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*''Hermonassa formosana'' <small>Matsumura, 1913</small>
*''Hermonassa formosana'' <small>Matsumura, 1913</small>
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'''''Spodoptera mauritia''''', the '''lawn armyworm''', is a [[moth]] of the family [[Noctuidae]]. It is widespread from the [[Red Sea]] to [[India]], [[Burma]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] to
'''''Spodoptera mauritia''''', the '''lawn armyworm''', also known as '''paddy swarming caterpillar''', is a [[moth]] of the family [[Noctuidae]]. Cosmopolitan species, it is a major polyphagous pest throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.africanmoths.com/pages/NOCTUIIDAE/AMPHIPRYINAE/spodoptera%20mauritia.html | title=Spodoptera mauritia, (Boisduval, 1833) | publisher=African moths | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>

⚫
[[Australia]] and widespread in the Pacific Islands, including the [[Solomon Islands|Solomons]], [[New Hebrides]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]], [[Hawaii]], the [[Society Islands]], [[Austral Islands]], [[Marquesas]] and [[Marshall Islands]].
==Distribution==
It is widespread from the [[Red Sea]] to [[India]], [[Burma]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] to
⚫
[[Australia]] and widespread in the Pacific Islands, including the [[Solomon Islands|Solomons]], [[New Hebrides]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]], [[Hawaii]], the [[Society Islands]], [[Austral Islands]], [[Marquesas]] and [[Marshall Islands]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/51071 | title=Spodoptera mauritia (paddy swarming caterpillar) | publisher=CABI | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
The [[wingspan]] is about 40&nbsp;mm. Dark grey-brown with a rusty tinge on body. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings with sub-basal, antemedial, and postmedial double waved lines indistinct. The orbicular small and ochreous, whereas reniform blackish. Submarginal line whitish and irregularly waved. There is a white patch often can be seen between orbicular and reniform and a dark patch on the central marginal area. Hind wings opalescent and semi-hyaline white, with a dark marginal line.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/207319 | title=The Fauna Of British India Including Ceylon And Burma Moths Vol-ii | publisher=Digital Library of India | date=1892 | accessdate=4 July 2016 | author=Hampson G. F. | pages=558}}</ref>
The [[wingspan]] is about 40&nbsp;mm. Dark grey-brown with a rusty tinge on body. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings with sub-basal, antemedial, and postmedial double waved lines indistinct. The orbicular small and ochreous, whereas reniform blackish. Submarginal line whitish and irregularly waved. There is a white patch often can be seen between orbicular and reniform and a dark patch on the central marginal area. Hind wings opalescent and semi-hyaline white, with a dark marginal line.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/207319 | title=The Fauna Of British India Including Ceylon And Burma Moths Vol-ii | publisher=Digital Library of India | date=1892 | accessdate=4 July 2016 | author=Hampson G. F. | pages=558}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mothsofborneo.com/part-12/amphipyrinae/amphipyrinae_11_1.php | title=Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval | publisher=The Moths of Borneo | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
The larvae feed on various grasses, including rice,<ref>{{cite web|author=Saritha Pujari |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/zoology/rice-swarming-caterpillar-spodoptera-mauritia-life-cycle-nature-and-control/23882/ |title=Rice Swarming Caterpillar (Spodoptera Mauritia): Life Cycle, Nature and Control |publisher=Yourarticlelibrary.com |date=2015-10-28 |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref> wheat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=51073 |title=armyworm (Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides) |publisher=Plantwise.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref> ''[[Cynodon]]'', ''[[Pennisetum clandestinum]]'', ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'', ''[[Oryza sativa]]'', and ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]''. They are considered one of the major international agricultural pests on crops and pastures.
The larvae feed on various grasses, including rice,<ref>{{cite web|author=Saritha Pujari |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/zoology/rice-swarming-caterpillar-spodoptera-mauritia-life-cycle-nature-and-control/23882/ |title=Rice Swarming Caterpillar (Spodoptera Mauritia): Life Cycle, Nature and Control |publisher=Yourarticlelibrary.com |date=2015-10-28 |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref> wheat, ''[[Cynodon]]'', ''[[Pennisetum clandestinum]]'', ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'', ''[[Oryza sativa]]'', and ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]''. They are considered one of the major international agricultural pests on crops and pastures.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ozanimals.com/Insect/Lawn-Armyworm/Spodoptera/mauritia.html | title=LAWN ARMYWORM FACTS | publisher=Australian Wildlife | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref> Unlike other insects, armyworm caterpillars of sixth instar do not excrete [[uric acid]], instead they excrete [[urea]] as nitrogenous wastes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/510484 | title=The excretion of urea by the larvae of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) during development. | publisher=NCBI | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>

==Damage and Control==
Plants attacked by caterpillars have skeletonized leaves, shot holes, and dieback stems. Commonly the entire paddy crop dies within few days due to swarming attack. Hand picking and other mechanical methods are used to reduce infection. Adults can eliminated by introducing [[Bolas Spider]] to the fields. This spider has the ability to spray a pheromone similar to female moth, to attract male moths. The nematode ''[[Steinernema carpocapsae]]'' and usage of viruses like [[Nucleopolyhedrovirus]] are also effective.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/amph/maurit.html | title=Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval, 1833) | publisher=Butterfly House | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref> Moths traps like wing traps and unitraps can also used to collect adults.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chemtica.com/site/?p=3092 | title=Spodoptera mauritia | publisher=ChemTica | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>

==Legacy==
*In 1969, small outbreaks of less than 200 acres have been reported in Sabah region of [[Malaysia]], but in 6,000 square miles of outbreak was recorded from [[Sarawak]]. These attacks vanished 20% of total rice production in Mayalsia.
*In 1981, paddy nurseries near marshy areas were severely affected by armyworm in [[Indonesia]]. This induce transplanting programs throughout the country and re-sowing of seedlings into the field highly susceptible to the attack.
*In 1983, nursery beds were devastated by the caterpillars, reduced the total rice production.
*In Sri Lanka, the heavy outbreaks were recorded twice from the country, first in 1904 and then in 1920, where [[Jaffna]] paddy cultivations were destroyed by the caterpillars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=51073 |title=armyworm (Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides) |publisher=Plantwise.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref>


==Subspecies==
==Subspecies==
Line 55: Line 67:
*[http://australian-insects.com/lepidoptera/amph/maurit.html Australian Insects]
*[http://australian-insects.com/lepidoptera/amph/maurit.html Australian Insects]
*[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/7336 Insects of Hawaii. Volume 7, Macrolepidoptera]
*[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/7336 Insects of Hawaii. Volume 7, Macrolepidoptera]
*[http://www.ncipm.org.in/NCIPMPDFs/Publication/Swarming_caterpillar.pdf Rice swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia) and its management strategies]
*[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2319656 Observations on the armyworm Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides Gn. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo)]


[[Category:Spodoptera]]
[[Category:Spodoptera]]

Revision as of 06:38, 3 August 2016

Lawn armyworm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Noctuidae
Genus:
Spodoptera
Species:
S. mauritia
Binomial name
Spodoptera mauritia
(Boisduval, 1833)
Synonyms
  • Hadena mauritia Boisduval, 1833
  • Agrotis aliena Walker, 1865
  • Laphygma gratiosa Walker, 1865
  • Orthosia margarita Hawthorne, 1897
  • Agrotis yernauxi Hulstaert, 1924
  • Spodoptera acronyctoides Guenée, 1852
  • Spodoptera acronyctiformis Guenée, 1852
  • Spodoptera filum Guenée, 1852
  • Spodoptera nubes Guenée, 1852
  • Euxoa ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1926
  • Prodenia infecta Walker, 1856
  • Prodenia insignata Walker, 1856
  • Prodenia permunda Walker, 1857
  • Agrotis transducta Walker, [1857]
  • Agrotis bisignata Walker, 1865 (preocc. Celaena bisignata Walker, 1865)
  • Laphygma squalida Walker, 1865
  • Agrotis submarginalis Walker, 1865
  • Hadena obliqua Walker, 1865
  • Prodenia venustula Walker, 1865
  • Hermonassa formosana Matsumura, 1913

Spodoptera mauritia, the lawn armyworm, also known as paddy swarming caterpillar, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. Cosmopolitan species, it is a major polyphagous pest throughout the world.[1]

Distribution

It is widespread from the Red Sea to India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaya to Australia and widespread in the Pacific Islands, including the Solomons, New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, the Society Islands, Austral Islands, Marquesas and Marshall Islands.[2]

Description

The wingspan is about 40 mm. Dark grey-brown with a rusty tinge on body. Abdomen fuscous. Fore wings with sub-basal, antemedial, and postmedial double waved lines indistinct. The orbicular small and ochreous, whereas reniform blackish. Submarginal line whitish and irregularly waved. There is a white patch often can be seen between orbicular and reniform and a dark patch on the central marginal area. Hind wings opalescent and semi-hyaline white, with a dark marginal line.[3][4]

Ecology

The larvae feed on various grasses, including rice,[5] wheat, Cynodon, Pennisetum clandestinum, Sorghum bicolor, Oryza sativa, and Casuarina equisetifolia. They are considered one of the major international agricultural pests on crops and pastures.[6] Unlike other insects, armyworm caterpillars of sixth instar do not excrete uric acid, instead they excrete urea as nitrogenous wastes.[7]

Damage and Control

Plants attacked by caterpillars have skeletonized leaves, shot holes, and dieback stems. Commonly the entire paddy crop dies within few days due to swarming attack. Hand picking and other mechanical methods are used to reduce infection. Adults can eliminated by introducing Bolas Spider to the fields. This spider has the ability to spray a pheromone similar to female moth, to attract male moths. The nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and usage of viruses like Nucleopolyhedrovirus are also effective.[8] Moths traps like wing traps and unitraps can also used to collect adults.[9]

Legacy

  • In 1969, small outbreaks of less than 200 acres have been reported in Sabah region of Malaysia, but in 6,000 square miles of outbreak was recorded from Sarawak. These attacks vanished 20% of total rice production in Mayalsia.
  • In 1981, paddy nurseries near marshy areas were severely affected by armyworm in Indonesia. This induce transplanting programs throughout the country and re-sowing of seedlings into the field highly susceptible to the attack.
  • In 1983, nursery beds were devastated by the caterpillars, reduced the total rice production.
  • In Sri Lanka, the heavy outbreaks were recorded twice from the country, first in 1904 and then in 1920, where Jaffna paddy cultivations were destroyed by the caterpillars.[10]

Subspecies

  • S. m. mauritia (Indian Ocean)
  • S. m. acronyctoides Guenée, 1852 (Oriental tropics, Australia, Pacific tropics, Japan)

References

  1. ^ "Spodoptera mauritia, (Boisduval, 1833)". African moths. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  2. ^ "Spodoptera mauritia (paddy swarming caterpillar)". CABI. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  3. ^ Hampson G. F. (1892). "The Fauna Of British India Including Ceylon And Burma Moths Vol-ii". Digital Library of India. p. 558. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  4. ^ "Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval". The Moths of Borneo. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  5. ^ Saritha Pujari (2015-10-28). "Rice Swarming Caterpillar (Spodoptera Mauritia): Life Cycle, Nature and Control". Yourarticlelibrary.com. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
  6. ^ "LAWN ARMYWORM FACTS". Australian Wildlife. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  7. ^ "The excretion of urea by the larvae of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) during development". NCBI. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  8. ^ "Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval, 1833)". Butterfly House. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  9. ^ "Spodoptera mauritia". ChemTica. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  10. ^ "armyworm (Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides)". Plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-11-29.


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