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''Miss Malini'' was an original script written by novelist [[R. K. Narayan]], not based on any of his past works.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=vJ5KAQAAIAAJ&dq=miss+malini+1947&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=miss+malini | title=Frontline | year=1996 | volume=13 | issue=13-20}}</ref><ref name="flood">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261282.htm | title=A flood of fond memories | work=The Hindu | date=26 July 2001 | accessdate=4 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=https://archive.is/DUYqz | archivedate=4 April 2017 | deadurl=no}}</ref> [[K. Ramnoth]], then the Controller of Productions at [[Gemini Studios]], produced the film under that banner.<ref name="StarVersatile" /> M. Natarajan worked as cinematographer, N. K. Gopal as the main editor and the art director was A. K. Shekar.<ref name="Anandan" /> [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], besides directing the film, writing the dialogues and co-writing the screenplay,<ref name="Anandan" /><ref name="flood" /> starred in a leading role as Sampath, the charlatan also known as "Bit Notice".{{sfn|Ganesh|2011|p=50}}<ref name="ChandraMohana" /> It was his second directorial venture, after ''[[Kannamma En Kadhali]]'' (1945), also produced by Gemini Studios.<ref>{{cite web | archivedate=8 April 2017 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170408072810/http://www.kothamangalamsubbu.com/director.shtml | deadurl=no | url=http://www.kothamangalamsubbu.com/director.shtml | title=Director | accessdate=8 April 2017 | website=Kothamangalam Subbu}}</ref> Narayan's brother R. K. Ramachandran, who did some editing on the film (marking his cinematic debut), believed that the character of Sampath was inspired by Sathashivayya, a real life man in [[Mysore]] who "exploited young women singers and artistes under the guise of promoting them".<ref name="flood" />
''Miss Malini'' was an original script written by novelist [[R. K. Narayan]], not based on any of his past works.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=vJ5KAQAAIAAJ&dq=miss+malini+1947&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=miss+malini | title=Frontline | year=1996 | volume=13 | issue=13-20}}</ref><ref name="flood">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261282.htm | title=A flood of fond memories | work=The Hindu | date=26 July 2001 | accessdate=4 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=https://archive.is/DUYqz | archivedate=4 April 2017 | deadurl=no}}</ref> [[K. Ramnoth]], then the Controller of Productions at [[Gemini Studios]], produced the film under that banner.<ref name="StarVersatile" /> M. Natarajan worked as cinematographer, N. K. Gopal as the main editor and the art director was A. K. Sekhar.<ref name="Anandan" /> [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], besides directing the film, writing the dialogues and co-writing the screenplay,<ref name="Anandan" /><ref name="flood" /> starred in a leading role as Sampath, the charlatan also known as "Bit Notice".{{sfn|Ganesh|2011|p=50}}<ref name="ChandraMohana" /> It was his second directorial venture, after ''[[Kannamma En Kadhali]]'' (1945), also produced by Gemini Studios.<ref>{{cite web | archivedate=8 April 2017 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170408072810/http://www.kothamangalamsubbu.com/director.shtml | deadurl=no | url=http://www.kothamangalamsubbu.com/director.shtml | title=Director | accessdate=8 April 2017 | website=Kothamangalam Subbu}}</ref> Narayan's brother R. K. Ramachandran, who did some editing on the film (marking his cinematic debut), believed that the character of Sampath was inspired by Sathashivayya, a real life man in [[Mysore]] who "exploited young women singers and artistes under the guise of promoting them".<ref name="flood" />


The film featured [[Pushpavalli]] in the title role and [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Malini's friend Sundari.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=193}}<ref name="blast" /> N. Seetharaman, who later became popularly known as [[Javar Seetharaman]], made his acting debut with this film, portraying the director of ''Kala Mandhiram''.<ref name="blast" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-aalayamani-was-one-of-the-biggest-hits-of-1962/article7877439.ece | title=Aalayamani (1962) TAMIL | work=The Hindu | date=14 November 2015 | accessdate=6 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=https://archive.is/kSiNA | archivedate=6 April 2017 | deadurl=no}}</ref> The film also marked the cinematic debut of Ramaswamy Ganesan, who later became popularly known as [[Gemini Ganesan]]. He was then working in Gemini Studios' casting department, and Ramnoth cast him as an assistant director employed under Seetharaman's character.<ref name="StarVersatile" /> Ganesan was credited onscreen as "R.G.", an initialism for "Ramaswamy Ganesan".<ref name="madrasmusings">{{cite web | url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2013/otherstories.html | title=Round the City’s old studios with Randor Guy | work=[[Madras Musings]] | date=2008 | accessdate=10 February 2016 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221628/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2013/otherstories.html | archivedate=3 March 2016 | deadurl=no}}</ref> [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], in one of his earliest film roles, appeared as Sampath's office boy.{{sfn|Guy|2016|pp=193-194}}<ref name="Thulasimaadam">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/thulasimaadam-1963/article4911895.ece | title=Thulasimaadam (1963) | work=The Hindu | date=13 July 2013 | accessdate=6 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=http://archive.is/uaXux | archivedate=6 April 2017 | deadurl=no}}</ref> S. Varalakshmi and Suryaprabha played supporting roles.<ref name="Anandan" /> The final length of the film was {{convert|13924|feet|metres}}.<ref name="Anandan" />
The film featured [[Pushpavalli]] in the title role and [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] as Malini's friend Sundari.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=193}}<ref name="blast" /> N. Seetharaman, who later became popularly known as [[Javar Seetharaman]], made his acting debut with this film, portraying the director of ''Kala Mandhiram''.<ref name="blast" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-aalayamani-was-one-of-the-biggest-hits-of-1962/article7877439.ece | title=Aalayamani (1962) TAMIL | work=The Hindu | date=14 November 2015 | accessdate=6 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=https://archive.is/kSiNA | archivedate=6 April 2017 | deadurl=no}}</ref> The film also marked the cinematic debut of Ramaswamy Ganesan, who later became popularly known as [[Gemini Ganesan]]. He was then working in Gemini Studios' casting department, and Ramnoth cast him as an assistant director employed under Seetharaman's character.<ref name="StarVersatile" /> Ganesan was credited onscreen as "R.G.", an initialism for "Ramaswamy Ganesan".<ref name="madrasmusings">{{cite web | url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2013/otherstories.html | title=Round the City’s old studios with Randor Guy | work=[[Madras Musings]] | date=2008 | accessdate=10 February 2016 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221628/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2013/otherstories.html | archivedate=3 March 2016 | deadurl=no}}</ref> [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], in one of his earliest film roles, appeared as Sampath's office boy.{{sfn|Guy|2016|pp=193-194}}<ref name="Thulasimaadam">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/thulasimaadam-1963/article4911895.ece | title=Thulasimaadam (1963) | work=The Hindu | date=13 July 2013 | accessdate=6 April 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | archiveurl=http://archive.is/uaXux | archivedate=6 April 2017 | deadurl=no}}</ref> S. Varalakshmi and Suryaprabha played supporting roles.<ref name="Anandan" /> The final length of the film was {{convert|13924|feet|metres}}.<ref name="Anandan" />


== Themes ==
== Themes ==
''Miss Malini'' subtly ridiculed aspects of life in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) during the [[World War II]] period (1939-1945) when there was a shortage of commodities and high prices, and included depictions of social mores, a love story, and the moral dilemmas its characters face pursuing business and personal interests.<ref name="blast" /> According to the book ''R.K. Narayan: The early years'' by [[N. Ram]] and his wife Susan, the film marked Narayan's earliest use of a theme that would recur in his later novels such as ''[[The Financial Expert]]'', ''[[The Man-Eater of Malgudi]]'' and ''[[The Guide]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A Malgudi Life | last=Haq | first=Kaiser | authorlink=Kaiser Haq | journal=[[The London Magazine]] | year=1997 | volume=37 | issue=1-6 | page=211}}</ref>
''Miss Malini'' subtly ridiculed aspects of life in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) during the [[World War II]] period (1939-1945) when there was a shortage of commodities and high prices, and included depictions of social mores, a love story, and the moral dilemmas its characters face pursuing business and personal interests.<ref name="blast" /> The 1996 book ''R.K. Narayan: The early years'' by [[N. Ram]] and his wife Susan notes that the film marked Narayan's earliest use of elements that would recur in his later novels such as ''[[The Financial Expert]]'', ''[[The Man-Eater of Malgudi]]'' and ''[[The Guide]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A Malgudi Life | last=Haq | first=Kaiser | authorlink=Kaiser Haq | journal=[[The London Magazine]] | year=1997 | volume=37 | issue=1-6 | page=211}}</ref> These include the protagonist having humble beginnings before being lifted into a "totally new and unexpected situation" which brings fame and prosperity, the rise being invariably associated with an external player who is a plausible person of considerable force and no integrity. At the instigation of this character, the protagonist goes even higher, then engages in immoral actions, causing their fall and eventual return to their original position but with a new philosophical perspective.{{sfn|Ram|Ram|1996|p=323}}


==Soundtrack==
==Soundtrack==

Revision as of 11:14, 21 April 2017

Miss Malini
File:Miss Malini poster.jpg
Theatrical poster
Directed byKothamangalam Subbu
Written byR. K. Narayan
Produced byK. Ramnoth
StarringPushpavalli
Kothamangalam Subbu
M. S. Sundari Bai
CinematographyM. Natarajan
Edited byN. K. Gopal
Music byS. Rajeswara Rao
Parur S. Anantharaman
Production
company
Release date
  • 26 September 1947 (1947-09-26)
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Miss Malini is a 1947 Indian Tamil-language satirical film directed by Kothamangalam Subbu and produced by K. Ramnoth for Gemini Studios. Subbu co-wrote the screenplay with R. K. Narayan and also starred as the male lead, with Pushpavalli and M. S. Sundari Bai as the female leads. Javar Seetharaman and Gemini Ganesan made their acting debut with this film, portraying supporting roles. The film focuses on Malini, an impoverished woman who becomes a successful theatre artist, but after befriending Sampath, a charlatan who later exploits her, she loses her popularity.

Miss Malini subtly ridiculed aspects of life in Madras (now Chennai) during the World War II period (1939-1945). It was released on 26 September 1947 and was accompanied in theatres by Cinema Kadhambam, the first cartoon film produced in South Indian cinema. Miss Malini was praised by intellectuals, but did not succeed commercially due to the lack of commercial elements of Indian films. However, Subbu's performance as Sampath received wide praise, the songs composed by S. Rajeswara Rao and Parur S. Anantharaman attained popularity, and the film gained cult status in Tamil cinema.

Miss Malini was later adapted by Narayan into the 1949 novel Mr. Sampath – The Printer of Malgudi, which in turn was adapted into the Hindi film Mr. Sampat (1952), and the 1972 Tamil film sharing the same name. Although no print of Miss Malini is known to survive, which makes it a lost film, surviving artefacts include its songs, along with a few stills and newspaper advertisements.

Plot

Malini is an impoverished woman whose father is not in good health. She reluctantly joins her friend Sundari's theatre group, Kala Mandhiram. She soon becomes popular and befriends a charlatan, Sampath. He persuades Malini to start her own theatre company. Malini, having become a puppet in Sampath's hands, severs ties with the people who helped her, including Sundari. She is soon up to her neck in debt and loses her popularity. Sampath, realising he would get nowhere with Malini, leaves her. At this juncture, Sundari and others come to her rescue. Malini then goes back to Kala Mandhiram and begins her life anew, sadder but wiser.[1]

Cast

Production

File:Miss Malini.jpg
Two surviving stills from the film.

Miss Malini was an original script written by novelist R. K. Narayan, not based on any of his past works.[2][3] K. Ramnoth, then the Controller of Productions at Gemini Studios, produced the film under that banner.[4] M. Natarajan worked as cinematographer, N. K. Gopal as the main editor and the art director was A. K. Sekhar.[5] Kothamangalam Subbu, besides directing the film, writing the dialogues and co-writing the screenplay,[5][3] starred in a leading role as Sampath, the charlatan also known as "Bit Notice".[6][7] It was his second directorial venture, after Kannamma En Kadhali (1945), also produced by Gemini Studios.[8] Narayan's brother R. K. Ramachandran, who did some editing on the film (marking his cinematic debut), believed that the character of Sampath was inspired by Sathashivayya, a real life man in Mysore who "exploited young women singers and artistes under the guise of promoting them".[3]

The film featured Pushpavalli in the title role and M. S. Sundari Bai as Malini's friend Sundari.[9][1] N. Seetharaman, who later became popularly known as Javar Seetharaman, made his acting debut with this film, portraying the director of Kala Mandhiram.[1][10] The film also marked the cinematic debut of Ramaswamy Ganesan, who later became popularly known as Gemini Ganesan. He was then working in Gemini Studios' casting department, and Ramnoth cast him as an assistant director employed under Seetharaman's character.[4] Ganesan was credited onscreen as "R.G.", an initialism for "Ramaswamy Ganesan".[11] V. Gopalakrishnan, in one of his earliest film roles, appeared as Sampath's office boy.[12][13] S. Varalakshmi and Suryaprabha played supporting roles.[5] The final length of the film was 13,924 feet (4,244 m).[5]

Themes

Miss Malini subtly ridiculed aspects of life in Madras (now Chennai) during the World War II period (1939-1945) when there was a shortage of commodities and high prices, and included depictions of social mores, a love story, and the moral dilemmas its characters face pursuing business and personal interests.[1] The 1996 book R.K. Narayan: The early years by N. Ram and his wife Susan notes that the film marked Narayan's earliest use of elements that would recur in his later novels such as The Financial Expert, The Man-Eater of Malgudi and The Guide.[14] These include the protagonist having humble beginnings before being lifted into a "totally new and unexpected situation" which brings fame and prosperity, the rise being invariably associated with an external player who is a plausible person of considerable force and no integrity. At the instigation of this character, the protagonist goes even higher, then engages in immoral actions, causing their fall and eventual return to their original position but with a new philosophical perspective.[15]

Soundtrack

S. Rajeswara Rao and Carnatic musician Parur S. Anantharaman composed the film's soundtrack, while Subbu and Surabhi were lyricists.[1] The songs featured in the film included "Jegame Oru Chiththira Salai", "Kulikkanum Kalikkanum", "Mylapore Vakkeelathu", "Paadum Radio", "Senthamizh Nadu Sezhiththidave" and "Sri Saraswathi".[16][17] "Mylapore Vakkeelathu" was written by Subbu, and explores a young woman's ambition to marry a lawyer from Mylapore.[18] Gemini Studios head S. S. Vasan hired D. K. Pattammal to sing "Sri Saraswathi", picturised on Malini. However, it was excluded from the final cut in favour of a version performed by T. V. Rathinam.[17] Vasan later told film historian Randor Guy that the character of Malini was an impoverished woman with no training in music when the song takes place, and could not be expected to sing with the "class, perfection and brilliance" of Pattammal, citing this as the reason he chose "a regular singer" to sing the song.[19] The songs attained popularity,[1] particularly "Mylapore Vakkeelathu" which highlighted the association between Mylapore and lawyers.[20][18]

Release and reception

A scene from Cinema Kadhambam, an animated short film screened alongside Miss Malini. It was the first animated film produced in South India.[21]

Miss Malini was released on 26 September 1947.[22] A animated film of roughly 10 minutes,[a] developed by cartoonist N. Thanu, titled Cinema Kadhambam, was screened after the interval of the film.[5][23] The film, which featured caricatures of popular South Indian actors like Ranjan, Vasundhara Devi, T. R. Ramachandran and Pasupuleti Kannamba,[24] was the first animated film produced in South Indian cinema.[21] Miss Malini was well-received by intellectuals; critics praised Subbu's performance as Sampath.[7] Despite this, it was not successful at the box-office, and it took a few years to recover its cost.[25] In 2008, Guy attributed the film's failure to it's lack of commercial elements that would have helped it reach out to average filmgoers.[1]

On 26 September 1947, The Hindu wrote, "Technical brilliance marks out Miss Malini as Gemini's most outstanding achievement.....and a film of immense significance for the Indian screen". Free Press wrote on the same day, "[Miss] Malini with its technical perfection, good photography and high level acting splashed by good music, and untainted by vulgarity will provide good entertainment." The following day, The Indian Express wrote, "Presenting a sort of skit on modern life, it is fine entertainment." On 3 October, The Mail wrote, "There is fine acting, splendid music, enchanting pageantry and skillful direction." On 27 September, the Tamil newspaper Swadesamitran described it as a "sample of the high production values Gemini is capable of introducing in a picture." Another Tamil newspaper, Dinamani said on 5 October, "Unforgettable scenes...fine entertainment. It is a pointer to social pictures in future." The Telugu newspaper Andhra Prabha said on 28 September, "Evidence of skillful expression of art is profusely manifest in this picture."[26]

In 1965, The Illustrated Weekly of India described Miss Malini as "the best film" of it's period.[27] In 1994, film historian S. Theodore Baskaran, who saw the film as a child, recalled, "My memory is that it was a very good film, one of the rare humorous films in Tamil."[15] Documentary filmmaker and writer S. Krishnaswamy remembered it as a successful venture which was a "cut above the rest" in terms of content, handling and the sophistication of its humour.[15] Reviewing the film in 2008, Guy described it as "one of the finest social satires to have been made in South Indian cinema" and noted that it "did not receive the appreciation it so richly deserved" because it was ahead of its time. He however described Subbu's performance as "one of the finest portrayals of suave villainy ever seen in South Indian cinema" and concluded that the film would be "remembered for its music, Gemini Ganesan’s debut and as a film that appealed to the intellectuals in South India."[1] Guy also praised the performance of Gopalakrishnan,[13] Sundari Bai's brand of humour, and noted that Seetharaman made an "impressive debut" with Miss Malini.[9]

Legacy

Following the financial failure of Miss Malini, Vasan lamented that "making films for intellectuals would not bring money"; Guy considered this a "lesson" he learnt from making the film.[1] Vasan would later often tell his friends that the film proved that Indian audiences "did not appreciate movies that tickled their intellect".[25] Despite this, the film attained cult status in Tamil cinema,[7] and the character of Sampath became iconic.[1] Subbu became popularly known by his character's nickname "Bit Notice" after the film's release; children around Kapaleeshwarar Temple would scream "Bit Notice" when he passed by that area.[3] A dialogue from the film, "Be wise (and) advertise"[b] also attained popularity.[28]

According to Ganesan's journalist daughter Narayani, Ganesan's role in Miss Malini won acclaim, and soon after, he received more acting offers.[29] Guy noted that he went on to "blossom as one of the top stars of South Indian cinema".[1] The film was later adapted by Narayan into the 1949 novel Mr. Sampath – The Printer of Malgudi,[7] which in turn was adapted into the Hindi film Mr. Sampat (1952),[30][c] and a 1972 Tamil film sharing the same name.[33] Although no print of Miss Malini is known to survive, making it a lost film,[1] surviving artefacts include it's songs,[16] along with a few stills and newspaper advertisements.[1][26]

Notes

  1. ^ While Randor Guy estimated the cartoon to have run for "5 to 10 minutes",[21] the 1992 book Films Division and the Indian documentary by India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting says it was 8 minutes long.[23]
  2. ^ While Randor Guy states the dialogue was "Be wise and advertise!",[34] Swarnavel Easwaran Pillai, author of the 2015 book Madras Studios, states it was "Be wise, advertise". Neither of them mention which character in the film uttered the dialogue.[28]
  3. ^ While Vasan's son S. S. Balan stated in 2012 that Mr. Sampat was adapted from Miss Malini,[31] a December 1952 article by The Times of India stated that it was "based on a popular story which appeared in serial form in The Illustrated Weekly of India some time ago".[32]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Guy, Randor (25 July 2008). "Miss Malini 1947". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 July 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Frontline". 13 (13–20). 1996. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Guy, Randor (26 July 2001). "A flood of fond memories". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Guy, Randor (15 August 2003). "Star and a versatile actor". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Film News Anandan (2004). Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (in Tamil). Chennai: Sivagami Publishers. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Ganesh 2011, p. 50.
  7. ^ a b c d Guy, Randor (8 February 2014). "Blast from the Past: Chandra Mohana or Samooga Thondu 1936". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Director". Kothamangalam Subbu. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b Guy 2016, p. 193.
  10. ^ Guy, Randor (14 November 2015). "Aalayamani (1962) TAMIL". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Guy, Randor (2008). "Round the City's old studios with Randor Guy". Madras Musings. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Guy 2016, pp. 193–194.
  13. ^ a b Guy, Randor (13 July 2013). "Thulasimaadam (1963)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Haq, Kaiser (1997). "A Malgudi Life". The London Magazine. 37 (1–6): 211.
  15. ^ a b c Ram & Ram 1996, p. 323.
  16. ^ a b "Miss Malini (மிஸ் மாலினி)". Inbaminge. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b Guy, Randor (31 July 2009). "Memorable voice, evergreen songs". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b Guy, Randor. "Mylapore Lawyer". Mylaporelawyerpichai.org. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Guy 1997, p. 234.
  20. ^ Ramnarayan, Gowri (15 June 2010). "Memories of Madras: Mystic aura of Mylapore". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b c Guy, Randor (3 December 2011). "Padma Jyoti 1937". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Madhavan, Pradeep (14 November 2014). "ஜெமினி கணேசன் பிறந்தநாள்: நவம்பர் 17 - காதல் மன்னன் பிறந்த கதை". The Hindu (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b Narwekar 1992, p. 45.
  24. ^ Swamy, R. (director) (1997). Glimpses Of Indian Animation (documentary). Films Division of India. From 8:40 to 9:30.
  25. ^ a b Guy 2016, p. 194.
  26. ^ a b "All about Miss Malini the press acclaims". The Indian Express. Madras. 21 October 1947. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 86, Part 1. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1965. p. 31.
  28. ^ a b Pillai 2015, p. 173.
  29. ^ Ganesh 2011, pp. 50–51.
  30. ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 326.
  31. ^ Ghosh 2013, chpt. Mr. Sampat (1952).
  32. ^ "Vast crowds welcome Gemini's Mr Sampat". The Times of India. 26 December 1952.
  33. ^ "திரை உலகில் சோ மீது போர் தொடுத்த துக்ளக்!". Dinamalar (in Tamil). 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 16 April 2017 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Guy, Randor (23 May 2003). "With a finger on people's pulse". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Bibliography

External links

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