.P., pp. 70–77
- ^ Спрямление корабля ч.2 Энциклопедия мореплапания // Encyclopedia of seafaring Template:Ru icon
- ^ Mike Botchev Short biography of A.N. Krylov