Arms embargo: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 00:34, 21 October 2016

An arms embargo is an embargo that applies to weaponry, and may also apply to "dual-use technology". An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes:

to signal disapproval of behavior by a certain actor
to maintain neutral standing in an ongoing conflict
to limit the resources an actor has to inflict violence on others.

Historical examples

Argentina

US President Jimmy Carter implemented an arms embargo against the 1976 Military Junta due to the Dirty War. This was joined by the United Kingdom after the 1982 Falklands War. The ban was lifted in the 1990s when Argentina was named a Major non-NATO ally. During those years Argentine armed forces shifted to Western European countries and Israel for supplies.

Indonesia

The United States government imposed an arms embargo against Indonesia in 1999 due to human rights violations in East Timor. The embargo was lifted in 2005.

Iran

The United States imposed economic sanctions against Iran following the Iranian Revolution of 1979. However, to secure the release of American hostages, several senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s, in a scandal called the Iran–Contra affair.^[1] In 1995 the US expanded sanctions to include firms dealing with the Iranian government.^[2]

In March 2007, UN Security Council Resolution 1747 tightened the sanctions imposed on Iran in connection with the Iranian nuclear program. The UN sanctions were lifted on 16 January 2016.

People's Republic of China

The United States and European Union stopped exporting arms to China after 1989, due to the reaction by China's Government towards the protest in Tiananmen Square. In 2004-05, there was some debate in the EU over whether to lift the embargo.^[3] ^[4]

South Africa

The arms embargo of South Africa from 1977 extended to dual-use items. The embargo was lifted by Resolution 919 in 1994.

List of current arms embargoes

The countries included in the list are under arms embargo of the United Nations or another international organization (EU, OSCE and others) or country. In some cases the arms embargo is supplemented by a general trade embargo, other sanctions (financial) or travel ban for specific persons. In some cases the arms embargo applies to any entity residing or established in the country, but in others it is partial – the recognized government forces and international peacekeepers are exempted from the embargo.

Armenia and Azerbaijan (by OSCE),^[5] 1992–2012 (only end for Azerbaijan)
Central African Republic (by Security Council),^[6] 2013–
Myanmar (by EU),^[7] 1990–
People's Republic of China (by EU/US),^[8]^[9] 1989–
Democratic Republic of the Congo (by UN, EU),^[10] 2003/1993– (UN/EU)
Ivory Coast (by UN, EU),^[11] 2004-
Eritrea (by UN, EU),^[12] 2010–
Guinea (by EU),^[13] 2009–
Iran (by UN, EU),^[14] 2006–
Iraq (by UN, EU),^[15] 1990– (possibly no longer in effect)
Libya (by UN) 2011-^[16]
North Korea (by UN, EU),^[17] arms and luxury goods, 2006–
Lebanon (by UN, EU),^[18] 2006–
Somalia (by UN, EU),^[19] 1992/2002– (UN/EU)
Sudan (by UN, EU),^[20] 2004/1994– (UN/EU)
Uzbekistan (by EU),^[21] 2005–2009 ^[22]
Zimbabwe (by EU),^[23] 2002–

Former embargos

Rwanda (by UN in Resolution 918 and EU)^[24] (UN: 1994–2008, EU: ^{[citation needed]})
Sierra Leone (by UN and EU),^[25] 1997–?
Syria (by EU),^[26] 2011–2013^[27]
Turkey (by USA) 1975–1978^[28]
Vietnam (by US) 1984–1995: lifted in 2016
Yugoslavia (by UN in Resolution 713 and EU)^[29] (UN/EU: September 1991:^{[citation needed]})2010^[30]

References

^ The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24
^ Ariel Zirulnick (24 February 2011). "Sanction Qaddafi? How 5 nations have reacted to sanctions: Iran". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
^ http://www.sldinfo.com/the-eu-arms-embargo-repeal-debate/ The EU Arms Embargo Repeal Debate
^ https://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_/ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency
^ OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ Security Council arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU Myanmar arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU China arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ US China arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ DR Congo arms embargo Template:Wayback
^ Ivory Coast embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU Sanctions measures Template:Wayback
^ EU Guinea embargo Template:Wayback
^ Iran embargo Template:Wayback
^ Iraq embargo Template:Wayback
^ "UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place". Al Jazeera English. March 28, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ North Korea embargo Template:Wayback
^ Lebanon embargo Template:Wayback
^ Somalia embargo Template:Wayback
^ Sudan embargo Template:Wayback
^ EU Uzbekistan embargo Template:Wayback
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-11-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ EU Zimbabwe embargo Template:Wayback
^ Rwanda embargo Template:Wayback
^ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/^{[permanent dead link]}/www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html
^ EU impose arms embargo on Syria
^ [1]
^ US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making
^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 713
^ http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/29/lifts-arms-embargo-sierra-leone/

External links

Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency
US Bureau of Industry and Security
UK Current Arms Embargoes and Other Restrictions
European Commission CFSP Sanctions
SIPRI database of multilateral arms embargoes since 1990

[1] The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24

[2] Ariel Zirulnick (24 February 2011). "Sanction Qaddafi? How 5 nations have reacted to sanctions: Iran". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

[3] ttp://www.sldinfo.com/the-eu-arms-embargo-repeal-debate/ The EU Arms Embargo Repeal Debate

[4] ttps://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_/ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency

[5] OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo Template:Wayback

[6] Security Council arms embargo Template:Wayback

[7] EU Myanmar arms embargo Template:Wayback

[8] EU China arms embargo Template:Wayback

[9] US China arms embargo Template:Wayback

[10] DR Congo arms embargo Template:Wayback

[11] Ivory Coast embargo Template:Wayback

[12] EU Sanctions measures Template:Wayback

[13] EU Guinea embargo Template:Wayback

[14] Iran embargo Template:Wayback

[15] Iraq embargo Template:Wayback

[16] "UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place". Al Jazeera English. March 28, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.

[17] North Korea embargo Template:Wayback

[18] Lebanon embargo Template:Wayback

[19] Somalia embargo Template:Wayback

[20] Sudan embargo Template:Wayback

[21] EU Uzbekistan embargo Template:Wayback

[22] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-11-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[23] EU Zimbabwe embargo Template:Wayback

[24] Rwanda embargo Template:Wayback

[25] ttp://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/^{[permanent dead link]}/www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html

[26] EU impose arms embargo on Syria

[27] [1]

[28] US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making

[29] United Nations Security Council Resolution 713

[30] ttp://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/29/lifts-arms-embargo-sierra-leone/

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ===Iran===
-There have been international sanctions against Iran since 1979. {{Clarify|date=July 2010}} The [[Iran–Contra affair]] of the 1980s involved several senior [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]] officials who secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/ ''The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On'']. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24</ref>
+The United States imposed economic sanctions against Iran following the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979.  However, to secure the release of American hostages, several senior [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]] officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s, in a scandal called the [[Iran–Contra affair]].<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/ ''The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On'']. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24</ref> In 1995 the US [[Iran and Libya Sanctions Act|expanded sanctions]] to include firms dealing with the Iranian government.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ariel Zirulnick |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/0224/Sanction-Qaddafi-How-5-nations-have-reacted-to-sanctions./Iran |title=Sanction Qaddafi? How 5 nations have reacted to sanctions: Iran |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref>
 In March 2007, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747|UN Security Council Resolution 1747]] tightened the [[sanctions against Iran|sanctions imposed on Iran]] in connection with the [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iranian nuclear program]]. The UN sanctions were lifted on 16 January 2016.