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==Conservation==
==Conservation==
In 1950's the iris suffered from widespread picking. it became very rare and endangered.<ref name=cohen>{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=O. |last2=Avisham |first2=M. |date=2000 |title=The Irises still exist: The Conservation status of species Iris Section Oncocyclus in Israel, a century after their description |url=http://www.ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/ |format= |journal=Annali Di Botanica |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=29 April 2016}}</ref> In 1963, the Nature Reserves acts was established in Israel, then in 1964, the Nature Reserves Authority (NRA) was established to enforce the act and manage the various reserves. The iris can be found in the nature reserves of Nahal Misgav, Nahal Qedesh, Nahal Dishon and Nahal Bet Ha'emek in Upper Galilee, [[Nazareth]], Har Yona and Giv'at Ha-more in Lower Galilee and in [[Hula Valley]] within [[Ein Avazim]].<ref name=cohen/> It is also found in [[Jalaboun]] ([[Important Plant Area]]), which has a typical Mediterranean climate and comprises of open 'maquis' ([[chaparral]]), with olive groves and fields of [[wheat]] and pasture.<ref name=Important/>

Also the creation of the wall between Israel and Palestine also affected its habitat.<ref name=redlist/><ref name=Important/> Several hundred flower groups were trans-located to the Mount Barkan area of Mount Gilboa. Although, most of these plants died between 2-10 years<ref name=redlist/>

In 2015, it was listed as [[Rare (species)|rare]],<ref name=irisbotanique/> on the West Bank of Palestine,<ref name=status/> and parts of Israel (except on Mount Gilboa).<ref name=Danin/>

On 24 February 2016, it was assessed by the IUCN as [[vulnerable species|Vulnerable]].<ref name=redlist/> It has a restricted habitat of less than 100 km2 .<ref name=redlist/><ref name=Important>{{cite web |title=Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region: priority sites for conservation. |editor1-last=Radford |editor1-first=E.A. |editor2-last=Catullo |editor2-first= G. |editor3-last=Montmollin |editor3-first=B. de. |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/edocs/2011-014.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=IUCN |accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref>

It is now part of [[Jerusalem Botanical Garden]]'s preservation project, which includes seed collection.<ref>{{ cite web |title=Mediterranean Garden Society, South Australian Branch, Newsletter 62 Spring 2015 |date=2015 |url=http://www.mediterraneangardeningportugal.org/samgsnewsletter622015pdf.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=mediterraneangardeningportugl.org |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>




===Propagation===
===Propagation===

Revision as of 16:44, 13 October 2016

Iris haynei
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris haynei
Binomial name
Iris haynei
Synonyms

Iris haynei (Gilboa Iris) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Israel.


Biochemistry

In 2002, a genetic analysis study was carried out on I. haynei and Iris atrofusca in Israel. To find the DNA markers and phenotypic variation.[5]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[6]: 18  It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.[3][4][7] It was counted in 1977 by Avishai & Zohary,[8] then published in 1980.[9]

Taxonomy

It is written in Hebrew by אירוס הגלבוע, [10] and in Arabic as سوسن فقوعة.[11][12][13]

It has the common name of 'Gilboa Iris'.[11][10][14] 'Mount Gilboa Iris'.[7]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). 'Iris of Mount Gilboa',[15] or 'Irus Ha-Gilboa'.[16][17] The Palestinian name is 'Sawsan Gilboa'.[13][18]

The Latin specific epithet haynei refers to William Amherst Hayne (1847-1873),[19][20] (from Trinity College Cambridge),[21] who was a botanist, who went with Tristram,[12] to the ruins of Ataruz and Machaerus (Mukawir) in 1873.[22]

Although one source mistakenly, thought it was named after Friedrich Gottlob Hayne (1763–1832).[11]

It was originally found in Palestine,[23][24] and was then first published and described by John Gilbert Baker in The Gardeners' Chronicle Vol.6 on page 710 in 1876.[21][24][25]

Although occasionally, it is claimed that the plants author is Mallet (George B. Mallett, 1955- ) , (as I. haynei (Baker) Mallet ) as it was thought to be called Iris hayne before 1905, and then published in 'Gardeners' Chronicle' Vol.35 on page 266 in 1904,[9][26] but this has been rejected by other information sources.[2][24][25]

It was also published in 'Journal of the RHS' Vol.29 Proceedings on page112 in 1905.[26]

It was thought originally to be closely related to Iris sari,[23] and was once also thought to be a form of Iris atrofusca,[7][27][28] but after genetic testing in 2001, it was found to be a separate but linked species.[5][29]

It is listed as I. haynei in the Encyclopedia of Life,[30] and in the Catalogue of Life.[31] I. haynei is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS,[32] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[25]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate to Western Asia.[25]

Range

It is endemic to the ancient Samaria region,[33][7][10] of north-eastern Israel,[4][26][34] within the Lower Galilee region,[35][36] (including on Mount Tabor,[36]) in the Beit Shean Valley,[37] and found on Mount Gilboa.[29][37][27]

But it also cross adjacent borders, such as the Israeli West Bank barrier Separation Wall between Israel and Palestine,[38][39][40] by being found on the northern West Bank.[1][41]

Habitat

It grows in Mediterranean woodlands, shrublands,[1][10][11] and on rocky hillsides.[33] It is found on soils containing limestone,[27] and dolomite,[1] or at the edges of fields in terra rossa.[33] They can be found at an altitude of 150–550 m (490–1,800 ft) above sea level.[27][1]

Synecology

On Mount Gilboa, the iris can be found growing alongside Ferula communis and Euphorbia hierosolymitana, near Pistacia lentiscus and Ceratonia siliqua, and at the edges of planted Aleppo pine forests.[1]

Conservation

In 1950's the iris suffered from widespread picking. it became very rare and endangered.[42] In 1963, the Nature Reserves acts was established in Israel, then in 1964, the Nature Reserves Authority (NRA) was established to enforce the act and manage the various reserves. The iris can be found in the nature reserves of Nahal Misgav, Nahal Qedesh, Nahal Dishon and Nahal Bet Ha'emek in Upper Galilee, Nazareth, Har Yona and Giv'at Ha-more in Lower Galilee and in Hula Valley within Ein Avazim.[42] It is also found in Jalaboun (Important Plant Area), which has a typical Mediterranean climate and comprises of open 'maquis' (chaparral), with olive groves and fields of wheat and pasture.[43]

Also the creation of the wall between Israel and Palestine also affected its habitat.[1][43] Several hundred flower groups were trans-located to the Mount Barkan area of Mount Gilboa. Although, most of these plants died between 2-10 years[1]

In 2015, it was listed as rare,[7] on the West Bank of Palestine,[41] and parts of Israel (except on Mount Gilboa).[10]

On 24 February 2016, it was assessed by the IUCN as Vulnerable.[1] It has a restricted habitat of less than 100 km2 .[1][43]

It is now part of Jerusalem Botanical Garden's preservation project, which includes seed collection.[44]


Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[45] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[46]

Hybrids and Cultivars

Iris haynei has the following recorded cultivar names; 'Biggeri' and 'Haynei'.[9]

Known I. haynei crosses include; 'Arabian Knight' (Iris gatesii X I. haynei),[47], 'Galeet' (crossed with Iris hermona),[48] 'Gilmond' (crossed with Iris hermona),[49] 'Judean Bronze' (crossed with Iris auranitica),[50] 'Shah Azul' (crossed with Iris 'Judean Cream'),[51] and 'Syrian Dawn'.[52]

I. haynei is the grandparent in the following crosses; 'Gethsemane',[53] 'Shany' (Iris atropurpurea x I. haynei),[54] and 'Syrian Scroll' (Iris gatesii x I. haynei).[9][55]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[56]

Culture

One source states that Iris bismarckiana (also known as 'Iris nazareth') was chosen, as the logo of The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel,[57] but it was in fact I. haynei.[58][59][60]

In 2012, it also inspired a book, The Gilboa Iris by Zahava D Englard, who is also a journalist,[61] the book is a romance set on Mount Gilboa.[62][63]

It was also used for a postage stamp on 26 December 1978, part of a series of wild flowers.[64]

On 5 April 2016,[13] the Ministry of Environmental Affairs (Palestine) had adopted 'Sawsan Gilboa' (I. haynei) as the national plant of the State of Palestine, to go with the Olive tree (as the national tree), Palestine sunbird (national bird) and the 5th of March to be the national day for the Palestinian environment.[65]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sapir, Y. "Iris haynei". dx.doi.org (IUCN). Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Iris haynei Baker is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Solomon, E. (3 April 2005). "Iris haynei". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b Arafeh, R.M.; Sapir, Y.; Shmida, A.; Iraki, N.; Fragman, O.; Comes, H.P. (January 2002). "Patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation in Iris haynei and I. atrofusca (Iris sect. Oncocyclus = the royal irises) along an ecogeographical gradient in Israel and the West Bank". Mol Ecol. 11 (1): 39–53. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference ClaireAustin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference irisbotanique was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette (Bot. Gaz). 138 (4): 502–511. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference american was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference Danin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Martha was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference White was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c "News Details : Gilboa Iris "national plant for Palestine" (in Arabic). environment.pna.ps. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  14. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (25 May 2010). "Jewish National Fund Squaring Off Against Green Group Over Gilboa Iris". haaretz.com. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  15. ^ Zev Nave Transdisciplinary Challenges in Landscape Ecology and Restoration Ecology, an Anthology (2007), p. 148, at Google Books
  16. ^ Blackhall-Miles, Robbie (12 May 2014). "Botanising Israel, an epic adventure of war and wildflowers, part 2". fossilplants.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  17. ^ Lees, Stephanie (4 October 2013). "Reasons to Tour Israel in the Spring". blog.giltravel.com. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  18. ^ "Sawsan Gilboa rarely shines by Palestinian Mount Gilboa". asdapress.com. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  19. ^ "Hayne, William Amherst (1847-1873)". jstor.org. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  20. ^ "From the Gilboa Iris to Mount Barkan". tiuli.com. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  21. ^ a b Henry Baker Tristram The Fauna and Flora of Palestine (1884), p. 423, at Google Books
  22. ^ Carlos E. Cordova Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan: Geoarchaeology and Cultural Ecology, p. 87, at Google Books
  23. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Weathers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b c "Iridaceae Iris haynei Baker". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 3 October 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 10 (help)
  25. ^ a b c d "Taxon: Iris haynei Baker". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  26. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference European was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference rare was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  29. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference tuberosa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ "Iris haynei". eol.org. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  31. ^ Govaerts, R. (19 April 2004). "Accepted scientific name: Iris haynei Baker (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  32. ^ "Iris haynei". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  33. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference british was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference plantsmen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference bees was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ a b "Mount Tabor Nature Reserve and National Park". parks.org.il. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  37. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference top10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ "Palestine". plantlife.org (Plantlife. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  39. ^ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (May 2015). "Plants and Animals unique to Palestine". Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 125: 1–18. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  40. ^ "State of Palestine, Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity" (PDF). IUCN and UNEP. 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  41. ^ a b Isaac, Dr. Jad; Rishmawi, Dr. Khaldoun, eds. (December 2015). "Status Of The Environment In The State Of Palestine 2015" (PDF). arji.org (Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem (ARIJ)). Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  42. ^ a b Cohen, O.; Avisham, M. (2000). "The Irises still exist: The Conservation status of species Iris Section Oncocyclus in Israel, a century after their description". Annali Di Botanica. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  43. ^ a b c Radford, E.A.; Catullo, G.; Montmollin, B. de. (eds.). "Important Plant Areas of the south and east Mediterranean region: priority sites for conservation" (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  44. ^ "Mediterranean Garden Society, South Australian Branch, Newsletter 62 Spring 2015" (PDF). mediterraneangardeningportugl.org. 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  45. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  46. ^ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  47. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Arabian Knight') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  48. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Galeet') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  49. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Gilmond') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  50. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Judean Bronze') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  51. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Shah Azul') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  52. ^ "Arilbred Iris (Iris 'Syrian Dawn') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  53. ^ "Arilbred Iris (Iris 'Gethsemane') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  54. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Shany') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  55. ^ "Arilbred Iris (Iris 'Syrian Scroll') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  56. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
  57. ^ "Iris Nazareth - A Famous Israeli Flower". israelinsideout.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  58. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (11 September 2006). "Caution, Iris Ahead!". haaretz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  59. ^ Alon Tal All the Trees of the Forest: Israel's Woodlands from the Bible to the Present, p. 260, at Google Books
  60. ^ "Israel Environment Bulletin Autumn 1992-5753, Vol. 15, No. 4". mfa.gov.il. 21 Dec 1998. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  61. ^ Englard, Zahava (1 June 2012). "Nationalist activists send shockwaves throughout Judea and Samaria". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  62. ^ Englard, Zahava D. (2012). The Gilboa Iris. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-574-3.
  63. ^ "The Gilboa Iris". gefenpublishing.com. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  64. ^ "Stamp catalog : Stamp › Iris Haynei". colnect.com. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  65. ^ "EQA: "Gilboa Iris" endemic in our land and our national right to prove it" (in Arabic). wafa.ps. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.

Other sources

  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 50-51.
  • Sapir, Y. et al. 2002. Morphological variation of the Oncocyclus irises (Iris: Iridaceae) in the southern Levant Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139:369-382.
  • Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan Flora palaestina. 1966- (F Palest)

External links

Media related to Iris haynei at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris haynei at Wikispecies

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