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The ruins of the ancient historical city-fortress of [[Petra, Lazica|Petra]] are located in the village of Tsikhisdziri, [[Kobuleti]], which dates back to the 6th century AD. Historically the territory was inhabited and belonged to the Laz people - one of the [[Kartvelians|Kartvelian]] tribes. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian built a city here because of the importance of its unique strategic and trade-economic location. The city was crossed by the essential route connecting Western Georgia, with Byzantine provinces, Persia and Armenia.
The ruins of the ancient historical city-fortress of [[Petra, Lazica|Petra]] are located in the village of Tsikhisdziri, [[Kobuleti]], which dates back to the 6th century AD. Historically the territory was inhabited and belonged to the Laz people - one of the [[Kartvelians|Kartvelian]] tribes. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian built a city here because of the importance of its unique strategic and trade-economic location. The city was crossed by the essential route connecting Western Georgia, with Byzantine provinces, Persia and Armenia.


The re-incorporation of Lazica with the Kingdom of Aphkhazeti into the Byzantine Empire in 562 AD, as a result of a campaign waged by Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian]],<ref name=Hewsen42>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|title=Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities|year=2009|publisher=Mazda Publishers, Inc.|location=Costa Mesa, CA|isbn=1-56859-155-1|pages=43–44, 37–66|editor=Richard G. Hovannisian|chapter=Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond}}</ref> was followed by 150 years of relative stability that ceased in the early 7th century, when the Arabs appeared in the area as a new regional power.
The re-incorporation of Lazica with the Kingdom of Aphkhazeti into the Byzantine Empire in 562 AD, as a result of a campaign waged by Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian]],<ref name=Hewsen42>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|title=Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities|year=2009|publisher=Mazda Publishers, Inc.|location=Costa Mesa, CA|isbn=1-56859-155-1|pages=43–44, 37–66|editor=Richard G. Hovannisian|chapter=Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond}}</ref> was followed by 150 years of relative stability that ceased in the early 7th century, when the Arabs appeared in the area as a new regional power. with the collapse of direct Byzantine rule in eastern Anatolia after the Crusader [[Fourth Crusade|Capture of Constantinople]] in 1204, the theme of Chaldia, was turned into Trebizond Empire. remaining part of the empire, mainly rural areas of this new empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition, the Laz monopolizing its coastal shipping and even transporting Trebizondine troops in their small craft. In the eastern part of empire, was created autonomous coastal theme of [[Lazia (theme)|Greater Lazia]],<ref>Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006.</ref> theme contained lands between modern [[Pazar]] including [[Ardeşen]] and [[Arhavi]]-[[Hopa]] areas, the borders of this district remained basically identical over 300 years later.


Under the [[Ottoman Empire]], part of Lazika became the [[Lazistan Sanjak]], which existed until the end of the empire in 1923. In 1801, the Laz living in Georgia became members of the [[Russian Empire]] and eventually became Soviet citizens after World War I.
Under the [[Ottoman Empire]], Lazia became the [[Lazistan Sanjak]], which existed until the end of the empire in 1923. the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by Kemalists.<ref>Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Print.</ref> region was divided between [[Rize Province|Rize]] and [[Artvin Province|Artvin]] provinces. In 1801, the Laz living in Georgia became members of the [[Russian Empire]] and eventually became Soviet citizens after World War I.


==Religion==
==Religion==
Line 52: Line 52:
==Population and geographical distribution==
==Population and geographical distribution==
{{further information|Laz people in Turkey}}
{{further information|Laz people in Turkey}}
[[File:Map of Lazistan - middle ages.svg|thumb|485x485px|Lazistan]]
[[File:Map of Lazistan - middle ages.svg|thumb|202x202px|Lazistan]]
[[File:Arkhabi.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of a Laz man and woman in [[Arhavi]] (Ark'abi), [[Turkey]]]]
[[File:Arkhabi.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of a Laz man and woman in [[Arhavi]] (Ark'abi), [[Turkey]]]]


Line 67: Line 67:
==Culture==
==Culture==
{{further information|Laz language}}
{{further information|Laz language}}
⚫
[[File:Group of Laxis, Armenia Ready for a dance (A).jpg|left|260x260px|thumb|Laz dancers in Armenia, circa 1911]]The Laz language does not have a written history, thus Turkish and Georgian serve as the main literary languages for the Laz. Their folk literature has been transmitted orally and has not been systematically recorded. The first attempts at establishing a distinct Laz cultural identity and creating a literary language based on the [[Arabic alphabet]] was made by Faik [[Efendi]]si in the 1870s, but he was soon imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities, while most of his works were destroyed. During a relative cultural autonomy granted to the minorities in the 1930s, the written Laz literature—based on the Laz script—emerged in [[Georgian SSR|Soviet Georgia]], strongly dominated by Soviet ideology. The poet Mustafa Baniṣi spearheaded this short-lived movement, but an official standard form of the tongue was never established.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le6/le6-0292.htm |title=Лазская литература|trans-title=Laz literature|work=Литературная энциклопедия (Encyclopedia of Literature)|author=Iksander Tsitashi |location=Moscow|year=1939|language=ru}}</ref> Since then, several attempts have been made to render the pieces of native literature in the Turkish and Georgian alphabets. A few native poets in Turkey such as Raşid Hilmi and Pehlivanoğlu have appeared later in the 20th century.
[[File:Group of Laxis, Armenia Ready for a dance (A).jpg|left|300px|thumb|Laz dancers in Armenia, circa 1911]]
[[File:Laz and georgian people.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Laz & [[Georgians|Georgian People]] in [[Turkey]]]]

⚫
The Laz language does not have a written history, thus Turkish and Georgian serve as the main literary languages for the Laz. Their folk literature has been transmitted orally and has not been systematically recorded. The first attempts at establishing a distinct Laz cultural identity and creating a literary language based on the [[Arabic alphabet]] was made by Faik [[Efendi]]si in the 1870s, but he was soon imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities, while most of his works were destroyed. During a relative cultural autonomy granted to the minorities in the 1930s, the written Laz literature—based on the Laz script—emerged in [[Georgian SSR|Soviet Georgia]], strongly dominated by Soviet ideology. The poet Mustafa Baniṣi spearheaded this short-lived movement, but an official standard form of the tongue was never established.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le6/le6-0292.htm |title=Лазская литература|trans-title=Laz literature|work=Литературная энциклопедия (Encyclopedia of Literature)|author=Iksander Tsitashi |location=Moscow|year=1939|language=ru}}</ref> Since then, several attempts have been made to render the pieces of native literature in the Turkish and Georgian alphabets. A few native poets in Turkey such as Raşid Hilmi and Pehlivanoğlu have appeared later in the 20th century.


Among the Turks, the Laz have a reputation for being "fiercely independent ("Only a Laz woman can handle a Laz man," they say), quick to laugh, especially at their own expense, addicted to hawking and to carrying pistols, and they often work in construction or other building trades."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/turkey/black-sea-culture-text |title=Crucible of the Gods|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|author=Erla Zwingle|date=September 2002 |accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>
Among the Turks, the Laz have a reputation for being "fiercely independent ("Only a Laz woman can handle a Laz man," they say), quick to laugh, especially at their own expense, addicted to hawking and to carrying pistols, and they often work in construction or other building trades."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/turkey/black-sea-culture-text |title=Crucible of the Gods|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|author=Erla Zwingle|date=September 2002 |accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>


<!--The Laz music and dances are highly original even though they have been developed in close contact with the neighbouring peoples.-->The national instruments include [[Tulum (bagpipe)|guda]] (bagpipe), [[kemenche]] (spike fiddle), [[zurna]] (oboe), and [[doli (musical instrument)|doli]] (drum). In the 1990s and 2000s, the [[folk-rock]] musician [[Kâzım Koyuncu]] attained to significant popularity in Turkey and toured Georgia. Koyuncu, who died of cancer in 2005, was also an activist for the Laz people and has become a cultural hero. [[Sopho Khalvashi]], a Laz singer from Georgia, was a finalist at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007]].
<!--The Laz music and dances are highly original even though they have been developed in close contact with the neighbouring peoples.-->The national instruments include [[Tulum (bagpipe)|guda]] (bagpipe), [[kemenche]] (spike fiddle), [[zurna]] (oboe), and [[doli (musical instrument)|doli]] (drum). In the 1990s and 2000s, the [[folk-rock]] musician [[Kâzım Koyuncu]] attained to significant popularity in Turkey and toured Georgia. Koyuncu, who died of cancer in 2005, was also an activist for the Laz people and has become a cultural hero. [[Sopho Khalvashi]], a Laz singer from Georgia, was a finalist at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007]].[[File:Laz and georgian people.jpg|right|261x261px|thumb|Laz & [[Georgians|Georgian People]] in [[Turkey]]]]


Cultural assimilation into the Turkish and Georgian cultures has been high, and Laz identity was oppressed during the days of Ottoman and Soviet Rule. One of the pivotal moments was in 1992, when the book ''Laz History'' (''Lazların tarihi'') was published. The authors had failed to have it published in 1964.<ref name="90s">{{cite web|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/161339-90-lar-laz-kultur-ve-kimlik-hareketinin-dogusu|title=90’lar: Laz Kültür ve Kimlik Hareketinin Doğuşu|author=Ismail Güney Yılmaz |trans-title=1990s: The Birth of the Laz Culture and Identity Movement|publisher=Lazebura |date=7 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|language=tr}}</ref>
Cultural assimilation into the Turkish and Georgian cultures has been high, and Laz identity was oppressed during the days of Ottoman and Soviet Rule. One of the pivotal moments was in 1992, when the book ''Laz History'' (''Lazların tarihi'') was published. The authors had failed to have it published in 1964.<ref name="90s">{{cite web|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/161339-90-lar-laz-kultur-ve-kimlik-hareketinin-dogusu|title=90’lar: Laz Kültür ve Kimlik Hareketinin Doğuşu|author=Ismail Güney Yılmaz |trans-title=1990s: The Birth of the Laz Culture and Identity Movement|publisher=Lazebura |date=7 January 2015|accessdate=31 January 2015|language=tr}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:05, 3 December 2016

Laz/Lazi
ლაზი/ლაზეფე
Regions with significant populations
 Turkey
  • 1.6 million[1]
  • or 500,000 to 1,000,000[2]
  • or 250,000[3]
  • or 45,000 to 500,000[4]
 Georgia2,000[4]
 Russia160[5]
Languages
Laz, Georgian, Turkish
Religion
Sunni Islam, Georgian Orthodox[6]
Related ethnic groups
Mingrelians, Svans and other groups of Georgians
Part of a series on
Georgians
ქართველები
The
Kartvelian
people
Nation
Georgia
Ancient Kartvelian people
Subgroups
Culture
Languages
Religion
Symbols
History of Georgia

The Laz or Lazi (Laz: ლაზეფე (pl.), ლაზი (sing.); Georgian: ლაზები/ჭანები (pl.); ლაზი/ჭანი (sing.); Template:Lang-tr;) are a Kartvelian-speaking ethnic group[7] native to the Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.[8]

Estimates of the total population of Laz people today ranges drastically, with numbers as low as 45,000 to as high as 1.6 million people, with the majority living in northeast Turkey. The Laz speak the Laz language, a member of the same Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family as Georgian, Svan, and Mingrelian.[9][10] The Laz language is classified as endangered by UNESCO, with an estimated 130,000 to 150,000 speakers in 2001.[11]

History

Main article: Lazica
File:The kingdom of Lazica in Late Antiquity - EN.svg
Kingdom of Lazica in Late Antiquity

The history of Lazica dates back to at least the 6th century BC when the first South Caucasian state in the west was the Kingdom of Colchis which covered modern western Georgia and modern Turkish provinces of Trabzon and Rize. Between the early 2nd century B.C. and the late 2nd century AD, the Kingdom of Colchis together with the neighbor countries, become an arena of long and devastating conflicts between major local powers Rome, Kingdom of Armenia and the short-lived Kingdom of Pontus. As a result of the brilliant Roman campaigns of generals Pompey and Lucullus, the Kingdom of Pontus was completely destroyed by the Romans and all its territory including Colchis, were incorporated into Roman Empire as her provinces.

Sanjak of Lazistan, Ottoman Anatolia, 1914

The former Kingdom of Colchis was re-organized by the Romans into the province of Lazicum ruled by Roman legati. During Byzantine times, the word Colchi gave way to the term Lazica. The Roman period was marked by further Hellenization of the region in terms of language, economy and culture. For example, since the early 3rd century, Greco-Latin Philosophical Academy of Phasis (present-day Poti) was quite famous all over the Roman Empire. In the early 3rd century, newly established Roman Lazicum was given certain degree of autonomy. which by the end of the century developed into full the independence and formation of a new Kingdom of Lazica (covering the modern day regions of Abkhazia, Mingrelia, Guria and Adjaria) on the basis of smaller principalities of Svans, Apsilae, Zans and Sanigs. Lazica survived more than 250 years until in 562 AD it was absorbed by the Byzantine Empire.

The ruins of the ancient historical city-fortress of Petra are located in the village of Tsikhisdziri, Kobuleti, which dates back to the 6th century AD. Historically the territory was inhabited and belonged to the Laz people - one of the Kartvelian tribes. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian built a city here because of the importance of its unique strategic and trade-economic location. The city was crossed by the essential route connecting Western Georgia, with Byzantine provinces, Persia and Armenia.

The re-incorporation of Lazica with the Kingdom of Aphkhazeti into the Byzantine Empire in 562 AD, as a result of a campaign waged by Byzantine Emperor Justinian,[12] was followed by 150 years of relative stability that ceased in the early 7th century, when the Arabs appeared in the area as a new regional power. with the collapse of direct Byzantine rule in eastern Anatolia after the Crusader Capture of Constantinople in 1204, the theme of Chaldia, was turned into Trebizond Empire. remaining part of the empire, mainly rural areas of this new empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition, the Laz monopolizing its coastal shipping and even transporting Trebizondine troops in their small craft. In the eastern part of empire, was created autonomous coastal theme of Greater Lazia,[13] theme contained lands between modern Pazar including Ardeşen and Arhavi-Hopa areas, the borders of this district remained basically identical over 300 years later.

Under the Ottoman Empire, Lazia became the Lazistan Sanjak, which existed until the end of the empire in 1923. the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by Kemalists.[14] region was divided between Rize and Artvin provinces. In 1801, the Laz living in Georgia became members of the Russian Empire and eventually became Soviet citizens after World War I.

Religion

One of the chief tribes of ancient kingdom of Colchis, the Laz were initially early adopters of Christianity, and most of them subsequently converted to Sunni Islam during Ottoman rule of Caucasus in the 16th century.[15]

The Laz were converted to Christianity while living under the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia. During the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the vast majority of Laz became Sunni Muslims as part of the Lazistan sanjak.[16]

There are also a few Christian Laz in the Adjaria region of Georgia who have converted to Christianity.[17]

Population and geographical distribution

Further information: Laz people in Turkey
File:Map of Lazistan - middle ages.svg
Lazistan
Statue of a Laz man and woman in Arhavi (Ark'abi), Turkey

The total population of the Laz today is only estimated, with numbers ranging widely. The majority of Laz live in Turkey, where the national census does not record ethnic data on minor populations.[18]

The majority of the Laz today live in an area they call Laziǩa or Lazona (ლაზონა) in Northeast Turkey, in a strip of land along the shore of the Black Sea. The ancient kingdom of Colchis, and its successor, Lazica, was located in the same region the Laz speakers are found in today, and its inhabitants probably spoke an ancestral version of the language. Colchis was the setting for the famous Greek legend of Jason and the Argonauts.

The Laz are the majority in the Pazar (Atina), Ardeşen (Art'aşeni) and Fındıklı (Vitze) districts of Rize, and in the Arhavi (Ark'abi) and Hopa (Xopa) districts of Artvin. They live as minorities in the neighbouring Çamlıhemşin (Vijadibi), Borçka, and İkizdere (Xuras) districts. There are also communities in northwestern Anatolia (Karamürsel in Kocaeli, Akçakoca in Düzce, Sakarya, Zonguldak, Bartın), where many immigrants settled since the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), and now also in Istanbul and Ankara.

The Laz in Georgia are chiefly centered in the country's southwestern autonomous republic of Adjara. The largest Laz villages in Adjara are: Sarpi, Kvariati, Gonio and Makho. The Laz also live in Batumi, Kobuleti, Zugdidi and Tbilisi. Laz identity in Georgia has largely merged with a Georgian identity, and the meaning of "Laz" is seen as merely a regional category.[19]

Small expatriate communities of Laz are also present in Belgium, France, Germany and Russia.[4]

Culture

Further information: Laz language
Laz dancers in Armenia, circa 1911

The Laz language does not have a written history, thus Turkish and Georgian serve as the main literary languages for the Laz. Their folk literature has been transmitted orally and has not been systematically recorded. The first attempts at establishing a distinct Laz cultural identity and creating a literary language based on the Arabic alphabet was made by Faik Efendisi in the 1870s, but he was soon imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities, while most of his works were destroyed. During a relative cultural autonomy granted to the minorities in the 1930s, the written Laz literature—based on the Laz script—emerged in Soviet Georgia, strongly dominated by Soviet ideology. The poet Mustafa Baniṣi spearheaded this short-lived movement, but an official standard form of the tongue was never established.[20] Since then, several attempts have been made to render the pieces of native literature in the Turkish and Georgian alphabets. A few native poets in Turkey such as Raşid Hilmi and Pehlivanoğlu have appeared later in the 20th century.

Among the Turks, the Laz have a reputation for being "fiercely independent ("Only a Laz woman can handle a Laz man," they say), quick to laugh, especially at their own expense, addicted to hawking and to carrying pistols, and they often work in construction or other building trades."[21]

The national instruments include guda (bagpipe), kemenche (spike fiddle), zurna (oboe), and doli (drum). In the 1990s and 2000s, the folk-rock musician Kâzım Koyuncu attained to significant popularity in Turkey and toured Georgia. Koyuncu, who died of cancer in 2005, was also an activist for the Laz people and has become a cultural hero. Sopho Khalvashi, a Laz singer from Georgia, was a finalist at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007.

Laz & Georgian People in Turkey

Cultural assimilation into the Turkish and Georgian cultures has been high, and Laz identity was oppressed during the days of Ottoman and Soviet Rule. One of the pivotal moments was in 1992, when the book Laz History (Lazların tarihi) was published. The authors had failed to have it published in 1964.[22]

Over the past 20 years, there has been an upsurge of cultural activities aiming at revitalizing the Laz language, education and tradition. Koyuncu, who in 1998 became the first Laz musician to gain mainstream success, contributed significantly to the identity of the Laz people, especially among their youth.[22] The Laz Cultural Institute was founded in 1993 and the Laz Culture Association in 2008, and a Laz cultural festival was established in Gemlik.[5][23] The Laz community successfully lobbied Turkey's Education Ministry to offer Laz-language instruction in schools around the Black Sea region. In 2013, the Education Ministry added Laz as a four-year elective course for secondary students, beginning in the fifth grade.[24]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laz people.

Notes

  1. ^ Bülent Günal (20 December 2011). "67 milletten insanımız var!" (in Turkish). Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  2. ^ "TURKEY - General Information". U.S. English Foundation Research. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  3. ^ Jak Yakar. "Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia: Rural Socio-economy in the Bronze and Iron Ages". Institute of Archaeology. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "Bedrohte Sprachen: Menschenrechtsreport" [Endangered Languages Human Rights Report] (PDF) (in German). 63. Society for Threatened Peoples. March 2010: 53. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b "Национальный состав населения" [2010 Census: Ethnic composition of the population] (PDF) (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  6. ^ Roger Rosen, Jeffrey Jay Foxx, The Georgian Republic, Passport Books (September 1991)
  7. ^ James S. Olson (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood. p. 436. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ 1 Minorsky, V. "Laz." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E . Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010.
  9. ^ Dalby, A. (2002). Language in Danger; The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future. Columbia University Press. p. 38.
  10. ^ BRAUND, D., Georgia in antiquity: a history of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford University Press, p. 93
  11. ^ "World Language Atlas". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  12. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 43–44, 37–66. ISBN 1-56859-155-1.
  13. ^ Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006.
  14. ^ Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Ottoman Women Builders. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2006. Print.
  15. ^ "Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia: rural socio-economy in the Bronze and Iron Ages". Jak Yakar. Google Books. Retrieved 26 May 2014. Formerly Christians, they converted to Sunni Islam a little over four centuries ago.
  16. ^ Özhan Öztürk. Pontus. Genesis Yayınları. İstanbul, 2009. s. 737-38, 778
  17. ^ Roger Rosen, Jeffrey Jay Foxx (September 1991) The Georgian Republic, Passport Books, Lincolnwood, IL ISBN 978-0-84429-677-7
  18. ^ Silvia Kutscher (2008). "The language of the Laz in Turkey: Contact-induced language change or gradual loss?" (PDF). Turkic Languages. 12 (1). Retrieved 31 January 2015. Due to a lack of census information on minorities (aside from a small number of exceptions such as the Greek or Armenian populations), the actual number of Laz living in Turkey can only be estimated
  19. ^ Mathijs Pelkmans (2003). "Uncertain divides: religion, ethnicity, and politics in the Georgian borderlands": 174 University of Amsterdam. Retrieved 31 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Iksander Tsitashi (1939). Лазская литература [Laz literature] (in Russian). Moscow. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Erla Zwingle (September 2002). "Crucible of the Gods". National Geographic. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  22. ^ a b Ismail Güney Yılmaz (7 January 2015). "90'lar: Laz Kültür ve Kimlik Hareketinin Doğuşu" [1990s: The Birth of the Laz Culture and Identity Movement] (in Turkish). Lazebura. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  23. ^ Kâmil Aksoylu (3 July 2013). "Laz Kültürü Hareketi̇ 93 Süreci̇nden Laz Ensti̇tüsüne" (in Turkish). Lazca.org. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  24. ^ "Lazuri classes to begin in secondary schools in Turkey". Anadolou. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2015.

References

  • Andrews, Peter (ed.). 1989. Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 497–501.
  • Benninghaus, Rüdiger. 1989. "The Laz: an example of multiple identification". In: Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, edited by P. Andrews.
  • Bryer, Anthony. 1969. The last Laz risings and the downfall of the Pontic Derebeys, 1812–1840, Bedi Kartlisa 26. pp. 191–210.
  • Hewsen, Robert H. Laz. World Culture Encyclopedia. Accessed on September 1, 2007.
  • Negele, Jolyon. Turkey: Laz Minority Passive In Face Of Assimilation. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 June 1998
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