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{{about||the letter of the alphabet|R|the album by [[R. Kelly]]|R. (album)}}'''''R.''''' is an abbreviation of the [[Latin]] word ''Rex'' ([[Monarch|King]]) or ''Regina'' ([[Queen regnant|Queen]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JxSVKd7D7i4C&pg=PA135&dq=%22r.%22+rex+regina&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiil-Wh95fTAhUnLsAKHfM2DzwQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=%22r.%22%20rex%20regina&f=false|title=The Wordsworth Dictionary of Abbreviations and Acronyms|last=Dale|first=Rodney|last2=Puttick|first2=Steve|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|year=|isbn=9781853263859|location=|pages=135|language=en}}</ref> |
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{{about||the letter of the alphabet|R|the album by [[R. Kelly]]|R. (album)}} |
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{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}} |
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'''''R.''''' is an abbreviation of the [[Latin]] word ''Rex'' ([[Monarch|King]]) or ''Regina'' ([[Queen regnant|Queen]]). |
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== Jurisprudence == |
== Jurisprudence == |
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In jurisprudence, it is used as notation in British or other [[Commonwealth realm]] [[criminal prosecution]]s to mean ''"[[the Crown]]"'' or ''"[[State (polity)|the state]]"'', which is represented by the current [[British monarchy|monarch]]. |
In jurisprudence, it is used as notation in British or other [[Commonwealth realm]] [[criminal prosecution]]s to mean ''"[[the Crown]]"'' or ''"[[State (polity)|the state]]"'', which is represented by the current [[British monarchy|monarch]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=th47jx-EgaEC&pg=RA2-PR3&dq=%22r.%22+rex+regina+monarch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinoK-Y-JfTAhVJL8AKHUGiBrcQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22r.%22%20rex%20regina%20monarch&f=false|title=Public Services (uniformed)|last=Gray|first=Debra|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Heinemann|year=|isbn=9780435456597|location=|pages=35|language=en}}</ref> It is often seen written as ''"R. v Defendant"'' which would be read as ''"The Crown against Defendant"''. |
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It is often seen written as ''"R. v Defendant"'' which would be read as ''"The Crown against Defendant"''. |
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In jurisdictions that are [[republic]]s, there is no Monarch and no one person embodies the state, so the prosecuting party may either be the Public Prosecutor or Director of Public Prosecutions, the State in and of itself, or (in some locations) the state ''on the behalf of'' the people it governs. An example of the first would be in [[Singapore]], where cases are titled ''Public Prosecutor v Defendant''; in Finland the expression is "syyttäjä vastaan X", "[public] prosecutor vs. X". An example of the second would be federal criminal cases in the [[United States]] (such as, for instance, the murder of persons in a building owned or operated by the United States government), which being prosecuted by the [[Government of the United States|United States federal government]] would be termed ''United States v Defendant''. On the other hand, most [[U.S. state]]s, when prosecuting an offense, typically couch their case in terms of representing the people of the state, so if [[John Doe]] robbed a bank in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], the case would be referred to as ''the People of the State of [[Michigan]] v John Doe''. |
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== Historiography == |
== Historiography == |
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In [[historiography]], '''r.''' can be used to designate the ruling period of a person in dynastic power, to distinguish from his or her lifespan. |
In [[historiography]], '''r.''' can be used to designate the ruling period of a person in dynastic power, to distinguish from his or her lifespan. |
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For example, one may write "''[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (r. 1519–1556)''" instead of "''Charles V (1500–1558)''" if the writer considers the year of [[enthronement]] to be more important information for the reader than the year of birth, or occasionally to emphasise when a ruler [[abdication|abdicated]] before dying. In addition to ''rex'' or ''regina'', '''r.''' can also be an abbreviation of ''[[:wikt:en:regnavit|regnavit]]'' ("[he/she] ruled"). |
For example, one may write "''[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (r. 1519–1556)''" instead of "''Charles V (1500–1558)''" if the writer considers the year of [[enthronement]] to be more important information for the reader than the year of birth, or occasionally to emphasise when a ruler [[abdication|abdicated]] before dying. In addition to ''rex'' or ''regina'', '''r.''' can also be an abbreviation of ''[[:wikt:en:regnavit|regnavit]]'' ("[he/she] ruled").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ym12CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238&dq=%22r.%22+abbreviation+monarch+%22reigned%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP4LuS-5fTAhUEIZAKHWf5BhYQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22r.%22%20abbreviation%20monarch%20%22reigned%22&f=false|title=Fonseca Robbins´Lexicon|last=Robbins|first=John Fonseca|date=2015-08-31|publisher=Clube de Autores|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=238|language=en}}</ref> |
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[[Category:Latin legal terminology]] |
[[Category:Latin legal terminology]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Latin-legal-phrase-stub}} |
{{Latin-legal-phrase-stub}} |
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Revision as of 18:06, 9 April 2017
R. is an abbreviation of the Latin word Rex (King) or Regina (Queen).[1]
Jurisprudence
In jurisprudence, it is used as notation in British or other Commonwealth realm criminal prosecutions to mean "the Crown" or "the state", which is represented by the current monarch.[2] It is often seen written as "R. v Defendant" which would be read as "The Crown against Defendant".
Historiography
In historiography, r. can be used to designate the ruling period of a person in dynastic power, to distinguish from his or her lifespan.
For example, one may write "Charles V (r. 1519–1556)" instead of "Charles V (1500–1558)" if the writer considers the year of enthronement to be more important information for the reader than the year of birth, or occasionally to emphasise when a ruler abdicated before dying. In addition to rex or regina, r. can also be an abbreviation of regnavit ("[he/she] ruled").[3]
References
- ^ Dale, Rodney; Puttick, Steve (1997-01-01). The Wordsworth Dictionary of Abbreviations and Acronyms. Wordsworth Editions. p. 135. ISBN 9781853263859.
- ^ Gray, Debra (2004-01-01). Public Services (uniformed). Heinemann. p. 35. ISBN 9780435456597.
- ^ Robbins, John Fonseca (2015-08-31). Fonseca Robbins´Lexicon. Clube de Autores. p. 238.