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It was first found in [[Krak des Chevaliers|Kal'at-ul-Husn]], (or Ḥoṣn al-Akrād) in Lebanon.<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=John |last=Black |title=(SPEC) Iris basaltica Dins. |date=21 January 2016 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecBasaltica |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref>
It was first found in [[Krak des Chevaliers|Kal'at-ul-Husn]], (or Ḥoṣn al-Akrād) in Lebanon.<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=John |last=Black |title=(SPEC) Iris basaltica Dins. |date=21 January 2016 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecBasaltica |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref>

It was first published and described by [[John Edward Dinsmore]] in 'Flora of Syria' (Fl. Syria) Edition 2, Vol.2 on page 597 in 1933.<ref name=plantlist/><ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris basaltica Dinsm. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438395-1 |publisher=ipni.org ([[International Plant Names Index]]) |accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris basaltica Dinsm. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20260 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref><!-- also <ref name=american/> -->
It was also published in (Publ. Am. Univ.) [[Beirut]], Nat. Sc. Ser. No. 1; et No.3 in 1934,<ref name=ipni/> then in Gardening Illustrated (with a colour illustration) in Vol.57 on page 227 in 20 April 1935 and in the Journal of The [[Royal Horticultural Society]] Vol.60 on series 5 on page 221 in 1935.<ref name=american/>

In 1939,<ref name=american/> it was thought by [[Paul Mouterde]], that 'I. basaltica' was ancestral source of ''[[Iris susiana]]'',<ref name=british/> it is thought to be a form,<ref name=american/> or a wild relative of ''I. susiana''.<ref name=Jim>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Archibald |title=Silken Sad Uncertain Queens |date=September 1999 |url=http://files.srgc.net/archibald/writings/JCA_SilkenSadUncertainQueens.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004.<ref name=grin/>

It is listed in the [[Encyclopedia of Life]],<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=Iris basaltica |url=http://eol.org/pages/5866434/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref> and in the [[Catalogue of Life]] as ''Iris basaltica''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accepted scientific name: Iris basaltica Dinsm. (accepted name) |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2012/details/species/id/9769686 |publisher=catalogueoflife.org |accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is [[native plant|native]] and [[endemic]] to temperate western Asia.<ref name=grin/><ref> J. R. Goodin and David K. Northington (Editors) {{Google books|iSjgBAAAQBAJ|Plant Resources of Arid and Semiarid Lands: A Global Perspective|page=179}}</ref>

===Range===
It is found in eastern Syria,<ref name=pacific/><ref name=Zohary><ref>{{cite web |first=Dr. Darem |last=Tabbaa |title=Syrian Iris Flowers for the celebration of the International Day for Biodiversity 2009 |url=http://spana-syria.org/eng/show_gDetails.asp?ID=229 |accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref><!-- also <ref name=grin><ref name=Jim/> --> including near to the city of [[Talkalakh]],<ref name=Ghazal/> and near to the town of [[Hadidah]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=british/>

===Habitat===
It grows on the hillsides,<ref name=Jim/><ref name=british/> (made of basalt stone),<ref name=Saad>{{cite journal |last=Saad |first=Layla |last2=Talhouk |first2=Salma N. |last3=Mahy |first3=Grégory |date=2009 |title=Decline of endemic Oncocyclus irises (Iridaceae) of Lebanon: survey and conservation needs |url=https://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/21325/1/Saad%26al2009_PrP.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Oryx |publisher= |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=91-96 |doi= |accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref>

They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|700|m}} above sea level.<ref name=british/>

==Conservation==
It is listed as 'endangered' in Syria.<ref name=iucn> Kerry Scott Walter, Harriet J. Gillett, World Conservation Monitoring Centre {{Google books|XIL9adYYeSIC|1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants|page=678}}</ref> It was listed as in danger of [[extinction]] by SA Chaudhary.<ref name=british/>

===Propagation===
Irises can generally be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need [[stratification (botany)|stratification]], (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Waters |title=Growing Irises from Seed |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.telp.com/irises/seed.htm |publisher=telp.com |accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref>

===Hybrids and Cultivars===
One known cultivar is 'Basaltica'.<ref name=american/>


==Toxicity==
==Toxicity==

Revision as of 07:25, 15 July 2016

Iris basaltica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris basaltica
Binomial name
Iris basaltica
Synonyms

None known [1]

Iris basaltica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Syria


Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[2] It has a chromosome count: 2n=20,[3] which was first counted by Marc Simonet in 1954,[4] and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977.[5]

Taxonomy

It is sometimes commonly known as 'Basalt Iris'.[4][6]

The Latin specific epithet basaltica refers to 'basalticus' of basaltic soils.[7]

It was first found in Kal'at-ul-Husn, (or Ḥoṣn al-Akrād) in Lebanon.[4]

It was first published and described by John Edward Dinsmore in 'Flora of Syria' (Fl. Syria) Edition 2, Vol.2 on page 597 in 1933.[1][8][9]

It was also published in (Publ. Am. Univ.) Beirut, Nat. Sc. Ser. No. 1; et No.3 in 1934,[8] then in Gardening Illustrated (with a colour illustration) in Vol.57 on page 227 in 20 April 1935 and in the Journal of The Royal Horticultural Society Vol.60 on series 5 on page 221 in 1935.[4]

In 1939,[4] it was thought by Paul Mouterde, that 'I. basaltica' was ancestral source of Iris susiana,[10] it is thought to be a form,[4] or a wild relative of I. susiana.[11]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004.[9]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[12] and in the Catalogue of Life as Iris basaltica.[13]

Distribution and habitat

It is native and endemic to temperate western Asia.[9][14]

Range

It is found in eastern Syria,[3]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). including near to the city of Talkalakh,[15] and near to the town of Hadidah.[16][10]

Habitat

It grows on the hillsides,[11][10] (made of basalt stone),[17]

They can be found at an altitude of 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level.[10]

Conservation

It is listed as 'endangered' in Syria.[16] It was listed as in danger of extinction by SA Chaudhary.[10]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[18] or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[19]

Hybrids and Cultivars

One known cultivar is 'Basaltica'.[4]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b "Iris basaltica Dinsm. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference ClaireAustin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference pacific was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Black, John (21 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris basaltica Dins". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 5 July 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 7 (help)
  5. ^ Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette (Bot. Gaz). 138 (4): 502–511. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference bulbs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ David Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 66, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b "Iridaceae Iris basaltica Dinsm". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 8 July 2016. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 10 (help)
  9. ^ a b c "Taxon: Iris basaltica Dinsm". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference british was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Archibald, Jim (September 1999). "Silken Sad Uncertain Queens" (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  12. ^ "Iris basaltica". eol.org. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  13. ^ "Accepted scientific name: Iris basaltica Dinsm. (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  14. ^ J. R. Goodin and David K. Northington (Editors) Plant Resources of Arid and Semiarid Lands: A Global Perspective, p. 179, at Google Books
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ghazal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b Kerry Scott Walter, Harriet J. Gillett, World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, p. 678, at Google Books
  17. ^ Saad, Layla; Talhouk, Salma N.; Mahy, Grégory (2009). "Decline of endemic Oncocyclus irises (Iridaceae) of Lebanon: survey and conservation needs" (PDF). Oryx. 43 (1): 91–96. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  18. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  19. ^ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  20. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

Media related to Iris basaltica at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris basaltica at Wikispecies

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