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'''''Iris gatesii''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from the mountains of [[Turkey]] and [[Iraq]].
'''''Iris gatesii''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from the mountains of [[Turkey]] and [[Iraq]].

==Description==
It has a small,<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie3-106518511.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |language=French |accessdate=18 September 2016}}</ref> compact and stout rhizome,<ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) |page=248}}</ref><ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997){{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=75}}</ref><ref name=Lynch> Richard Lynch {{Google books|grvYTul5CSUC|The Book of the Iris (1904)|page=113}}</ref> which is about 2cm in diameter.<ref name=british/> They are very similar in form to ''[[Iris susiana]]''.<ref name=Lynch/> They form creeping plants,<ref name=Hooker>{{cite journal |last=Hooker |first=J.D. |date=1902 |title=Iris gatesii |format= |journal=Curtis’s Botanical Magazine Series 3 |publisher= |volume=128 |issue=58 |pages= |doi= }}</ref> that can spread up to 1 or 2 feet wide.<ref name=randy>{{cite web |first=Randy |last=Stewart |title=Iris |date=13 February 2010 |url=http://rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/hollies-new-improved-re-edited-repost.html |publisher=rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk |accessdate=10 December 2014}}</ref>



===Biochemistry===
===Biochemistry===
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>{{rp|18}}
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>{{rp|18}}
It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.<ref name=pacific/><ref name=irisbotanique/> It was counted in June 1956, ''I. gatesii'', ''[[Iris susiana]]'', ''[[Iris lortetii]]'', and ''[[Iris sofarana]]'' were found to have exclusively chromosomes with sub-terminal centromeres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Jyotirmay |date=June 1956 |title=Karyotype Analysis of Bearded Iris |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2473138?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |format= |journal=Botanical Gazette |publisher= |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=265-293 |doi= |accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> It was also counted in 1977 by Avishai & Zohary.<ref name=american/><ref name=Zohary>{{cite journal |last=Avishai |first=Michael |last2=Zohary |first2=Daniel |date=1977 |title=Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473887?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |format= |journal=[[Botanical Gazette]] (Bot. Gaz) |publisher= |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages= 502-511 |doi= |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.<ref name=pacific/><ref name=irisbotanique/> It was counted in June 1956, ''I. gatesii'', ''Iris susiana'', ''[[Iris lortetii]]'', and ''[[Iris sofarana]]'' were found to have exclusively chromosomes with sub-terminal centromeres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Jyotirmay |date=June 1956 |title=Karyotype Analysis of Bearded Iris |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2473138?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |format= |journal=Botanical Gazette |publisher= |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=265-293 |doi= |accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> It was also counted in 1977 by Avishai & Zohary.<ref name=american/><ref name=Zohary>{{cite journal |last=Avishai |first=Michael |last2=Zohary |first2=Daniel |date=1977 |title=Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473887?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |format= |journal=[[Botanical Gazette]] (Bot. Gaz) |publisher= |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages= 502-511 |doi= |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>
In 2014, it was found that the [[genome]] of the [[plastid]], found in the iris, unlike [[orchid]] genomes, has little gene loss and rearrangement and is likely to be similar to other genomes from [[Asparagales]] order.<ref name=Plastid/>
In 2014, it was found that the [[genome]] of the [[plastid]], found in the iris, unlike [[orchid]] genomes, has little gene loss and rearrangement and is likely to be similar to other genomes from [[Asparagales]] order.<ref name=Plastid/>


Revision as of 16:54, 22 September 2016

Iris gatesii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris gatesii
Binomial name
Iris gatesii
Synonyms

none known,[1]

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq.

Description

It has a small,[2] compact and stout rhizome,[3][4][5] which is about 2cm in diameter.[4] They are very similar in form to Iris susiana.[5] They form creeping plants,[6] that can spread up to 1 or 2 feet wide.[7]


Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8]: 18  It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.[9][2] It was counted in June 1956, I. gatesii, Iris susiana, Iris lortetii, and Iris sofarana were found to have exclusively chromosomes with sub-terminal centromeres.[10] It was also counted in 1977 by Avishai & Zohary.[11][12] In 2014, it was found that the genome of the plastid, found in the iris, unlike orchid genomes, has little gene loss and rearrangement and is likely to be similar to other genomes from Asparagales order.[13]

Taxonomy

Illustration from Curtis's botanical magazine in 1902

In America, it was once known as 'Monarch Iris',[11][14] and as the 'Prince of Irises'.[15][5]

The Latin specific epithet gatesii refers to Rev. Gates,[16] an American Missionary staying in Mardin, Northern Mesopotamia,[17] (now part of Turkey). Some sources name him as 'Rev. T. J. Gates',[17] others as 'Rev T.G. Gates',[5][15] or 'Rev. F.S. Gates'.[6][16]

Although, Caleb Frank Gates, (1857-1946),[18] was a more known missionary at the time. Born in Chicago,[19] Illinois and graduated from Chicago Theological School in 1881. He then travelled to Mardin, before returning in 1883, and marrying Mary Ellen Moore (from Chicago). They then returned to Mardin from 1885 to 1894. He was later president of Euphrates College, in Harput. In 1903, he moved to Istanbul and became president of Robert College.[20] He stayed at the college during the first World War and then in 1918 returned to the US. Before returning to Robert College between 1921-1922. He retired in 1923 and died on 9 April 1946 in Denver, Colorado.[21][22] His son is Caleb Frank Gates, an American historian who served as Chancellor of the University of Denver.

'I. gatesii' was found near Mardin,[13] in the mountains of Kurdistan,[23] by the botanist, collector and bulb nurseryman Paul Sintenis,[23] who worked for Mr. Max Leichtlin (from Baden Baden, Germany),[6][23] with the help of Rev. Gates.[5]

It was then first published by Michael Foster in the 'Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society' (J. Roy. Hort. Soc.) Volume 11 on page 144 in 1889,[16] then in fully described in Gardeners' Chronicle series 3, Volume 8, page18 on 5 July 1890,[5][24] with an illustration.[23]

It was later published in The Garden Feb 18 1893, page 130 (with illustration on plate 897),[5] in the Botanical Magazine 7867 in 1902 (with illustration) and in the 'Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society' 39 page 287 in 1971.[3]

It gained an FCC ('First Class Certificate', awarded by the RHS,[25]) in 1891 when shown by Van Tubergen (bulb nursery).[23] It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[24] It is listed in the Catalogue of Life,[26] and is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS.[27]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia,[24] mainly in Asia Minor.[14]

Range

Some sources state that it is found in Armenia,[16][5] but it range is more to the north of that region,[6] in South-eastern Turkey,[9][28][29] (within the districts of Urfa, Mardin and Siirt).[4] It is also found in north-eastern Iraq.[9][28][30] (within the districts of Amadiya and Penjwin).[4]

Habitat

It grows on rocky limestone hillsides,[13][30] on steppes,[23] on slopes and in rock crevices.[4] They can be found at an altitude of 1,050 to 2,000 m (3,440 to 6,560 ft) above sea level.[23][4][15]

Conservation

It is range and habitat is a small region,[13] and the plant was listed by the IUCN as 'rare'.[23][31] As of September 2016, it was currently un-assessed, and the effects of the Gulf war are unknown and undetermined.[32]

Cultivation

Due to its range being much farther north than most Oncocyclus irises,[4] it is more hardy in cultivation,[23] than others.[33] It is hardy to between USDA Zone 8 to 9.[7]

It prefers to grow in well drained soils,[7][14] including light rich loam diluted with 1/3 old mortar rubble,[34] or rich compost.[35] It also likes a deep limestone gravel mulch.[7][35]

It prefers sites in full sun,[7][14] and can be grown in raised bed,[34] or an open border.[6] It likes moisture at the root tips, but the rhizomes are liable to rot in excessive water.[35]

It is recommended (by Dykes) to be planted in October,[17] with the rhizomes planted about 2 inches from the surface.[7]

It is susceptible to virus infections when in cultivation,[4] including from Iris mosaic virus.[36] Which produces some necrotic lesions in the leaves and then followed by systemic leaf chlorosis. This strain of virus also attacks Belamcanda chinensis, Iris pumila and Iris ricardi.[37]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[38] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[39]

Hybrids and Cultivars

In 1897, an illustration in The Garden magazine of 31 July, showed a border in Mr Van Tubergen's nursery with 400 flowers, which are the results of 3 seasons of cultivation of the irises.[5]

It has several cultivars such as 'Bailey's Cream',[40] 'Corn Yellow', 'Gatesii Ball',[41] and 'Hand Of God'.[11][42]

It has also been used in several crosses with other irises. Including; 'I. gatesii' X Iris sari - 'Abou Ben Adhem',[43] 'I. gatesii' X Iris lortetii – 'Aphrodite' and 'Bedouin Queen',[44] 'I. gatesii' X Iris susiana – 'Tehama',[45] 'I. gatesii' X Iris haynei - 'Arabian Knight',[46] 'I. gatesii' X Iris mariae - 'Desert Gem',[47] 'I. gatesii' X Iris nazarena - 'Platinum Diamond',[48] 'I. gatesii' X Iris korolkowii - 'Dream Step',[49] and 'Eos'.[11][50]

Tall Bearded Iris 'Parisiana' x 'I. gatesii' has used in hybridization since 1930's,[51] including Iris 'William Mohr'.[33][52]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[53]

References

  1. ^ "Iris gatesii Foster is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ a b James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 248, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 75, at Google Books
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris (1904), p. 113, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b c d e Hooker, J.D. (1902). "Iris gatesii". Curtis’s Botanical Magazine Series 3. 128 (58).
  7. ^ a b c d e f Stewart, Randy (13 February 2010). "Iris". rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference ClaireAustin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference pacific was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Mitra, Jyotirmay (June 1956). "Karyotype Analysis of Bearded Iris". Botanical Gazette. 117 (4): 265–293. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference american was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette (Bot. Gaz). 138 (4): 502–511. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Plastid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Butterfield was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b c Archibald, Jim (September 1999). "Silken Sad Uncertain Queens" (PDF). 67. Retrieved 9 July 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ a b c d "Iridaceae Iris gatesii Foster". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  17. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference handbook was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "A Christian business man; biography of Deacon C.F. Gates". archive.org. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  19. ^ John S. Guest Survival Among The Kurds, p. 155, at Google Books
  20. ^ "Gates, Caleb Frank 1857-1946". worldcat.org. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  21. ^ Caryn Hannan Illinois Biographical Dictionary, p. 276, at Google Books
  22. ^ "Dr Caleb Frank Gates, Sr". findagrave.com. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cite error: The named reference rare was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b c "Taxon: Iris gatesii Foster". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  25. ^ Currier McEwen The Japanese Iris, p. 114, at Google Books
  26. ^ Govaerts, R. (5 September 2014). "Accepted scientific name: Iris gatesii Foster (accepted name)". eol.org. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  27. ^ "Iris gatesii". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  28. ^ a b Kaššák, Pavol (2012). "Secondary Metabolites Of The Choosen Genus Iris Species" (PDF). Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. 32 (8): 269–280. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  29. ^ Dominguez, Rafael Diez (25 November 2005). "Iris gatesii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  30. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference alpine was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ "Gulf War Environmental Information Service Impact On The Land And Atmosphere" (PDF). unep.org United Nations Environment Programme. 5 February 1991. Retrieved 31 March 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Environmental Effects of the Gulf War Part 2" (PDF). World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 5 February 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  33. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Rainbow was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ a b Balimgardt, John Philip (1970). Bulbs for Summer Bloom.
  35. ^ a b c Taggart, D. (5 January 2010). "Iris gatesii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  36. ^ Bbierley, Philip (15 October 1936). "A Mosaic Disease Of Iris" (PDF). Journal of Agricultural Research. 53 (8). Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  37. ^ Brunt, A. A.; Derks, A. F. L. M.; Barnett, O. W. "Iris severe mosaic virus". dpvweb.net. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  38. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  39. ^ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  40. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Bailey's Cream') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 16 (help)
  41. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Gatesii Ball') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 40 (help)
  42. ^ "Aril Iris (Iris 'Hand of God') in the Irises Database". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 39 (help)
  43. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Abou Ben Adhem')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  44. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris BedouinQueen')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  45. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Tehana')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  46. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Arabian Knight')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  47. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Desert Gem')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  48. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Platinum Diamond')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  49. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Dream Step')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  50. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris Eos')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  51. ^ F. Wynn HellingsThe Modern Flower Garden 5. Irises - With Chapters on the Genus and its Species and Raising Seedlings (1822), p. 45, at Google Books
  52. ^ "Aril Iris ('Iris 'William Mohr')". garden.org. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  53. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 49-50.
  • Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest Flora of Iraq. 1966- (F Iraq)
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