Hong Kong independence: Difference between revisions
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'''Hong Kong independence movement''' ({{zh-t|香港獨立運動}}) is a emerging movement in Hong Kong that advocates [[Hong Kong]] becoming an independent sovereign state. Hong Kong is a special administrative region (SAR) which enjoys "high autonomy" under the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) since the [[transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong]] from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997. Since the handover, many Hongkongers are concerned about Beijing’s growing encroachment on the territory’s freedoms and the failure of the Hong Kong government to deliver democracy.<ref name="rally">{{cite news|title=Hong Kong Makes History with First Pro-Independence Rally|first=Liam|last=Fitzpatrick|work=TIME|url=http://time.com/4440708/hong-kong-independence-china-localist/}}</ref> |
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[[File:Hong Kong Independence Movement Flag.svg|thumbnail|Hong Kong independence flag designed by activists based on the blue of the colonial flag and the colonial coat of arms with the addition of the characters "香港" ("Hong Kong" in Chinese) on the shield.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}]] |
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[[File:Hong Kong independence flag.svg|thumbnail|Another Hong Kong independence flag. This one is based on the logo of the abolished [[Urban Council (Hong Kong)|Urban Council]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}]] |
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The '''Hong Kong independence movement''' ({{zh|t=香港獨立運動|s=香港独立运动|first=t}}) is a [[political movement|movement]] that advocates [[Hong Kong]] becoming an independent sovereign state.<ref>安平，[http://www.chinanews.com.cn/news/2005/2005-02-06/26/538140.shtml "港独"暗流涌动网际 与各路分裂势力关系密切]，中国新闻网，中新社香港，2005-02-06</ref> Following the [[Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|handover]] of Hong Kong to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC), many Hongkongers have expressed concern on governance by the [[Communist Party of China]] over issues surrounding justice, freedom, democratic development, as well as Hong Kong's well-developed [[economic environment]] after becoming a [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative region]]. Some of them want the current [[Hong Kong|SAR]] to become a sovereign [[city-state]] like [[Singapore]], also a former crown colony of the British Empire. According to [[University of Hong Kong|HKPOP]]'s 2007 poll, 25% of Hong Kongers preferred an independent Hong Kong rather than an SAR ruled by the PRC, an increase from 22% in 2005, while 64.7% of interviewees thought it should not be independent. 33% of interviewees said they would prefer independence if the Communist Party still rules the PRC in 2047, when the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] expires, but stated that they would prefer to remain part of the country if and only if the Communist Party reforms the PRC into a full democracy with universal suffrage.<ref>[http://hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/release/release529.html]《香港大學民意網站》「香港、台灣、澳門、沖繩民眾文化與國家認同國際比較調查」2007</ref> |
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In the wake of the [[2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform]] which Beijing restricted the electoral method for the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]] (CE), the highest-ranking official of the territory, and sparked the 79-day massive protests which was dubbed as the "[[Umbrella Revolution]]", pro-independence movement emerged on the Hong Kong political scene.<ref name="rally"/> According to a survey survey conducted by the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (CUHK) in July 2016, around one-sixth of Hong Kong’s population support the city becoming an independent entity after 2047.<ref>{{cite web|title=CUHK survey finds nearly 40% of young Hongkongers want independence after 2047|date=25 July 2016|first=Gene|last=Lin|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/07/25/17-hongkongers-support-independence-2047-especially-youth-cuhk-survery/|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> |
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This movement should not be confused with the [[Hong Kong Autonomy Movement]], which rather than advocate independence from the PRC, demands that the PRC allow the Hong Kong people a high degree of autonomy, and implement the autonomy promised at the Handover of 1997. |
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== |
==History== |
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===Colonial period=== |
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[[File:Flag of Hong Kong 1959.svg|thumb|right|240px|The Hong Kong colonial flag (with the [[Junk (ship)|junks]] in the [[Coat of arms of Hong Kong|coat of arms]] on the flag being yellow, instead of brown/maroon, being an erroneous depiction widely circulated on-line, like the one shown above) was partly seen as a symbol of the independence movement.]] |
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{{see also|History of Hong Kong}} |
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| ⚫ | [[Hong Kong Island]] was first ceded as a [[crown colony]] to Britain from the [[Qing Empire]] in 1841 during the [[First Opium War]]. The other parts of Hong Kong, [[Kowloon]] and the [[New Territories]] were ceded permanently and leased for 99 years to Britain in 1860 [[Convention of Peking]] and 1898 [[Second Convention of Peking]] respectively.<ref name="Courtauld">{{cite book|last=Courtauld|first=Caroline|last2=Holdsworth|first2=May|last3=Vickers|first3=Simon|year=1997|title=The Hong Kong Story|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=38–58|isbn=978-0-19-590353-9}}</ref><ref name="HoeRoebuck">{{cite book|last=Hoe|first=Susanna|last2=Roebuck|first2=Derek|year=1999|title=The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=203|isbn=978-0-7007-1145-1}}</ref><ref name="Wiltshire">{{cite book|first=Trea|last=Wiltshire|title=Old Hong Kong|volume=Volume II: 1901–1945|page=148|publisher=FormAsia Books|edition=5th|year=1997|isbn=962-7283-13-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/www/english/life/travel/chinamap/2010-07/548745.html|title=History of Hong Kong|newspaper=[[Global Times]]|date=6 July 2010|accessdate=31 August 2010}}</ref> Although the Chinese government, governed by the [[Kuomintang]] led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] initially intended to take back the territory, Britain resumed control of Hong Kong in 1945 after the [[Second World War]], in which Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for three years and eight months. There were few advocates for Hong Kong independence during the post-war period, notably Ma Man-fai and the Hong Kong Democratic Self-Government Party in the 1960s but the fruitless movement ceased to exist without substantial support. |
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In the last year of the 1970s to early 1980s, the question of Hong Kong sovereignty emerged on Hong Kong's political scene as the end of the New Territories lease was approaching. Before that, Hong Kong and [[Macau]] were both removed from the [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]], in which territories on the list would have the right to be independent, on 2 November 1972 by request of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although there were advocacies for Hong Kong independence, the majority of the Hong Kong population, many of whom were political, economic or war refugees from the [[Chinese Civil War]] and the Communist regime on the mainland China, wished to maintain the status quo. The request for a Hong Kong representative in the Sino-British negotiation was rejected by Beijing. In 1984, the British and Chinese governments signed the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] which stated that the sovereignty of Hong Kong should be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997, and Hong Kong should enjoy "high autonomy" under the "[[One Country, Two Systems]]" principle. |
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| first = Joseph Patrick |
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| last = Byrne |
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| title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA499&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false |
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| publisher=ABC-CLIO |
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| year = 2008 |
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| page = 499 |
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| isbn = 0-313-34102-8}} |
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</ref> |
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From 1983 to 1997, Hong Kong saw an influx of emigrants to overseas countries, especially in the wake of the 1989 [[Tiananmen Square crackdown]], which more than a million Hongkongers showed up on the streets to support to student protesters in Beijing. The Tiananmen incident also led to the emergence of the local democracy movement, which demanded a faster pace of democratisation before and after 1997. |
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The [[ethnic majority]] of Hong Kong is [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], including natives and immigrants from [[mainland China]].<ref>[http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/wk_wzdetails.asp?id=2909 中国大陆迁入香港的人口研究] 李若建 香港中文大學 中國研究大學服務中心 2008/08/30</ref> Most of them escaped to Hong Kong due to periods of [[unrest]] in [[mainland China]], such as the [[Chinese Civil War|Civil War]] and the [[Cultural Revolution]]. A sense of Chinese ethnicity and Hong Kong citizenship is stronger than Chinese citizenship.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7490000/newsid_7495000/7495024.stm 香港人的身份認同] 香港觀察 譚衛兒 第一段:''若別人問我們是不是中國人,我們不會否認。''</ref><ref>http://hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release937.html</ref> |
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===After 1997=== |
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On 16 December 1946, the United Nations [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] assented that colonies, such as [[Singapore]], Hong Kong and [[Macau]], had the right to be independent. In 1960, [[United Nations resolution|UN Resolution]] 1514 was approved, which advocated that all colonies should be formally independent if they desire. In 1972, the permanent UN seat of the [[Republic of China]] was replaced by the People's Republic of China. Both Hong Kong and Macau were later removed from the list on 2 November 1972 by request of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The PRC insisted that Hong Kong was an internal Chinese matter, and to be solved by the Chinese government "in an appropriate way when conditions are ripe."<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Hong Kong|first=John M.|last=Carroll|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2007|page=176}}</ref> |
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{{see also|Democratic development in Hong Kong|Localism in Hong Kong}} |
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Since 1997, the implementation of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45]] and Article 68, which stated that the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] (CE) and the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] (LegCo) should be chosen by [[universal suffrage]], dominated the political agenda in Hong Kong. The [[pro-democracy camp]], one of the two largest political alignments in the territory, has called for the early implementation of the universal suffrage since the 1980s. After [[Hong Kong 1 July marches#2003|more than 500,000 people protested]] against the legislation of national security law as stipulated in the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Basic Law Article 23]] on 1 July 2003, the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] (NPCSC) in April 2004 ruled out universal suffrage before 2012.<ref name=yeung2008>Yeung, Rikkie. ''Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong''. University of Hong kong Press (2008)</ref> |
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Since 2003, many Hongkongers perceived Beijing's growing encroachment on the Hong Kong's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs and the erosions of the their freedoms.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong suffers identity crisis as China's influence grows|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/china-hong-kong-identity-crisis|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="timeout">{{cite news|title=Localism: Why is support for the political perspective growing - and who's behind it?|url=http://www.timeout.com.hk/big-smog/features/73236/localism-why-is-support-for-the-political-perspective-growing-and-whos-behind-it.html|date=1 July 2015}}</ref> In 2009 and 2010, the construction of the Hong Kong section of the [[XRL|high-speed rail link to Guangzhou]] (XRL) escalated to [[Hong Kong Express Rail Link controversy|a series of massive protests]]. Many protesters accused of the Hong Kong government spending HK$69.9 billion (US$9 billion) for a unnecessary railway just to please Beijing.<ref>Law Wing-seng, Collaborative colonial power, The Making of the Hong Kong Chinese, Hong Kong University Press, 2009</ref> Some also feared it was for the [[People's Liberation Army]] to mobilise its troop quicker. In 2012, the government's plan to carry out [[moral and national education]] sparked controversy as it was accused of praising the [[Communist Party of China]] and [[Chinese nationalist]] ideology on the one hand, and condemning democracy and "western values' on the other.<ref>CBCNews. [www.cbc.ca/news/world/hong-kong-fears-pro-china-brainwashing-in-education-1.1296013 Hong Kong fears pro-China brainwashing in education]. The Associated Press. 7 September 2012</ref> |
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After the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|replacement]], the PRC proposed bilateral negotiations between China and Britain to resolve the Hong Kong sovereignty issue. Although China opposed Britain's attempts to push through last-minute democratic reform in Hong Kong on technical grounds,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hong Kong's Reunion with China: The Global Dimensions|first=Gerard|last=Postiglione|first2=James|last2=Tang|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1997|page=96}}</ref> it did not oppose [[representative democracy]] in Hong Kong in principle; it only objected to "the introduction of any independence movement".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Tu|first=Elsie|last=Elliot|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2003|pages=135–136}}</ref> When the negotiations started, the mainland officials demanded that only the colonial powers were to negotiate the terms of the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] and the [[Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]] directly with China, isolating public consultation from the political processes up to the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] and the [[transfer of sovereignty over Macau]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=East and West: China, Power, and the Future of Asia|first=Christopher|last=Patten|publisher=Crown|year=1999|page=32}}</ref> |
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In 2011, there was an emergence of [[localism in Hong Kong|localist sentiments]], some of them took the [[anti-immigration]] [[nativism (politics)|nativist]] stance, fearing mainland Chinese [[New immigrants in Hong Kong|new immigrants]], [[Individual Visit Scheme|tourists]] and [[Parallel trading in Hong Kong|parallel traders]] would threaten the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong. In 2011, scholar [[Chin Wan]] published ''On the Hong Kong City-State'' to argue for a "localist" perspective and to abandon the "Chinese national sentiment". It triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong 香港 地元の意識、三つの視点|date=3 November 2014|journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal|volume=12|issue=44|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Ho_fung-Hung/4207|first=Ho Fung|last=Hung}}</ref> |
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Since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, Hong Kong's [[press freedom]] has slowly deteriorated. The advocacy of Hong Kong or [[Taiwan independence]] has become illegal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Media in Hong Kong: Press Freedom and Political Change, 1967–2005|first=Carol|last=Lai|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2007|page=83}}</ref> |
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===Emergence of pro-independence movement=== |
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The ''Undergrad'', the official publication of the [[Hong Kong University Students' Union]] (HKUSU), from February 2014, published a few articles on the subject of a Hong Kong nation including “The Hong Kong nation deciding its own fate” and “Democracy and Independence for Hong Kong”. [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] [[Leung Chun-ying]] used his 2015 New Year’s policy address to direct harsh criticism at the magazine for promoting Hong Kong independence, fanning both the debate and sales of the book ''Hong Kong Nationalism'' which featured the articles.<ref>{{cite news|title=HK following in Taiwan’s footsteps|first=John|last=Lim|date=31 January 2015|newspaper=Taipei Times|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2015/01/31/2003610465}}</ref> |
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Some main reasons that caused the movement are listed below:{{synthesis-inline|date=March 2016}} |
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On 31 August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) set restriction on the [[2014 Hong Kong electoral reform|electoral method of the Chief Executive]], in which any candidate should be screen through by a Beijing-controlled nominating committee before standing in the election. The NPCSC decision triggered a historic 79-days occupation protest which was dubbed as "[[Umbrella Revolution]]". The failure of the campaign for a free and genuine democracy strengthened the pro-independence discourse, as they view it as the failure of the "One Country, Two Systems" and an independent state is the only way out. |
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*[[Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots|Leftist Riot]] in 1967.{{whom|date=March 2016}} |
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*The [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] of 1984 declared that the Britain would return all territories of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997. |
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*The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] incited concern and skepticism over the PRC government's commitment to democracy. It also caused more Hong Kong people to worry about the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]], and eventually led to the mass migration wave of 1989.{{whom|date=March 2016}} |
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*The [[Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012|controversial political reforms in 2012]].{{whom|date=March 2016}} |
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*Difference in ideology between Hong Kong and the PRC: Hong Kong has been a developed [[capitalist economy]] since the 1980s. Although there is one [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] article which states that Hong Kong's systems and policies shall remain unchanged for 50 years, some people still believe that the PRC socialist regime will ruin Hong Kong's original economic environment and freedom. Politically, some people are afraid that Hong Kong will never have democracy under PRC governance. |
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*The proposed enactment of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23]], [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]].{{whom|date=March 2016}} |
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*[[Early 2012 Hong Kong protests]]{{whom|date=March 2016}} |
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* [[2014 Hong Kong protests]]{{whom|date=March 2016}} |
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''Sources'':<ref>[http://hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/columns/columns22.html 誰能發動50萬人上街？兼談大遊行對香港政治傳播的衝擊]，陳韜文教授、鍾庭耀博士，2003年7月25日</ref><ref>[http://hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/columns/columns21.html 反23與反董是7.1遊行的共同目標]，陳韜文教授、鍾庭耀博士，2003年7月15日</ref><ref>[http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/chinese/reports/cnw/cnw0797b.htm 香港人權監察對居權證的意見]</ref><ref name="cpu_990513_tong">[http://www.cpu.gov.hk/tc/documents/conference/c-rtong.rtf 湯家驊於中央政策組論壇發言稿]</ref><ref>[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=CCPR/C/SR.2351&Lang=E CCPR/C/SR.2351 英文版]</ref><ref>[http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/reports/99ICCPR.html#2_1 香港人權監察向人權委員員會說明香港1999年人權狀況]</ref><ref>[http://www.dphk.org/e_site/research/human991029.htm 香港民主黨向人權委員會說明香港1999年人權狀況]</ref> |
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The ''Undergrad'' again published an article in March 2016 headed “Hong Kong Youth’s Declaration” argues for Hong Kong independence on expiry of the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in 2047. It demands a democratic government be set up after 2047 and for the public to draw up the Hong Kong constitution. It also denounces the Hong Kong government for becoming a “puppet” of the Communist Party, “weakening” the city’s autonomy. Leung Chun-ying dismissed the claim, stating that “Hong Kong has been a part of China since ancient times, and this is a fact that will not change after 2047.”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1925691/hku-student-magazine-says-hong-kong-should-become|title=HKU student magazine says Hong Kong should become independent from China after 2047|first1=Owen|last1=Fung|first2=Tony|last2=Cheung|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> |
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== Proposed state == |
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Independence advocates hope to create a democratic "Republic of Hong Kong", independent from China. Some hope a contest should be hosted to vote for the future [[flag of Hong Kong]]. New passports should be created. In the meantime, Hong Kong independence advocates want recognition in the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]].<ref>[http://www.hkfront.org/]</ref> There is also a possibility that such a state would join the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] as a former territory of the [[British Empire]], or request status as a [[British Overseas Territory]]. Possible support for this was indicated by an online poll, but its representativeness and validity is suspect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/hong-kong-03142013141313.html}}</ref> |
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In the [[Hong Kong legislative election, 2016|2016 Legislative Council election]], [[Hong Kong LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy|six pro-independence activists were disqualified]], including [[Hong Kong Indigenous]]' [[Edward Leung]] and [[Hong Kong National Party]]'s Chan Ho-tin, by the [[Electoral Affairs Commission]] (EAC), in which the government argued that their pro-independence stances did not comply with the Basic Law Article 1 which stated that Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China and {{Cite Hong Kong ordinance|name=Legislative Council Ordinance|542|40|1|b}} which required all candidates to uphold the Basic Law and pledge allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. On 5 August, the Hong Kong pro-independence activistslaunched a rally which was dubbed “first pro-independence rally in Hong Kong” and drew about 2,500 people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong localists remain defiant at ‘historic’ rally|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=5 August 2016|first1=Joyce|last1=Ng|first2=Tony|last2=Cheung|first3=Owen|last3=Fung|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1999664/more-1000-hong-kong-police-mobilised-localist-rally}}</ref> |
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== Comments by Chinese government == |
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According to Zhang Dinghuai, a political scientist at [[Shenzhen University]], those people who call for Hong Kong's "independence" represent a small minority amid a larger Chinese population which is pained by "the painful memory of national disintegration".<ref name="Zhang">{{Cite news|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/742702.shtml|title='HK independence' an empty argument|first=Dinghuai|last=Zhang|date=2012-11-06|accessdate=2012-11-16|publisher=Global Times}}</ref> Zhang pointed out that Beijing already grants Hong Kong a large level of autonomy, and that independentist complaints about the [[National People's Congress]]'s power to interpret [[Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong|Court of Final Appeal]] decisions were unreasonable for a non-sovereign state.<ref name="Zhang"/> |
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On 20 September 2012 [[Chen Zuo'er]], former deputy director at the [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]], said he was "heartbroken" by protestors who waved [[Blue Ensign|British colonial flags]] and demanded "Chinese scram back to China" during protests against cross-border traders in [[Sheung Shui]].<ref name="Chen">{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1041877/handover-official-chen-zuoer-laments-british-flags-protests#comments|title=Handover official Chen Zuo'er laments British flags at protests|first=Gary|last=Cheung|first2=Thomas|last2=Chan|date=2012-09-21|accessdate=2012-11-16|publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref> On 1 October 2012 protesters again waved the [[Flag of Hong Kong#Historical flags|Blue Ensign of Hong Kong]] and chanted "We are Hongkongers, not Chinese [nationals]" in front of the Central Government's [[Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Liaison office in Hong Kong]].<ref name="SCMP">{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1074431/protests-express-freedom-not-pro-independence-sentiment|title=Protests express freedom, not independence sentiment|date=2012-11-02|accessdate=2012-11-16|publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref> In response on 12 October, [[Lu Ping]], a former director and Chen's boss at the [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]], caused a minor controversy when he called the protesters "morons", asking "Do they know where the water they are daily drinking comes from?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/letters/article/1059029/letters-editor-october-12-2012|title=Letters to the Editor, October 12, 2012: HK can't do without mainland|first=Ping|last=Lu|publisher=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name="Cheung"/> On 31 October, the ''[[Global Times]]'' advocated a cool response to independentists, explaining that separatist feelings in Hong Kong were a result of resentment at mainland China's economic development, which has robbed some Hongkongers of a "sense of superiority" over mainlanders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/741416.shtml|title=HK independence no more than an empty slogan|date=2012-10-31|accessdate=2012-11-16|publisher=Global Times}}</ref> |
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Political parties supported Hong Kong independence included [[Hong Kong Indigenous]], [[Hong Kong National Party]] and [[Youngspiration]]. Youngspiration called for the [[right to self-determination]] on Hong Kong sovereignty. [[Localism in Hong Kong|Localist]] activist group [[Civic Passion]] has expressed its support for Hong Kong independence but also called for the amendment of the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]]. [[Demosisto]] also calls for the right to self-determination to determine Hong Kong's future after 2047 when the [[One Country, Two Systems]] principle as promised in the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] and the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] is supposed to expire, although the party does not have an official stance on whether it supports an independent Hong Kong.<ref name="mission">{{cite web|url=https://www.demosisto.hk/mission?lang=en#self-initiation|work= Demosistō|title=Mission}}</ref> Other parties such as the [[Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence]] (BSHI) and the [[Hong Kong Independence Party]] call for the return to the British rule. |
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According to a survey survey conducted by the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] (CUHK) in July 2016, around one-sixth of Hong Kong’s population support the city becoming an independent entity after 2047.<ref>{{cite web|title=CUHK survey finds nearly 40% of young Hongkongers want independence after 2047|date=25 July 2016|first=Gene|last=Lin|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/07/25/17-hongkongers-support-independence-2047-especially-youth-cuhk-survery/|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref> |
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On 1 November, Lu challenged independence advocates to renounce their Chinese citizenship, saying "Our country, which has a population of 1.3 billion, would not be bothered losing this handful of people".<ref name="Cheung">{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/article/1075138/flag-wavers-have-right-be-ridiculous|title=Love China or leave, Lu Ping tells Hong Kong's would-be secessionists|first=Gary|last=Cheung|first2=Stuart|last2=Lau|publisher=South China Morning Post|date=2012-11-01|accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> The convener of the [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive council]], [[Lam Woon-kwong]] denied the emergence of an independence movement.<ref name="Cheung"/> On 5 November, Alex Lo of the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' (SCMP) asserted that "There is no sign the movement is anything but the asinine rumblings of a few malcontents and juveniles", cautioning that Lu's comments were "making [the protestors] feel important instead of ridiculous".<ref name="Lo">{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/article/1075138/flag-wavers-have-right-be-ridiculous|title=Flag-wavers have right to be ridiculous|first=Alex|last=Lo|publisher=South China Morning post|date=2012-11-05|accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> |
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Reasons that have been cited in favour of independence include: |
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* Right to self-determination: Hong Kong people's right to determine their own future.<ref name="mission"/> Hong Kong was on the [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]] before it was taken down on the request of the People's Republic of China in 1972. |
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* Illegitimacy of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law: Hong Kong people were barred from negotiating over the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] over Hong Kong's sovereignty and were also barred from drafting the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]].<ref>{{cite news|title=葉健民：「第二次前途問題」：論述模糊但仍具意義|url=http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160415/s00012/1460657303885|date=14 April 2016|newspaper=Ming Pao}}</ref> |
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* Unrepresentativeness of the Hong Kong government: the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]] is elected by the 1200-member [[Election Committee]] which is controlled by Beijing does not represent the general view of the Hong Kong people. About half of the seats in the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] are elected through trade-based [[functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] with limited electorates also heavily favour pro-Beijing politicians. |
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* Chinese suppression on of Hong Kong people's views: Chinese government's growing encroachment on the Hong Kong's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs and failed to deliver free election as promised in the Basic Law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong suffers identity crisis as China's influence grows|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/china-hong-kong-identity-crisis|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="timeout">{{cite news|title=Localism: Why is support for the political perspective growing - and who's behind it?|url=http://www.timeout.com.hk/big-smog/features/73236/localism-why-is-support-for-the-political-perspective-growing-and-whos-behind-it.html|date=1 July 2015}}</ref> |
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* Hong Kong's distinct identity: Hong Kong people are majority [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] speakers and write in [[traditional Chinese]] with heavy influence of western culture and values, which, they argue, is very different from the mainland Chinese. They also perceived that the distinctive Hong Kong identity is under threat of the influx of the mainland immigrants and tourists as well as the "assimilation policies" of the Hong Kong government. |
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==Opposition to independence== |
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=== Political parties === |
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The Chinese government, Hong Kong SAR government and [[pro-Beijing camp]] firmly opposes Hong Kong independence. Former Chinese paramount leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] opposed [[British Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s alternative proposals during the Sino-British negotiation in the early 1980s as he believed she "wanted to turn Hong Kong into some kind of an independent or semi-independent political entity".<ref>{{cite news|title=How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ljzg_665465/3566_665531/t17767.shtml|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> |
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*[[Hong Kong National Party]] |
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*[[Hong Kong Indigenous]] |
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After the establishment of the [[Hong Kong National Party]] in March 2016, an editorial piece in the Chinese government-owned ''[[Global Times]]'' slammed the Hong Kong National Party by stating that it is "impossible to achieve" independence for Hong Kong and calling it "a practical joke" and "forefront of extremism".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/03/30/hong-kong-independence-impossible-hk-national-party-a-practical-joke-says-pro-govt-paper/|work=Hong Kong Free Press|date=30 March 2016|title=Hong Kong independence ‘impossible’, HK National Party ‘a practical joke’, says pro-gov’t paper|first=Hermina|last=Wong}}</ref> The State Council’s [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]] issued a statement through the official [[Xinhua News Agency]] condemning the party: "The action to establish a pro-independence organisation by an extremely small group of people in Hong Kong has harmed the country’s sovereignty, security, endangered the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and the core interests of Hong Kong... It is firmly opposed by all Chinese people, including some seven million Hong Kong people. It is also a serious violation of the country’s constitution, Hong Kong’s Basic Law and the relevant existing laws."<ref name="slam">{{cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/03/31/beijing-slams-new-pro-independence-party-as-govt-warns-of-legal-action/|work=Hong Kong Free Press|date=31 March 2016|title=Beijing slams new pro-independence party as gov’t warns of legal action|first=Kris|last=Cheng}}</ref> |
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== In fiction == |
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* [[Hongkonger War of Independence]]: a Japanese novel <ref>{{Citation| last1 = Eiji Oishi| title = Hong Kong Dokuritsu Senso | publisher = Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc| place = Japan | volume = 1 |language = Japanese | isbn = 978-412-50044-9-5 | date = 1996}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1 = Eiji Oishi| title = Hong Kong Dokuritsu Senso | publisher = Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc| place = Japan | volume = 2 |language = Japanese | isbn = 978-412-50045-0-1 | date = 1997}}</ref> that was later translated into Traditional Chinese.<ref>{{Citation| last1 = Eiji Oishi| title = Hongkonger War of Independence | publisher = Hong Kong Academy of Professional Studies Limited| place = Hong Kong | volume = 1 |language = Chinese| isbn = 978-988-14830-0-3 | date = 2015}}</ref> In the novel, Hong Kong became an independent state as a result of People's Republic of China's military blockade and oppression of freedom. |
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The Hong Kong government issued a statement after the formation of the party, stating that "any suggestion that Hong Kong should be independent or any movement to advocate such 'independence' is against the Basic Law, and will undermine the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong and impair the interest of the general public… The SAR Government will take action according to the law.”<ref name="slam"/> |
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The mainstream [[pan-democracy camp]] sympathised with the pro-independence cause but generally opposes Hong Kong independence as they do not think it will be beneficial to Hong Kong or it is achievable. They believe that to fight for genuine democracy and safeguard the high autonomy under the "[[One Country, Two Systems]]" principle is the most foreseeable solution. |
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===Reasons=== |
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* Chinese nationality: Most Hong Kong people are Chinese origin and are deeply connected with the Chinese history and culture. |
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* Chinese prosperity: China is becoming the next [[superpower]] and Hong Kong people can also be beneficial from the economic growth of China. |
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* "One Country, Two Systems": Hong Kong is only territory in the People's Republic of China enjoys such degree of high autonomy and freedom. The "One Country, Two Systems" is the only system can serve the best interest for Hong Kong people and Hong Kong's prosperity and stability in the long term. |
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* Lack of self-sufficiency: Hong Kong is lack of natural resources and is heavily relied on China in terms of food, water and electricity supplies. |
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* Chinese opposition: The Beijing government's zero tolerance on any secessionist movement means that a real independence movement will mean bloodshed and revolution. It would be high price not everyone would like to pay. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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*[[Hong Kong National Party]] |
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*[[Hong Kong Independence Party]] |
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*[[Early 2012 Hong Kong protests]] |
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*[[Hong Kong 1 July marches]] |
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*[[Politics of Hong Kong]] |
*[[Politics of Hong Kong]] |
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*[[Hong Kong Autonomy Movement]] |
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*[[Hong Kong Localism Power]] |
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*[[Civic Passion]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist| |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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*[http://www.noiselabstudios.com/news/article.php?id=205&PHPSESSID=9a30875bde607c9fe450eef294ac955b Associated Press, 15 November 2004] |
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*[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/11/16/2003211250 Associated Press, 16 November 2004] |
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*{{Wayback |df=yes|date=20050215214319 |url=http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/print.asp?parentid=20474 |title=South China Morning Post, 7 February 2005 }} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.hkfront.org/ Hong Konger Front] |
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{{Hong Kong topics}} |
{{Hong Kong topics}} |
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Revision as of 02:04, 7 August 2016
Hong Kong independence movement (Chinese: 香港獨立運動) is a emerging movement in Hong Kong that advocates Hong Kong becoming an independent sovereign state. Hong Kong is a special administrative region (SAR) which enjoys "high autonomy" under the People's Republic of China (PRC) since the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997. Since the handover, many Hongkongers are concerned about Beijing’s growing encroachment on the territory’s freedoms and the failure of the Hong Kong government to deliver democracy.[1]
In the wake of the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform which Beijing restricted the electoral method for the Chief Executive of Hong Kong (CE), the highest-ranking official of the territory, and sparked the 79-day massive protests which was dubbed as the "Umbrella Revolution", pro-independence movement emerged on the Hong Kong political scene.[1] According to a survey survey conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in July 2016, around one-sixth of Hong Kong’s population support the city becoming an independent entity after 2047.[2]
History
Colonial period
Hong Kong Island was first ceded as a crown colony to Britain from the Qing Empire in 1841 during the First Opium War. The other parts of Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories were ceded permanently and leased for 99 years to Britain in 1860 Convention of Peking and 1898 Second Convention of Peking respectively.[3][4][5][6] Although the Chinese government, governed by the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek initially intended to take back the territory, Britain resumed control of Hong Kong in 1945 after the Second World War, in which Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for three years and eight months. There were few advocates for Hong Kong independence during the post-war period, notably Ma Man-fai and the Hong Kong Democratic Self-Government Party in the 1960s but the fruitless movement ceased to exist without substantial support.
In the last year of the 1970s to early 1980s, the question of Hong Kong sovereignty emerged on Hong Kong's political scene as the end of the New Territories lease was approaching. Before that, Hong Kong and Macau were both removed from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, in which territories on the list would have the right to be independent, on 2 November 1972 by request of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although there were advocacies for Hong Kong independence, the majority of the Hong Kong population, many of whom were political, economic or war refugees from the Chinese Civil War and the Communist regime on the mainland China, wished to maintain the status quo. The request for a Hong Kong representative in the Sino-British negotiation was rejected by Beijing. In 1984, the British and Chinese governments signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration which stated that the sovereignty of Hong Kong should be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997, and Hong Kong should enjoy "high autonomy" under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle.
From 1983 to 1997, Hong Kong saw an influx of emigrants to overseas countries, especially in the wake of the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, which more than a million Hongkongers showed up on the streets to support to student protesters in Beijing. The Tiananmen incident also led to the emergence of the local democracy movement, which demanded a faster pace of democratisation before and after 1997.
After 1997
Since 1997, the implementation of the Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45 and Article 68, which stated that the Chief Executive (CE) and the Legislative Council (LegCo) should be chosen by universal suffrage, dominated the political agenda in Hong Kong. The pro-democracy camp, one of the two largest political alignments in the territory, has called for the early implementation of the universal suffrage since the 1980s. After more than 500,000 people protested against the legislation of national security law as stipulated in the Basic Law Article 23 on 1 July 2003, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in April 2004 ruled out universal suffrage before 2012.[7]
Since 2003, many Hongkongers perceived Beijing's growing encroachment on the Hong Kong's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs and the erosions of the their freedoms.[8][9] In 2009 and 2010, the construction of the Hong Kong section of the high-speed rail link to Guangzhou (XRL) escalated to a series of massive protests. Many protesters accused of the Hong Kong government spending HK$69.9 billion (US$9 billion) for a unnecessary railway just to please Beijing.[10] Some also feared it was for the People's Liberation Army to mobilise its troop quicker. In 2012, the government's plan to carry out moral and national education sparked controversy as it was accused of praising the Communist Party of China and Chinese nationalist ideology on the one hand, and condemning democracy and "western values' on the other.[11]
In 2011, there was an emergence of localist sentiments, some of them took the anti-immigration nativist stance, fearing mainland Chinese new immigrants, tourists and parallel traders would threaten the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong. In 2011, scholar Chin Wan published On the Hong Kong City-State to argue for a "localist" perspective and to abandon the "Chinese national sentiment". It triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation.[12]
Emergence of pro-independence movement
The Undergrad, the official publication of the Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU), from February 2014, published a few articles on the subject of a Hong Kong nation including “The Hong Kong nation deciding its own fate” and “Democracy and Independence for Hong Kong”. Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying used his 2015 New Year’s policy address to direct harsh criticism at the magazine for promoting Hong Kong independence, fanning both the debate and sales of the book Hong Kong Nationalism which featured the articles.[13]
On 31 August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) set restriction on the electoral method of the Chief Executive, in which any candidate should be screen through by a Beijing-controlled nominating committee before standing in the election. The NPCSC decision triggered a historic 79-days occupation protest which was dubbed as "Umbrella Revolution". The failure of the campaign for a free and genuine democracy strengthened the pro-independence discourse, as they view it as the failure of the "One Country, Two Systems" and an independent state is the only way out.
The Undergrad again published an article in March 2016 headed “Hong Kong Youth’s Declaration” argues for Hong Kong independence on expiry of the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 2047. It demands a democratic government be set up after 2047 and for the public to draw up the Hong Kong constitution. It also denounces the Hong Kong government for becoming a “puppet” of the Communist Party, “weakening” the city’s autonomy. Leung Chun-ying dismissed the claim, stating that “Hong Kong has been a part of China since ancient times, and this is a fact that will not change after 2047.”[14]
In the 2016 Legislative Council election, six pro-independence activists were disqualified, including Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung and Hong Kong National Party's Chan Ho-tin, by the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC), in which the government argued that their pro-independence stances did not comply with the Basic Law Article 1 which stated that Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China and Legislative Council Ordinance (Cap. 542) § 40(1)(b) which required all candidates to uphold the Basic Law and pledge allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. On 5 August, the Hong Kong pro-independence activistslaunched a rally which was dubbed “first pro-independence rally in Hong Kong” and drew about 2,500 people.[15]
Support for independence
Political parties supported Hong Kong independence included Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party and Youngspiration. Youngspiration called for the right to self-determination on Hong Kong sovereignty. Localist activist group Civic Passion has expressed its support for Hong Kong independence but also called for the amendment of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. Demosisto also calls for the right to self-determination to determine Hong Kong's future after 2047 when the One Country, Two Systems principle as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law is supposed to expire, although the party does not have an official stance on whether it supports an independent Hong Kong.[16] Other parties such as the Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence (BSHI) and the Hong Kong Independence Party call for the return to the British rule.
According to a survey survey conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in July 2016, around one-sixth of Hong Kong’s population support the city becoming an independent entity after 2047.[17]
Reasons
Reasons that have been cited in favour of independence include:
- Right to self-determination: Hong Kong people's right to determine their own future.[16] Hong Kong was on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories before it was taken down on the request of the People's Republic of China in 1972.
- Illegitimacy of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law: Hong Kong people were barred from negotiating over the Sino-British Joint Declaration over Hong Kong's sovereignty and were also barred from drafting the Hong Kong Basic Law.[18]
- Unrepresentativeness of the Hong Kong government: the Chief Executive of Hong Kong is elected by the 1200-member Election Committee which is controlled by Beijing does not represent the general view of the Hong Kong people. About half of the seats in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong are elected through trade-based functional constituencies with limited electorates also heavily favour pro-Beijing politicians.
- Chinese suppression on of Hong Kong people's views: Chinese government's growing encroachment on the Hong Kong's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs and failed to deliver free election as promised in the Basic Law.[19][9]
- Hong Kong's distinct identity: Hong Kong people are majority Cantonese speakers and write in traditional Chinese with heavy influence of western culture and values, which, they argue, is very different from the mainland Chinese. They also perceived that the distinctive Hong Kong identity is under threat of the influx of the mainland immigrants and tourists as well as the "assimilation policies" of the Hong Kong government.
Opposition to independence
The Chinese government, Hong Kong SAR government and pro-Beijing camp firmly opposes Hong Kong independence. Former Chinese paramount leader Deng Xiaoping opposed British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's alternative proposals during the Sino-British negotiation in the early 1980s as he believed she "wanted to turn Hong Kong into some kind of an independent or semi-independent political entity".[20]
After the establishment of the Hong Kong National Party in March 2016, an editorial piece in the Chinese government-owned Global Times slammed the Hong Kong National Party by stating that it is "impossible to achieve" independence for Hong Kong and calling it "a practical joke" and "forefront of extremism".[21] The State Council’s Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office issued a statement through the official Xinhua News Agency condemning the party: "The action to establish a pro-independence organisation by an extremely small group of people in Hong Kong has harmed the country’s sovereignty, security, endangered the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and the core interests of Hong Kong... It is firmly opposed by all Chinese people, including some seven million Hong Kong people. It is also a serious violation of the country’s constitution, Hong Kong’s Basic Law and the relevant existing laws."[22]
The Hong Kong government issued a statement after the formation of the party, stating that "any suggestion that Hong Kong should be independent or any movement to advocate such 'independence' is against the Basic Law, and will undermine the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong and impair the interest of the general public… The SAR Government will take action according to the law.”[22]
The mainstream pan-democracy camp sympathised with the pro-independence cause but generally opposes Hong Kong independence as they do not think it will be beneficial to Hong Kong or it is achievable. They believe that to fight for genuine democracy and safeguard the high autonomy under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle is the most foreseeable solution.
Reasons
- Chinese nationality: Most Hong Kong people are Chinese origin and are deeply connected with the Chinese history and culture.
- Chinese prosperity: China is becoming the next superpower and Hong Kong people can also be beneficial from the economic growth of China.
- "One Country, Two Systems": Hong Kong is only territory in the People's Republic of China enjoys such degree of high autonomy and freedom. The "One Country, Two Systems" is the only system can serve the best interest for Hong Kong people and Hong Kong's prosperity and stability in the long term.
- Lack of self-sufficiency: Hong Kong is lack of natural resources and is heavily relied on China in terms of food, water and electricity supplies.
- Chinese opposition: The Beijing government's zero tolerance on any secessionist movement means that a real independence movement will mean bloodshed and revolution. It would be high price not everyone would like to pay.
See also
References
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Liam. "Hong Kong Makes History with First Pro-Independence Rally". TIME.
- ^ Lin, Gene (25 July 2016). "CUHK survey finds nearly 40% of young Hongkongers want independence after 2047". Hong Kong Free Press.
- ^ Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9.
- ^ Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1.
- ^ Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Vol. Volume II: 1901–1945 (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "History of Hong Kong". Global Times. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ Yeung, Rikkie. Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong. University of Hong kong Press (2008)
- ^ "Hong Kong suffers identity crisis as China's influence grows". The Guardian. 18 April 2016.
- ^ a b "Localism: Why is support for the political perspective growing - and who's behind it?". 1 July 2015.
- ^ Law Wing-seng, Collaborative colonial power, The Making of the Hong Kong Chinese, Hong Kong University Press, 2009
- ^ CBCNews. [www.cbc.ca/news/world/hong-kong-fears-pro-china-brainwashing-in-education-1.1296013 Hong Kong fears pro-China brainwashing in education]. The Associated Press. 7 September 2012
- ^ Hung, Ho Fung (3 November 2014). "Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong 香港 地元の意識、三つの視点". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 12 (44).
- ^ Lim, John (31 January 2015). "HK following in Taiwan's footsteps". Taipei Times.
- ^ Fung, Owen; Cheung, Tony. "HKU student magazine says Hong Kong should become independent from China after 2047". South China Morning Post.
- ^ Ng, Joyce; Cheung, Tony; Fung, Owen (5 August 2016). "Hong Kong localists remain defiant at 'historic' rally". South China Morning Post.
- ^ a b "Mission". Demosistō.
- ^ Lin, Gene (25 July 2016). "CUHK survey finds nearly 40% of young Hongkongers want independence after 2047". Hong Kong Free Press.
- ^ "葉健民：「第二次前途問題」：論述模糊但仍具意義". Ming Pao. 14 April 2016.
- ^ "Hong Kong suffers identity crisis as China's influence grows". The Guardian. 18 April 2016.
- ^ "How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
- ^ Wong, Hermina (30 March 2016). "Hong Kong independence 'impossible', HK National Party 'a practical joke', says pro-gov't paper". Hong Kong Free Press.
- ^ a b Cheng, Kris (31 March 2016). "Beijing slams new pro-independence party as gov't warns of legal action". Hong Kong Free Press.