Jump to content

Maria Anna of Spain: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
removed, Wikisource used as a reference
copied content from ru: Мария Анна Испанская following the requirements of WP:COPYWITHIN; see that page's history for attribution
Line 1: Line 1:
{{stack|{{Infobox royalty|majesty|consort
{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
| title =Holy Roman Empress, German Queen,<br>Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia
|succession = [[Holy Roman Empress]]; [[German Queen]];<br>[[List of Hungarian consorts|Queen consort of Hungary]] and [[List of Bohemian consorts|Bohemia]];<br>[[List of Austrian consorts|Archduchess consort of Austria]]
| titles =
| image =Diego Velázquez - Maria Anna of Spain - Prado.jpg
| image =Diego Velázquez - Maria Anna of Spain - Prado.jpg
| caption ='[[Portrait of Maria Anna|Infanta Maria Anna of Austria, future Empress]]' by Velazquez, 1630.
| caption ='[[Portrait of Maria Anna|Infanta Maria Anna of Austria, future Empress]]' by Velazquez, 1630.
| coronation =
| coronation =
| reign =1631–1646
| reign =15 February 1637 – 13 May 1646
| spouse =[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| spouse =[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| issue =[[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans]]<br>[[Mariana of Austria|Mariana, Queen of Spain]]<br>[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| issue =[[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans]]<br>[[Mariana of Austria|Mariana, Queen of Spain]]<br>[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
Line 20: Line 21:
{{House of Habsburg (Spain)}}
{{House of Habsburg (Spain)}}
}}
}}
'''Maria Anna of Spain''' (18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646), [[Infanta|Infanta of Spain]], the youngest daughter of King [[Philip III of Spain]] and [[Margaret of Austria (1584-1611)|Margaret of Austria]], was Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204521/Ferdinand-III|title=Ferdinand III|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>
'''Maria Anna of Spain''' (18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646),<ref name="Heydenreich">[https://books.google.com.pe/books/about/Handbuch_Der_Praktischen_Genealogie.html?id=1f-Nhuzfc5gC&redir_esc=y Eduard Heydenreich: ''Handbuch Der Praktischen Genealogie'', p. 52, BoD – Books on Demand 2012 - 448 p.] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref> was by birth [[Infanta|Infanta of Spain]] and by marriage Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204521/Ferdinand-III|title=Ferdinand III|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>


Daughter of King [[Philip III of Spain]] and [[Margaret of Austria (1584-1611)|Margaret of Austria]], prior to her Imperial marriage she was considered a possible wife for [[Charles I of England|Charles, Prince of Wales]]; the event, later known in history as the "[[Spanish Match]]", provoked a domestic and political crisis in the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. In her imperial court in Vienna was strongly influenced by her native Spanish culture (from clothes to music) and also promote the strengthening of relations between the Imperial and Spanish branches of the [[House of Habsburg]].
== Biography ==
⚫
[[File:Luycks-maria reina de hungria-prado.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress, by [[Frans Luycx]], c. 1635]]


⚫
== Life ==
'''Maria Anna''', ''Archduchess of Austria, [[Infanta|Infanta of Spain]]'' was a younger sister of [[Anne of Austria]], [[queen consort]] of [[Louis XIII of France]], and mother of [[Mariana of Austria]], [[queen consort]] of [[Philip IV of Spain]]. She was also an older sister of [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand]].


=== Early years ===
In the early 1620s, [[James I of England]] envisioned Maria Anna as a possible bride for his son and heir, the future [[Charles I of England]] and Scotland. Charles even visited Madrid to meet the young Maria Anna. In English history, this possible marriage is known as the [[Spanish Match]]. Negotiations failed, however, as Maria Anna did not wish to marry a Protestant and Charles would not convert to Catholicism. Charles eventually married [[Henrietta Maria of France]].
⚫
{{stack|[[File:Juan van der Hamen y León - Infanta María de Austria.jpg|thumb|190px|Empress Maria Anna by [[Juan van der Hamen]]]]}}


Infanta Maria Anna of Spain was born in the Palace of [[El Escorial]], near [[Madrid]], on 18 August 1606 as the fourth child and third (but second surviving) daughter of King [[Philip III of Spain]] and his wife [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]], Archduchess of Inner Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. From her seven siblings, only four survive infance: [[Anne of Austria|Anna]] (later wife of King [[Louis XIII of France]]), [[Philip IV of Spain]], [[Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)|Charles]] (who died young in 1632) and [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria|Ferdinand]] (the later known Cardinal-Infante and [[List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Spanish Netherlands]]).<ref>{{cite book|first=Darryl |last=Lundy |date=5 March 2007 |title=Felipe III von Habsburg, Rey de España |publisher=ThePeerage.Com |url=http://thepeerage.com/p10278.htm#i102774}} cites {{cite book |first=Jirí |last=Louda |first2=Michael |last2=MacLagan |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |edition= 2nd |location=London, U.K. |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1999 |at=table 49}} {{cite book |first=Marcellus |last=von Redlich|title=Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, volume I |edition= 2nd |location=Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. |publisher= Genealogical Publishing Company |year=1999 |at=page 58}}</ref> Maria Anna's parents had a close kinship: her father was her mother's first cousin once-removed. On her father's side she was the granddaughter of King [[Philip II of Spain]], and his fourth wife and niece [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Archduchess Anne of Austria]], and on her mother's side she was the granddaughter of [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria]] and his wife [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria]].<ref name="Lundy">{{cite book|first=Darryl |last=Lundy |date=7 March 2007 |title=Maria Anna von Habsburg, Infanta de España |publisher=ThePeerage.Com |url=http://thepeerage.com/p10306.htm#i103057}} cites {{cite book |first=Jirí |last=Louda |first2=Michael |last2=MacLagan |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |edition= 2nd |location=London, U.K. |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1999 |at=table 80}} </ref>
On 20 February 1631, Maria Anna ceremonially married her first cousin, the future [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], then the titular king of Hungary, who later would become the Holy Roman Emperor. The princess traveled from Spain to Austria through Italy, a dangerous journey during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. The trip would take 14 months to complete and about a month before its completion, when she had reached [[Trieste]] on 26 January 1631, Maria Anna had been married to Ferdinand by proxy, with her [[brother-in-law]], Bishop Leopold Wilhelm of [[Strassburg]], [[Passau]], and [[Halberstadt]] serving as the proxy.


From early childhood, Maria Anna has played an important role in the matrimonial projects of her father. In adolescence she was betrothed to Archduke John-Charles, eldest son and heir of [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]] and his first wife [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]; however, the marriage never took place due Archduke John-Charles' early death in 1619.<ref>[https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=7_pmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA519&lpg=PA519&dq=Prinzessin+Maria+Anna+von+Spanien+mit+Johann+Karl,&source=bl&ots=lhc8QJ2Plk&sig=zPIU9Vp2s9j3d-dVs8CcP9zMWXQ&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1_8r29PPOAhWEDpoKHdF0Bh8Q6AEIXzAP#v=onepage&q=Prinzessin%20Maria%20Anna%20von%20Spanien%20mit%20Johann%20Karl%2C&f=false Ludwig Albrecht Gebhardi: Genealogische Geschichte der erblichen Reichsstände in Teutschland; Halle: Johann Jacob Gebauer, 1779, vol. II, p. 519.] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref>
⚫
The second marriage ceremony, with Ferdinand present, was celebrated in [[Vienna]], with festivities lasting a month. The marriage was described as friendly. Maria Anna was described as happy-tempered, friendly, and intelligent, and she able to ease the feelings of the melancholic emperor. She was active politically and acted as the adviser of her spouse. She was his [[regent]] during his absence and followed him on his travels.


In 1622, King [[James VI and I|James I of England]] received an offer from the Spanish King Philip III to strengthen the relations of their countries through a dynastic marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Infanta Maria Anna. Between [[London]] and [[Madrid]] began active negotiations. The possible marriage between the Prince of Wales and the Spanish Infanta,was known in history under the name of "[[Spanish Match]]", and caused an internal political crisis in both England and Scotland. In 1623 the Prince of Wales, accompanied by [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], visited Madrid to meet his intended bride.<ref>{{Cite web
⚫
== Issue ==
| title = BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien
[[File:Maria Anna of Spain 001.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Empress Maria Anna with her eldest son, Ferdinand]]
| work = Wikisource
Ferdinand and Maria Anna had six children:
| accessdate = 2014-12-13
| language = German
| url = https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Maria_Anna_von_Spanien
}}</ref> However, Maria Anna did not wish to marry a Protestant and Charles would not convert to Catholicism. At the end, the wedding never took place not only for political reasons but also because of the reluctance of the new Spanish King Philip IV to conclude a dynastic marriage with the [[House of Stuart]].<ref name="Bastl">[http://www.academia.edu/11072009/Dos_infantas_espan_olas_en_la_corte_imperial Beatrix Bastl, Jose Luis Colomer: ''Dos infantas españolas en la corte imperial''] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=h2v69fUCDxYC&pg=PA73&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Pauline Gregg: ''King Charles I'' - The Spanish Match, pp. 72–89.] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref><ref name="Braun144"> Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 144.</ref><ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 57.</ref> Charles eventually married [[Henrietta Maria of France]].


=== Marriage and Issue ===
* [[Ferdinand IV of Hungary]] (8 September 1633{{spaced ndash}}9 July 1654)
⚫
* [[Mariana of Austria]] (22 December 1634{{spaced ndash}}16 May 1696), who married her maternal uncle [[Philip IV of Spain]]
⚫
* Philip August, Archduke of Austria (15 July 1637{{spaced ndash}}22 June 1639)
⚫
* Maximilian Thomas, Archduke of Austria (21 December 1638{{spaced ndash}}29 June 1639)
⚫
* [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] (9 June 1640{{spaced ndash}}5 May 1705)
* Maria, Archduchess of Austria (13 May 1646)


At the end of 1626 Maria Anna was betrothed to the younger brother of her first fiance, [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], new heir of Emperor Ferdinand II. The formal engagement was preceded by a serie of negotiations which were conducted since 1625. That same year, Prince Ferdinand was crowned [[King of Hungary]], and in 1627 [[King of Bohemia]]. In the negociations were included all the life aspects of the Infanta at the court of her future spouse. So, despite the desire of the groom that Maria Anna's confessor would be the [[Jesuit]] Ambrosio Penalosa, at the end was appointed the [[Capuchin]] Diego Quiroga. In the marriage contract signed by both parties in 1628, it was noted that Maria Anna could retain her rights of inheritance over the Spanish throne, while her older sister Infanta Anna, when she married with King Louis XIII of France in 1615 was forced to renounced to her rights.<ref name="Bastl"/><ref name="Braun144"/><ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 57, 64.</ref>
⚫
== Death ==

During the Thirty Years' War, the imperial family moved hastily to Linz where, after a fever and heavy bleeding, Maria died of poisoning during her last pregnancy on 13 May 1646.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The child she was carrying, also named Maria, was born alive by [[caesarean section]], but died soon afterward. Mother and daughter were buried together in a single coffin.
Maria Anna had left Madrid for Vienna in December 1629. The travel took more than a year. As she sailed by sea in [[Genoa]], complications arose due to the epidemic of [[Plague (disease)|plague]] that erupted in the [[Italian Peninsula]]. For this reason, the cortege was unable to stopped in [[Bologna]], where [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Antonio Barberini]] (nephew of [[Pope Urban VIII]]), initially was waiting for the Infanta to gave her the [[Golden Rose]]. The cortege moved to [[Naples]], where Maria Anna finally received the award. Leaving the [[Kingdom of Naples]], the Infanta crossed the [[Papal States]], having made a [[pilgrimage]] to the [[Basilica della Santa Casa]]. In this section of her journey Maria Anna was accompanied by the Roman aristocracy, led by another nephew of Pope Urban VIII, [[Taddeo Barberini]], [[Palestrina|Prince of Palestrina]]. On 26 January 1631 she arrived in [[Trieste]], where she met [[Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria]], her future brother-in-law, who escort the Infanta to the Vienna court.<ref>[http://dspace.unitus.it/bitstream/2067/2542/1/fquatrini_tesid.pdf Francesca Quatrini: ''Eleonora d’Austria, Maria Anna d’Asburgo-Spagna e Maria Ludovica Gonzaga Nevers – tre regine in viaggio nell’Europa moderna. Sigla del settore scientifico-disciplinare''] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref><ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 85.</ref> That day, Maria Anna was married with King Ferdinand of Hungria-Bohemia [[Proxy marriage|''per procura'']] with Archduke Leopold Wilhelm serving as the proxy.

Before the oficial wedding, King Ferdinand, not trusting in the previous portraits that he saw of his bride, decided to secretly watch his bride. The Royal ''oberhofmeister'' asked an audience to Maria Anna; in this visit, he was accompanied by some nobles, among whom was her groom. Struck by the beauty of the Infanta, King Ferdinand immediately revealed his identity and began a conversation with Maria Anna in Spanish.<ref>Hengerer 2012, pp. 85–86.</ref> The love and respect that the future emperor felt for his wife lated through all their marriage. He was never unfaithful to her or had illegitimate children.<ref name="Hengerer130">Hengerer 2012, pp. 130–131.</ref>

⚫
In [[Vienna]] on 20 February 1631<ref name="Heydenreich"/> Maria Anna was formally married with King Ferdinand of Hungary-Bohemia, with festivities lasting a month. The marriage was described as friendly. Maria Anna was described as happy-tempered, friendly, and intelligent, and she able to ease the feelings of the melancholic Ferdinand.

During her marriage, Maria Anna gave birth six children:<ref name="Lundy"/><ref>[http://www.habsburger.net/de/kapitel/ferdinand-iii-ehen-und-nachkommen Martin Mutschlechner: ''Ferdinand III – Ehen und Nachkommen''] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref>
* [[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans|Ferdinand IV]] (8 September 1633 – 9 July 1654), [[King of the Romans]] and titular King of Hungary and Bohemia.
⚫
* [[Mariana of Austria|Maria Anna]] (22 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), who married her maternal uncle King [[Philip IV of Spain]].
⚫
* Philip August (15 July 1637 – 22 June 1639), Archduke of Austria.
⚫
* Maximilian Thomas (21 December 1638 – 29 June 1639), Archduke of Austria.
⚫
* [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] (9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705).
* Maria (born and died 13 May 1646), Archduchess of Austria.

===Holy Roman Empress and German Queen ===

With Maria Anna, arrived at the Imperial court in Vienna the Spanish fashion, theater, dance and music (including the first sounded [[guitar]]). As the wife of the heir, she maintained good relations with all the members of her husband's family; however, she had a complicated relationship with Ferdinand's stepmother, Empress [[Eleonora Gonzaga (1598–1655)|Eleonora Gonzaga]], mainly because between both began a competition for influence at the Imperial court. Maria Anna also paid much attention to the arts, especially painting. She collected works of Italian, Spanish and Flemish painters of the late [[Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque]].<ref name="Bastl"/><ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 146–148.</ref>

In [[Regensburg]] on 22 December 1636 Ferdinand was elected [[King of the Romans]], and a week later he was crowned by the [[Archbishop of Mainz]]. Maria Anna was crowned Queen of Germany one month later, on 21 January 1637. After his father's death on 15 February 1637, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor under the name of Ferdinand III and sovereign King of Hungary and Bohemia. After him, his wife received the titles of Holy Roman Empress and sovereign Queen. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary took place in [[Pressburg]] during the [[Diet of Hungary|Hungarian Diet]] of 1637–1638.<ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 172.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=IacaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&dq=Maria+Anna+of+Spain+1606+-+1646&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj81JC1k_bOAhVCD5oKHWYgDHgQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Maria%20Anna%20of%20Spain%201606%20-%201646&f=false R. Bireley: ''Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578 — 1637''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014, p. 302] ISBN 978-1-10-706715-8.</ref>

Maria Anna, being active politically as the adviser of her spouse, was an important mediator between the Emperor and their Spanish relatives and was. Despite she always defended the interests of her husband, she didn't forget the interests of her brothers King Philip IV and the Cardinal-Infante.<ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 152.</ref> In her court, which was consisted mainly of Spaniards, frequent guests were the Spanish ambassador and diplomats. The Emperor, during his absences from the imperial court in Vienna, appointed his wife as [[regent]], for example in 1645 during the [[Thirty Years' War]], when he was in the Kingdom of Bohemia.<ref name="Hengerer130"/>

⚫
=== Death ===

In March 1645 Maria Anna and her children left [[Linz]], due to the approaching of the Protestant Swedish army, and moved to [[Vienna]]. In April of the same year was Vienna who was in danger of occupation, as the Swedish army was ready to cross the [[Danube]]. The Imperial family had to seek shelter in [[Graz]].<ref>Hengerer 2012, pp. 230–231.</ref> After they return to Vienna, they were forced to move again to Linz because of the plague. The Empress' sixth pregnancy became known in January 1646; four months later, on 12 May at Linz Castle, Maria Anna suddenly felt ill with fever and heavy bleeding and died the next morning. Her unborn child, a girl, was taken out alive from her womb. She was named Maria after her mother, but only lived a few hours. On 24 May both mother and daughter in the same coffin were moved to Vienna and buried in the [[Imperial Crypt]], which already contained the coffins with the remains of the two sons of the Empress who died earlier. The funeral cortege was accompanied by the Spanish ambassador and the Empress' maid of honor. Very upset by the death of his wife and child, the Emperor was unable to attend the funeral.<ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 247.</ref><ref>Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 141–142.</ref> However, after returning to Vienna in late August he finally paid his respects to the remains of Maria Anna, and in September he announced the engagement of their eldest daughter Maria Anna with [[Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias]]. It should be noted that the Spaniards courtiers members of the late Empress' household who came with her from Spain, including her confessor and the maids of honor of the late Empress,stayed at the Imperial court in Vienna and lived here for a few more years after her death.<ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 249.</ref>


== Ancestors ==
== Ancestors ==

{{ahnentafel top}}
{{ahnentafel top}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
{{ahnentafel-compact5
Line 92: Line 116:
}}
}}
{{ahnentafel bottom}}
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

== Depictions in art ==

In 1634, the Spanish poet and playwright [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]], in honor of the victory of the Spaniards and Austrians over the Swedes in the [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Battle of Nördlingen]], set in Madrid a performance in which Maria Anna with her husband was one of the actors.<ref>Hengerer 2012, p. 107.</ref>

Save a few portraits of Maria Anna as child, almost all of them are included in the collection of the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] in [[Vienna]]. In the earliest of these paitings, made by [[Juan Pantoja de la Cruz]], she is shown at one year of age.<ref>[https://www.khm.at/objektdb/detail/2316/?offset=3&lv=list&cHash=30954a69b0a9bb303f1c032cc24eac5b ''Infantin Maria Anna (1606-1646), Kaiserin, im Alter von 4 bis 5 Monaten, Bildnis in ganzer Figur'' in: www.khm.at] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref> A portrait of the Infanta Maria Anna, then Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, made by [[Diego Velázquez]], court painter at Madrid, was part of the collection of the [[Museo del Prado]].<ref>[https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/doa-maria-de-austria-reina-de-hungria/1e61408f-ef2d-498b-a719-289a1fbd91ff ''Doña María de Austria, reina de Hungría'' in: www.museodelprado.es] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref> Portraits of the Empress made by [[Frans Luycx]] (painter at the court in Vienna), [[Bartolomé González y Serrano]], [[Rodrigo de Villandrando (painter)|Rodrigo de Villandrando]], [[Justus Sustermans]], [[Juan van der Hamen]] and other unknown authors are also stored in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum,<ref>[https://www.khm.at/objektdb/?query=all_persons%3AKaiserin%20Maria%20Anna%20Tochter%20des%20Philipp%20III.%20von%20Habsburg%20Spanien ''Die Habsburger — Maria Anna von Spanien, Kaiserin'' in: www.khm.at] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref> Museo del Prado,<ref>[https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obras-de-arte?search=do%C3%B1a%20mar%C3%ADa%20de%20austria,%20reina%20de%20hungr%C3%ADa ''Doña María Ana de Austria, reina de Hungría'' in: www.museodelprado.es] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref> the gallery of the [[Schloss Esterházy]] in [[Eisenstadt]]<ref>[http://esterhazy.at/layout/esterhazy/files/Bilderwelten%20Paul%20I%20Esterhazy.pdf ''Ez világ, mint egy kert...'' in: esterhazy.at] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref> and the [[Musée Fesch]] in [[Ajaccio]].<ref>[http://spanishbaroqueart.tumblr.com/page/6 ''Spanish Baroque Art'' in: www.spanishbaroqueart.com] [retrieved 01 November 2016].</ref>

<center>
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4">
Image:Juan Pantoja de la Cruz 006.jpg|'''''Infantin Maria Anna, Kaiserin, im Alter von 4 bis 5 Monaten, Bildnis in ganzer Figur''''' (1607), by [[Juan Pantoja de la Cruz]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]].
Image:Maria Anna, Infanta of Spain, future Holy Roman Empress by Bartolomé González, c. 1608-1610.jpg|'''''Maria Anna, Infanta of Spain, Later Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Empress, as a child''''', by [[Bartolomé González y Serrano]], National Trust, Cliveden.
Image:Bartolomé González y Serrano 006.jpg|'''''Infantin Maria Anna, Kaiserin, in ganzer Figur''''' (1617), by [[Bartolomé González y Serrano]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]].
⚫
Image:Luycks-maria reina de hungria-prado.jpg|'''''María de Austria, reina de Hungría''''' (1635), by [[Frans Luycx]], [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]].
⚫
Image:Juan van der Hamen y León - Infanta María de Austria.jpg|'''''María Ana de Austria''''' (c. 1630), by [[Juan van der Hamen]], [[Musée Fesch]], [[Ajaccio]].
Image:FerdinandIII.MariaAnna.JPG|'''''Ölgemälde von Ferdinand III. von Habsburg und seiner ersten Gemahlin Maria Anna von Spanien''''' (1628/30) by [[Justus Sustermans]], [[Schloss Esterházy]], [[Eisenstadt]].
Image:Maria Anna of Spain 001.jpg|'''''Infantin Maria Anna, Kaiserin, in ganzer Figur mit ihrem erstgeborenen Sohn Ferdinand''''' (1634), Anonymous, [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]].
</gallery>
</center>

== Notes ==

⚫
{{reflist|2}}


== References ==
== References ==

⚫
*[http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/bio/mariaaustriabio1606.html Worldroots.com]
* [https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=MpdVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=imperatrice+Eleonora+Gonzaga+1598+-+1655&source=bl&ots=85GwZlCe34&sig=bFpM_Gdhf8Wp_mYNMKg5RQfN-Bo&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj58bmSk5HOAhVECpoKHQTVBiAQ6AEISDAM#v=onepage&q=imperatrice%20Eleonora%20Gonzaga%201598%20-%201655&f=false Bettina Braun, Katrin Keller, Matthias Schnettger: ''Nur die Frau des Kaisers?: Kaiserinnen in der Frühen Neuzeit''], Böhlau ed., Vienna 2016 ISBN 978-3-20-520085-7.
⚫
{{reflist}}

* [http://www.boehlau-verlag.com/download/160420/978-3-205-77765-6_OpenAccess.pdf M. Hengerer: ''Kaiser Ferdinand III. (1608—1657). Eine Biographie''], Böhlau ed., Vienna, Köln, Weimar 2012 ISBN 978-3-205-77765-6.

* [http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=11810&page=28&scale=3.33&viewmode=fullscreen Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien], Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Vienna Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, p. 52 – 458 p.

== External links ==
== External links ==

⚫
*[http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/bio/mariaaustriabio1606.html Worldroots.com]
*{{Commons-inline|Category:Maria Anna of Spain|Maria Anna of Spain}}
*{{Commons-inline|Category:Maria Anna of Spain|Maria Anna of Spain}}


Revision as of 23:39, 3 November 2016

Maria Anna of Spain
'Infanta Maria Anna of Austria, future Empress' by Velazquez, 1630.
Holy Roman Empress; German Queen;
Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia;
Archduchess consort of Austria
Tenure15 February 1637 – 13 May 1646
Born(1606-08-18)18 August 1606
El Escorial, Spain
Died13 May 1646(1646-05-13) (aged 39)
Linz, Austria
SpouseFerdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
IssueFerdinand IV, King of the Romans
Mariana, Queen of Spain
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
HouseHabsburg
FatherPhilip III of Spain
MotherMargaret of Austria
ReligionRoman Catholicism
House of Habsburg
Spanish line
Emperor Charles V
(King Charles I)
Children
Philip II of Spain
Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Joan, Princess of Portugal
Don John (illegitimate)
Margaret of Parma (illegitimate)
Philip II
Children include
Carlos, Prince of Asturias
Isabella, Lady of the Netherlands
Catherine Michaela, Duchess of Savoy
Philip III of Spain
Maria of Spain
Philip III
Children include
Anne, Queen of France
Philip IV of Spain
Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress
Infante Carlos
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Philip IV
Children include
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Maria Theresa, Queen of France
Margaret, Holy Roman Empress
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
Charles II of Spain
Charles II

}} Maria Anna of Spain (18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646),[1] was by birth Infanta of Spain and by marriage Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor.[2]

Daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria, prior to her Imperial marriage she was considered a possible wife for Charles, Prince of Wales; the event, later known in history as the "Spanish Match", provoked a domestic and political crisis in the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. In her imperial court in Vienna was strongly influenced by her native Spanish culture (from clothes to music) and also promote the strengthening of relations between the Imperial and Spanish branches of the House of Habsburg.

Life

Early years

Infanta Maria Anna of Spain was born in the Palace of El Escorial, near Madrid, on 18 August 1606 as the fourth child and third (but second surviving) daughter of King Philip III of Spain and his wife Margaret of Austria, Archduchess of Inner Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. From her seven siblings, only four survive infance: Anna (later wife of King Louis XIII of France), Philip IV of Spain, Charles (who died young in 1632) and Ferdinand (the later known Cardinal-Infante and Governor of the Spanish Netherlands).[3] Maria Anna's parents had a close kinship: her father was her mother's first cousin once-removed. On her father's side she was the granddaughter of King Philip II of Spain, and his fourth wife and niece Archduchess Anne of Austria, and on her mother's side she was the granddaughter of Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria and his wife Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria.[4]

From early childhood, Maria Anna has played an important role in the matrimonial projects of her father. In adolescence she was betrothed to Archduke John-Charles, eldest son and heir of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Maria Anna of Bavaria; however, the marriage never took place due Archduke John-Charles' early death in 1619.[5]

In 1622, King James I of England received an offer from the Spanish King Philip III to strengthen the relations of their countries through a dynastic marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Infanta Maria Anna. Between London and Madrid began active negotiations. The possible marriage between the Prince of Wales and the Spanish Infanta,was known in history under the name of "Spanish Match", and caused an internal political crisis in both England and Scotland. In 1623 the Prince of Wales, accompanied by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, visited Madrid to meet his intended bride.[6] However, Maria Anna did not wish to marry a Protestant and Charles would not convert to Catholicism. At the end, the wedding never took place not only for political reasons but also because of the reluctance of the new Spanish King Philip IV to conclude a dynastic marriage with the House of Stuart.[7][8][9][10] Charles eventually married Henrietta Maria of France.

Marriage and Issue

At the end of 1626 Maria Anna was betrothed to the younger brother of her first fiance, Ferdinand, new heir of Emperor Ferdinand II. The formal engagement was preceded by a serie of negotiations which were conducted since 1625. That same year, Prince Ferdinand was crowned King of Hungary, and in 1627 King of Bohemia. In the negociations were included all the life aspects of the Infanta at the court of her future spouse. So, despite the desire of the groom that Maria Anna's confessor would be the Jesuit Ambrosio Penalosa, at the end was appointed the Capuchin Diego Quiroga. In the marriage contract signed by both parties in 1628, it was noted that Maria Anna could retain her rights of inheritance over the Spanish throne, while her older sister Infanta Anna, when she married with King Louis XIII of France in 1615 was forced to renounced to her rights.[7][9][11]

Maria Anna had left Madrid for Vienna in December 1629. The travel took more than a year. As she sailed by sea in Genoa, complications arose due to the epidemic of plague that erupted in the Italian Peninsula. For this reason, the cortege was unable to stopped in Bologna, where Cardinal Antonio Barberini (nephew of Pope Urban VIII), initially was waiting for the Infanta to gave her the Golden Rose. The cortege moved to Naples, where Maria Anna finally received the award. Leaving the Kingdom of Naples, the Infanta crossed the Papal States, having made a pilgrimage to the Basilica della Santa Casa. In this section of her journey Maria Anna was accompanied by the Roman aristocracy, led by another nephew of Pope Urban VIII, Taddeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina. On 26 January 1631 she arrived in Trieste, where she met Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, her future brother-in-law, who escort the Infanta to the Vienna court.[12][13] That day, Maria Anna was married with King Ferdinand of Hungria-Bohemia per procura with Archduke Leopold Wilhelm serving as the proxy.

Before the oficial wedding, King Ferdinand, not trusting in the previous portraits that he saw of his bride, decided to secretly watch his bride. The Royal oberhofmeister asked an audience to Maria Anna; in this visit, he was accompanied by some nobles, among whom was her groom. Struck by the beauty of the Infanta, King Ferdinand immediately revealed his identity and began a conversation with Maria Anna in Spanish.[14] The love and respect that the future emperor felt for his wife lated through all their marriage. He was never unfaithful to her or had illegitimate children.[15]

In Vienna on 20 February 1631[1] Maria Anna was formally married with King Ferdinand of Hungary-Bohemia, with festivities lasting a month. The marriage was described as friendly. Maria Anna was described as happy-tempered, friendly, and intelligent, and she able to ease the feelings of the melancholic Ferdinand.

During her marriage, Maria Anna gave birth six children:[4][16]

  • Ferdinand IV (8 September 1633 – 9 July 1654), King of the Romans and titular King of Hungary and Bohemia.
  • Maria Anna (22 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), who married her maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain.
  • Philip August (15 July 1637 – 22 June 1639), Archduke of Austria.
  • Maximilian Thomas (21 December 1638 – 29 June 1639), Archduke of Austria.
  • Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705).
  • Maria (born and died 13 May 1646), Archduchess of Austria.

Holy Roman Empress and German Queen

With Maria Anna, arrived at the Imperial court in Vienna the Spanish fashion, theater, dance and music (including the first sounded guitar). As the wife of the heir, she maintained good relations with all the members of her husband's family; however, she had a complicated relationship with Ferdinand's stepmother, Empress Eleonora Gonzaga, mainly because between both began a competition for influence at the Imperial court. Maria Anna also paid much attention to the arts, especially painting. She collected works of Italian, Spanish and Flemish painters of the late Renaissance and early Baroque.[7][17]

In Regensburg on 22 December 1636 Ferdinand was elected King of the Romans, and a week later he was crowned by the Archbishop of Mainz. Maria Anna was crowned Queen of Germany one month later, on 21 January 1637. After his father's death on 15 February 1637, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor under the name of Ferdinand III and sovereign King of Hungary and Bohemia. After him, his wife received the titles of Holy Roman Empress and sovereign Queen. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary took place in Pressburg during the Hungarian Diet of 1637–1638.[18][19]

Maria Anna, being active politically as the adviser of her spouse, was an important mediator between the Emperor and their Spanish relatives and was. Despite she always defended the interests of her husband, she didn't forget the interests of her brothers King Philip IV and the Cardinal-Infante.[20] In her court, which was consisted mainly of Spaniards, frequent guests were the Spanish ambassador and diplomats. The Emperor, during his absences from the imperial court in Vienna, appointed his wife as regent, for example in 1645 during the Thirty Years' War, when he was in the Kingdom of Bohemia.[15]

Death

In March 1645 Maria Anna and her children left Linz, due to the approaching of the Protestant Swedish army, and moved to Vienna. In April of the same year was Vienna who was in danger of occupation, as the Swedish army was ready to cross the Danube. The Imperial family had to seek shelter in Graz.[21] After they return to Vienna, they were forced to move again to Linz because of the plague. The Empress' sixth pregnancy became known in January 1646; four months later, on 12 May at Linz Castle, Maria Anna suddenly felt ill with fever and heavy bleeding and died the next morning. Her unborn child, a girl, was taken out alive from her womb. She was named Maria after her mother, but only lived a few hours. On 24 May both mother and daughter in the same coffin were moved to Vienna and buried in the Imperial Crypt, which already contained the coffins with the remains of the two sons of the Empress who died earlier. The funeral cortege was accompanied by the Spanish ambassador and the Empress' maid of honor. Very upset by the death of his wife and child, the Emperor was unable to attend the funeral.[22][23] However, after returning to Vienna in late August he finally paid his respects to the remains of Maria Anna, and in September he announced the engagement of their eldest daughter Maria Anna with Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias. It should be noted that the Spaniards courtiers members of the late Empress' household who came with her from Spain, including her confessor and the maids of honor of the late Empress,stayed at the Imperial court in Vienna and lived here for a few more years after her death.[24]

Ancestors

Family of Maria Anna of Spain
16. Philip I of Castile (=24)
8. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (=22)
17. Joanna of Castile (=25)
4. Philip II of Spain
18. Manuel I of Portugal
9. Isabella of Portugal (=23)
19. Maria of Aragon
2. Philip III of Spain
20. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (=12, 30)
10. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
21. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (=13, 31)
5. Anna of Austria
22. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (=8)
11. Maria of Spain
23. Isabella of Portugal (=9)
1. Maria Anna of Spain
24. Philip I of Castile (=16)
12. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (=20, 30)
25. Joanna of Castile (=17)
6. Charles II, Archduke of Austria
26. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary
13. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (=21, 31)
27. Anne of Foix-Candale
3. Margaret of Austria
28. William IV, Duke of Bavaria
14. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
29. Marie of Baden-Sponheim
7. Maria Anna of Bavaria
30. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (=12, 20)
15. Anna of Austria
31. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (=13, 21)

Depictions in art

In 1634, the Spanish poet and playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca, in honor of the victory of the Spaniards and Austrians over the Swedes in the Battle of Nördlingen, set in Madrid a performance in which Maria Anna with her husband was one of the actors.[25]

Save a few portraits of Maria Anna as child, almost all of them are included in the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. In the earliest of these paitings, made by Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, she is shown at one year of age.[26] A portrait of the Infanta Maria Anna, then Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, made by Diego Velázquez, court painter at Madrid, was part of the collection of the Museo del Prado.[27] Portraits of the Empress made by Frans Luycx (painter at the court in Vienna), Bartolomé González y Serrano, Rodrigo de Villandrando, Justus Sustermans, Juan van der Hamen and other unknown authors are also stored in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum,[28] Museo del Prado,[29] the gallery of the Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt[30] and the Musée Fesch in Ajaccio.[31]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Eduard Heydenreich: Handbuch Der Praktischen Genealogie, p. 52, BoD – Books on Demand 2012 - 448 p. [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  2. ^ "Ferdinand III". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ^ Lundy, Darryl (5 March 2007). Felipe III von Habsburg, Rey de España. ThePeerage.Com. cites Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company. table 49. von Redlich, Marcellus (1999). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, volume I (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.: Genealogical Publishing Company. page 58.
  4. ^ a b Lundy, Darryl (7 March 2007). Maria Anna von Habsburg, Infanta de España. ThePeerage.Com. cites Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company. table 80.
  5. ^ Ludwig Albrecht Gebhardi: Genealogische Geschichte der erblichen Reichsstände in Teutschland; Halle: Johann Jacob Gebauer, 1779, vol. II, p. 519. [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  6. ^ "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien". Wikisource (in German). Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  7. ^ a b c Beatrix Bastl, Jose Luis Colomer: Dos infantas españolas en la corte imperial [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  8. ^ Pauline Gregg: King Charles I - The Spanish Match, pp. 72–89. [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  9. ^ a b Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 144.
  10. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 57.
  11. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 57, 64.
  12. ^ Francesca Quatrini: Eleonora d’Austria, Maria Anna d’Asburgo-Spagna e Maria Ludovica Gonzaga Nevers – tre regine in viaggio nell’Europa moderna. Sigla del settore scientifico-disciplinare [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  13. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 85.
  14. ^ Hengerer 2012, pp. 85–86.
  15. ^ a b Hengerer 2012, pp. 130–131.
  16. ^ Martin Mutschlechner: Ferdinand III – Ehen und Nachkommen [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  17. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 146–148.
  18. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 172.
  19. ^ R. Bireley: Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578 — 1637. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014, p. 302 ISBN 978-1-10-706715-8.
  20. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, p. 152.
  21. ^ Hengerer 2012, pp. 230–231.
  22. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 247.
  23. ^ Braun, Keller, Schnettger 2016, pp. 141–142.
  24. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 249.
  25. ^ Hengerer 2012, p. 107.
  26. ^ Infantin Maria Anna (1606-1646), Kaiserin, im Alter von 4 bis 5 Monaten, Bildnis in ganzer Figur in: www.khm.at [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  27. ^ Doña María de Austria, reina de Hungría in: www.museodelprado.es [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  28. ^ Die Habsburger — Maria Anna von Spanien, Kaiserin in: www.khm.at [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  29. ^ Doña María Ana de Austria, reina de Hungría in: www.museodelprado.es [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  30. ^ Ez világ, mint egy kert... in: esterhazy.at [retrieved 01 November 2016].
  31. ^ Spanish Baroque Art in: www.spanishbaroqueart.com [retrieved 01 November 2016].

References

External links

Maria Anna of Spain
Born: 18 August 1606 Died: 13 May 1646
Royal titles
Preceded by Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
German Queen, Archduchess consort of Austria
1637–1646 		Vacant
Title next held by
Maria Leopoldine of Austria
Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia
1631–1646 		Vacant
Title next held by
Margaret Theresa of Spain

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Anna_of_Spain&oldid=747715877"