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===Habitat===
===Habitat===
It grows on the dry grasslands of the [[steppes]],<ref name=Vegetation/><ref name=Walking/><ref name=carpet>{{cite web |title=The Natural Carpet of Georgia |url=http://www.exploregeorgia.com/?p=NDMuMTE1 |publisher=exploregeorgia.com |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> or on the dry stony slopes of the lower mountain belt.<ref name=redbook/><ref name=alpine/>
It grows on the dry grasslands of the [[steppes]],<ref name=Vegetation/><ref name=Walking/><ref name=carpet>{{cite web |title=The Natural Carpet of Georgia |url=http://www.exploregeorgia.com/?p=NDMuMTE1 |publisher=exploregeorgia.com |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> or on the dry stony slopes of the lower mountain belt.<ref name=redbook/><ref name=alpine/>
It grows on steppes of Georgia with various stipa grass communities (including ''[[stipe pulcherrima]]'', ''[[stipa lessingiana]]'', ''[[stipa pontica]]'' and ''[[stipa capillata]]''),<ref name=Vegetation/> with scattered shrubs of red juniper and berberis.<ref name=carpet> They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|400|to|700|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref name=redbook/><ref name=Walking/> or {{convert|1000|to|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=alpine/>
It grows on steppes of Georgia with various stipa grass communities (including ''[[stipe pulcherrima]]'', ''[[stipa lessingiana]]'', ''[[stipa pontica]]'' and ''[[stipa capillata]]''),<ref name=Vegetation/> with scattered shrubs of red juniper and berberis.<ref name=carpet/> They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|400|to|700|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref name=redbook/><ref name=Walking/> or {{convert|1000|to|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=alpine/>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are easier to grow than 'Regelia Section' irises.<ref name=plantsmen/> ''I. iberica'' is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to European Zone 4,<ref name=European/> (meaning hardy to -5 to -10oC (23 to 14oF).<ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co |accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref> This includes parts of Europe, where it can be planted in a sunny,<ref name=daves/> rock garden position, in sandy soil.<ref name=Hardy/> Although it grows best within a cold frame or [[alpine house]].<ref name=rhs/> In order to protect the iris from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season.<ref name=plantsmen/> They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation.<ref name=plantsmen/> It can suffer from [[aphids]], viruses and rots.<ref name=silken>{{cite journal |first=Jim |last=Archibald |title=Silken Sad Uncertain Queens |url=http://files.srgc.net/archibald/writings/JCA_SilkenSadUncertainQueens.pdf |format=PDF |volume=67 |date=September 1999 |accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref> ''I. iberica'' is affected by fungal ''[[Puccinia iridis]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/K28_OUD_Enum_Syst_Fung_1/OUD_Enum_Syst_Fung_1_1329.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=bibdigital.rjb.csic.es |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> It is also the host plant of ''[[Mononychus schoenherrii]]'' Kolenati (a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris).
'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are easier to grow than 'Regelia Section' irises.<ref name=plantsmen/> ''I. iberica'' is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to European Zone 4,<ref name=European/> (meaning hardy to -5 to -10oC (23 to 14oF).<ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co |accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref> This includes parts of Europe, where it can be planted in a sunny,<ref name=daves/> rock garden position, in sandy soil.<ref name=Hardy/> Although it grows best within a cold frame or [[alpine house]].<ref name=rhs/> In order to protect the iris from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season.<ref name=plantsmen/> They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation.<ref name=plantsmen/> It can suffer from [[aphids]], viruses and rots.<ref name=silken>{{cite journal |first=Jim |last=Archibald |title=Silken Sad Uncertain Queens |url=http://files.srgc.net/archibald/writings/JCA_SilkenSadUncertainQueens.pdf |format=PDF |volume=67 |date=September 1999 |accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref> ''I. iberica'' is affected by fungal ''[[Puccinia iridis]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/K28_OUD_Enum_Syst_Fung_1/OUD_Enum_Syst_Fung_1_1329.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=bibdigital.rjb.csic.es |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> It is also the host plant of ''[[Mononychus schoenherrii]]'' Kolenati (a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the [[larvae]] feeds on the seed and then [[pupates]]. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for [[aestivation]] (summer dormancy) and [[hibernation]].<ref name=Levent/> A specimen of the iris can be found in the Herbarium Hookerianum within the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].<ref name=jstor/>


===Propagation===
===Propagation===

Revision as of 19:19, 22 November 2016

Iris iberica
Illustration of an Iris iberica for Curtis's Botanical Magazine Vol.96 in 1870 by Walter Hood Fitch
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris iberica
Binomial name
Iris iberica
Synonyms
  • Iris georgica Gueldenst.
  • Iris iberica subsp. iberica (Unknown)
  • Iris iberica var. robusta Sosn.
  • Oncocyclus ibericus (Steven) Siemssen [2]

Iris iberica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[3]: 18  It has a chromosome count: 2n=20,[4] counted by Delauney in 1928. Then by Marc Simonet in 1932 and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977.[5][6] It has an unnamed alkaloid (as of 1961), contained within its rhizome.[7]

Taxonomy

Armenia produced stamps for Iris elegantissima and Iris lycotis (subspecies of Iris iberica)

Iris iberica is pronounced as EYE-ris eye-BEER-ee-kuh,[8] and is commonly known as Iberian Iris,[8][9][10] or Georgian Iris.[11][12][13]

One reference mistakenly lists it's common name as 'Chalcedonian iris',[14] but this is normally used for Iris susiana.[15]

The Latin specific epithet iberica refers to ibericus -a -um, coming from the Georgian Caucasus.[16]

It was originally found in Transcaucasus,[5][17] and it was first published and described by Georg Franz Hoffmann in Vol.1 page 41 of Commentationes Societatis Physico-Medicae apud Universitatem Litteratum Caesaream Mosquensem Institutae (Commentat. Soc. Phys.-Med. Univ. Litt. Caes. Mosq.), published in Moscow in 1808.[5][18][19]

Although a few references state it was published by Steven in Fl. Taur.-Caucas. Vol.1 on page 30 in 1808,[2][20][21] as Iris iberica Steven.[7]

It was also published as Iris iberica in Gartenflora page3 in 1863, then in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Table 5847 in 1870 and Revue Horticole Vol.45 page 370 on 1 October 1873.[5][22]

Due to its variability of form, it has two known subspecies, Iris iberica ssp. elegantissima,[23][19][3]: 192  (grows 20-30cm in height with flowers 10cm in diameter having a cream or pale yellow ground colour),[23] and Iris iberica ssp. lycotis.[2][24][25][26] Another known subspecies is Iris iberica subsp. iberica,[19] but this name is also used for the standard form of the iris as well..[4]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then changed on 1 December 2004.[19]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[27] and in the Catalogue of Life as Iris iberica Steven.[26]

Iris iberica is an accepted name by the RHS.[28]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia.[19][29]

Range

I. iberica and its subspecies comes from a wide range across the Caucasus mountains,[4][22][30] although I. iberica subsp. elegantissima is found in eastern Turkey from near the Armenian border to Lake Van. I. iberica subsp. lycotis is found in north western Iran near Hakkari, Turkey on the Iranian border and southern Armenia on the Iranian border.[25][19][23] I. iberica itself is found only in eastern Georgia,[20][31][32] (near Tbilisi,[25][9][33]) Armenia,[1] and western Azerbaijan.[11][34]

Habitat

It grows on the dry grasslands of the steppes,[35][31][36] or on the dry stony slopes of the lower mountain belt.[1][23] It grows on steppes of Georgia with various stipa grass communities (including stipe pulcherrima, stipa lessingiana, stipa pontica and stipa capillata),[35] with scattered shrubs of red juniper and berberis.[36] They can be found at an altitude of 400 to 700 m (1,300 to 2,300 ft),[1][31] or 1,000 to 3,000 m (3,300 to 9,800 ft) above sea level.[23]

Cultivation

'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are easier to grow than 'Regelia Section' irises.[34] I. iberica is hardy to European Zone 4,[29] (meaning hardy to -5 to -10oC (23 to 14oF).[37] This includes parts of Europe, where it can be planted in a sunny,[8] rock garden position, in sandy soil.[9] Although it grows best within a cold frame or alpine house.[38] In order to protect the iris from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season.[34] They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation.[34] It can suffer from aphids, viruses and rots.[39] I. iberica is affected by fungal Puccinia iridis.[40] It is also the host plant of Mononychus schoenherrii Kolenati (a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the larvae feeds on the seed and then pupates. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for aestivation (summer dormancy) and hibernation.[41] A specimen of the iris can be found in the Herbarium Hookerianum within the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[33]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[42] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[43] Oncoyclus irises dislike division, but it should only be carried out when the plant is overcrowded.[39] Although hand pollination and germinating seedlings gives better results.[39]


References

  1. ^ a b c d Oganesian, M.E. (2001). "Iris iberica Hoffm". mnp.am. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Iris iberica Steven is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ClaireAustin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference pacific was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference american was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette (Bot. Gaz). 138 (4): 502–511. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  7. ^ a b John James Willaman and Bernice Schubert Alkaloid-bearing Plants and Their Contained Alkaloids, p. 94, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference daves was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Hardy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ "Species Iris (Iris iberica) in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference agbina was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tamar was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Fourth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: Georgia" (PDF). cbd.int. p. 17. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  14. ^ Rudy J. Favretti and Joy P. Favretti Landscapes and Gardens for Historic Buildings: A Handbook for Reproducing ..., p. 145, at Google Books
  15. ^ George Johnson (Florist), and Johnson (C. W.) (Florist.) The Kitchen and Flower Garden (containing the best instruction relative to its cultivation) Fourth Edition, p. 319, at Google Books
  16. ^ David Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 210, at Google Books
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference cassidy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "Iridaceae Iris iberica Hoffm". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "Taxon: Iris iberica Hoffm". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  20. ^ a b Klečková, Jana (17 January 2012). "Irises important garden IV. - Aril irises hybrids and hřebínkaté" (in Czech). zahradaweb.cz. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Jana was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Lynch was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference alpine was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference stebbings was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Wilson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ a b Govaerts, R. (5 September 2014). "Iris iberica Steven". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  27. ^ "Iris iberica". eol.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  28. ^ "Iris iberica". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  29. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference European was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sargent was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Walking was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Tim Burford Georgia, p. 9, at Google Books
  33. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference jstor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference plantsmen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Vegetation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ a b "The Natural Carpet of Georgia". exploregeorgia.com. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  37. ^ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference rhs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ a b c Archibald, Jim (September 1999). "Silken Sad Uncertain Queens" (PDF). 67. Retrieved 9 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  40. ^ . bibdigital.rjb.csic.es http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/K28_OUD_Enum_Syst_Fung_1/OUD_Enum_Syst_Fung_1_1329.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Levent was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  43. ^ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.

Other sources

  • Czerepanov, S. K. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). 1995 (L USSR)
  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934-1964 (F USSR)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 52-53.
  • Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963- (F Iran)

Media related to Iris iberica at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris iberica at Wikispecies

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