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{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
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{{infobox hrhstyles||royal name=Helen, Queen Mother of Romania |image=[[File:Kingdom of Romania - Big CoA.svg|centre|60px]]
{{infobox hrhstyles||royal name=Helen, Queen Mother of Romania |image=[[File:Kingdom of Romania - Big CoA.svg|centre|60px]]
|dipstyle=[[Majesty|Her Majesty]]|offstyle=Your Majesty|altstyle=Ma'am}}
|dipstyle=[[Majesty|Her Majesty]]|offstyle=Your Majesty|altstyle=Ma'am}}
'''Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark''' ({{lang-el|Ελένη}}; 2 May/3 May 1896 – 28 November 1982) was married to [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II of Romania]] prior to his accession, and was the mother of [[Michael of Romania|King Michael]]. She is noted for her humanitarian efforts to save the Romanian Jews during the Second World War, which led to her being awarded the honorary title of ''Righteous Among the Nations''.
'''Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark''' ({{lang-el|Ελένη}}; 2 May/3 May 1896 – 28 November 1982), was Queen Mother of Romania during 1940–1947, during the reign of her son [[Michael of Romania|King Michael]]. She is noted for her humanitarian efforts to save the Romanian Jews during the Second World War, which led to her being awarded the honorary title of ''Righteous Among the Nations'' in 1993.



Daughter of King [[Constantine I of Greece]] and his wife Queen [[Sophia of Prussia]], Princess Helen spend her childhood in Greece, Great Britain and Germany. The outbreak of [[World War I]] and the overthrow of her father by the Allies in 1917 permanently marked her and also separated from her favorite brother, the young [[Alexander I of Greece]]. Exiled in [[Switzerland]] with most members of the royal family, Helen then spent several months caring for her father, subject to disease and depression. In 1920, the Princess met [[Carol II of Romania|Carol, Crown Prince of Romania]], who quickly asked her hand. Despite the bad reputation of the prince, Helen accepts and moved to Romania, where she soon gives birth to his only son, Prince Michael, in 1921.

The situation of her family, however, continues to worry Helen, who made ​​several trips abroad to visit her parents when they doesn't simply stay with her ​​in [[Bucharest]]. In doing this, she distanced from her husband, whose multiplies affairs ended when he fall in love of [[Magda Lupescu]] in 1924. Finally, in 1925, Prince Carol abandoned his wife and renounced to the throne to live oppenly with his mistress. Distraught, Helen tries to persuade her husband to return to her but eventually accepted divorce in 1928. In the meanwhile, the young woman was proclaimed "Princess-Mother of Romania" (1926) and her son Michael ascended to the throne under the regency of his uncle [[Prince Nicholas of Romania|Prince Nicholas]] (1927). However, the political situation in Romania was complicated and Carol took advantage of the increased instability to return to Bucharest in 1930 and being acclaimed as King. Soon, the new ruler forced his ex-wife into exile and only authorized her to see their son two months per year.

In these circumstances, Helen moved to ''Villa Sparta'' at Fiesole, Tuscany. Always close to her family, she hosts her sisters [[Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta|Irene]] and [[Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark|Katherine]] and brother [[Paul of Greece|Paul]], who was staying with her intermittently until the restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935. The outbreak of [[World War II]], the deposition of Carol II and the subsequent dismemberment of [[Greater Romania]] in 1940, however, bring back Helen with her ​​son to Bucharest. Subject to the dictatorship of [[Ion Antonescu|General Antonescu]] and vigilance of [[Nazi Germany]], the King and his mother were cautious with the fascist regime. They don't show their opposition to the participation of Romania in the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] and the deportation of Jews. Finally, King Michael organized a coup against Antonescu on 23 August 1944 and Romania turned against the [[Axis powers]]; however, the country was at the end [[Soviet occupation of Romania|occupied]] by the [[Red Army]].

For Helen and her son, the [[Post-war]] period was marked by the interference of the [[Soviet Union]] in the Romanian political life. In March 1945, the King was forced to accept a communist government at the head of [[Petru Groza]] while the following year, the [[Romanian general election, 1946|general elections]] confirm the hegemony of the [[Romanian Communist Party|PCR]] on the country. Finally, Michsel I wasis forced to abdicate on 30 December 1947 and the royal family takes the path of exile. Helen then returns to live at the ''Villa Sparta'', where she divides her time between her family, gardening and the discovery of Italian art. Increasingly concerned about her finances, Helen finally left Italy for Switzerland in 1979 and died three years later with her son at her side.

==Life==

⚫
===Princess of Greece and Denmark===
Third child and eldest daughter of ''Diadochos'' [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine of Greece]] and Princess [[Sophie of Prussia]],<ref>Gould 1956, p. 15.</ref> Helen was born on 2 May 1896 in [[Athens]].<ref name="Gould17">Gould 1956, p. 17.</ref> Since her birth, she received the nickname "Sitta" which was a corruption of the english word sister, that her brother [[King Alexander I of Greece|Alexander]] fails to correctly pronounce.<ref name="Gould18">Gould 1956, p. 18.</ref><ref name="Mateos194">Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 194</ref> Growing up, Helen developed an special affection for Alexander, only three years older.<ref name="Mateos194"/><ref>Gould 1956, pp. 19–20.</ref>

Helen spent most of her childhood in the Greek capital. Every summer, the princess and her family, however, travel to the Hellenic Mediterranean aboard the royal yacht ''Amphitrite'' or to visit Sophia's mother, the [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Empress Dowager Victoria]] in [[German Empire|Germany]].<ref name="Gould18"/> From the age of 8, Helen began to spend part of the summer in Great Britain, at the regions of [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]] and [[Eastbourne]].<ref>Gould 1956, p. 21.</ref><ref name="Mateos83">Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 83</ref><ref>Van der Kiste 1994, p. 62.</ref> The princess grew up in an environment strongly [[anglophile]], among a cohort of British tutors and governesses, including Miss Nichols, who took care especially of her.<ref name="Gould17"/><ref name="Mateos83"/>

====A Greek childhood====
====From he Goudi coup to the Balkan Wars====
====World War I====


⚫
==Princess of Greece and Denmark==


Helen was born in [[Athens]], the third child and first daughter of the future [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I of Greece]] and [[Sophia of Prussia]]. Helen had three brothers, each of whom reigned as kings of Greece - [[George II of Greece|George II]], [[Alexander of Greece|Alexander]], and [[Paul of Greece|Paul]] - and two sisters, [[Irene of Greece, Duchess of Aosta|Irene]] and [[Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark|Katherine]].
Helen was born in [[Athens]], the third child and first daughter of the future [[Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I of Greece]] and [[Sophia of Prussia]]. Helen had three brothers, each of whom reigned as kings of Greece - [[George II of Greece|George II]], [[Alexander of Greece|Alexander]], and [[Paul of Greece|Paul]] - and two sisters, [[Irene of Greece, Duchess of Aosta|Irene]] and [[Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark|Katherine]].

Revision as of 02:15, 8 July 2016

Helen of Greece and Denmark
Queen Mother of Romania
Born(1896-05-02)2 May 1896
Athens, Greece
Died28 November 1982(1982-11-28) (aged 86)
Lausanne, Switzerland
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1921; div. 1928)​
IssueMichael I of Romania
HouseGlücksburg
FatherConstantine I of Greece
MotherSophia of Prussia
Styles of
Helen, Queen Mother of Romania
Reference styleHer Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleMa'am

Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Ελένη; 2 May/3 May 1896 – 28 November 1982), was Queen Mother of Romania during 1940–1947, during the reign of her son King Michael. She is noted for her humanitarian efforts to save the Romanian Jews during the Second World War, which led to her being awarded the honorary title of Righteous Among the Nations in 1993.


Daughter of King Constantine I of Greece and his wife Queen Sophia of Prussia, Princess Helen spend her childhood in Greece, Great Britain and Germany. The outbreak of World War I and the overthrow of her father by the Allies in 1917 permanently marked her and also separated from her favorite brother, the young Alexander I of Greece. Exiled in Switzerland with most members of the royal family, Helen then spent several months caring for her father, subject to disease and depression. In 1920, the Princess met Carol, Crown Prince of Romania, who quickly asked her hand. Despite the bad reputation of the prince, Helen accepts and moved to Romania, where she soon gives birth to his only son, Prince Michael, in 1921.

The situation of her family, however, continues to worry Helen, who made ​​several trips abroad to visit her parents when they doesn't simply stay with her ​​in Bucharest. In doing this, she distanced from her husband, whose multiplies affairs ended when he fall in love of Magda Lupescu in 1924. Finally, in 1925, Prince Carol abandoned his wife and renounced to the throne to live oppenly with his mistress. Distraught, Helen tries to persuade her husband to return to her but eventually accepted divorce in 1928. In the meanwhile, the young woman was proclaimed "Princess-Mother of Romania" (1926) and her son Michael ascended to the throne under the regency of his uncle Prince Nicholas (1927). However, the political situation in Romania was complicated and Carol took advantage of the increased instability to return to Bucharest in 1930 and being acclaimed as King. Soon, the new ruler forced his ex-wife into exile and only authorized her to see their son two months per year.

In these circumstances, Helen moved to Villa Sparta at Fiesole, Tuscany. Always close to her family, she hosts her sisters Irene and Katherine and brother Paul, who was staying with her intermittently until the restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935. The outbreak of World War II, the deposition of Carol II and the subsequent dismemberment of Greater Romania in 1940, however, bring back Helen with her ​​son to Bucharest. Subject to the dictatorship of General Antonescu and vigilance of Nazi Germany, the King and his mother were cautious with the fascist regime. They don't show their opposition to the participation of Romania in the invasion of the Soviet Union and the deportation of Jews. Finally, King Michael organized a coup against Antonescu on 23 August 1944 and Romania turned against the Axis powers; however, the country was at the end occupied by the Red Army.

For Helen and her son, the Post-war period was marked by the interference of the Soviet Union in the Romanian political life. In March 1945, the King was forced to accept a communist government at the head of Petru Groza while the following year, the general elections confirm the hegemony of the PCR on the country. Finally, Michsel I wasis forced to abdicate on 30 December 1947 and the royal family takes the path of exile. Helen then returns to live at the Villa Sparta, where she divides her time between her family, gardening and the discovery of Italian art. Increasingly concerned about her finances, Helen finally left Italy for Switzerland in 1979 and died three years later with her son at her side.

Life

Princess of Greece and Denmark

Third child and eldest daughter of Diadochos Constantine of Greece and Princess Sophie of Prussia,[1] Helen was born on 2 May 1896 in Athens.[2] Since her birth, she received the nickname "Sitta" which was a corruption of the english word sister, that her brother Alexander fails to correctly pronounce.[3][4] Growing up, Helen developed an special affection for Alexander, only three years older.[4][5]

Helen spent most of her childhood in the Greek capital. Every summer, the princess and her family, however, travel to the Hellenic Mediterranean aboard the royal yacht Amphitrite or to visit Sophia's mother, the Empress Dowager Victoria in Germany.[3] From the age of 8, Helen began to spend part of the summer in Great Britain, at the regions of Seaford and Eastbourne.[6][7][8] The princess grew up in an environment strongly anglophile, among a cohort of British tutors and governesses, including Miss Nichols, who took care especially of her.[2][7]

A Greek childhood

From he Goudi coup to the Balkan Wars

World War I

Helen was born in Athens, the third child and first daughter of the future King Constantine I of Greece and Sophia of Prussia. Helen had three brothers, each of whom reigned as kings of Greece - George II, Alexander, and Paul - and two sisters, Irene and Katherine.

In 1910 Helen went into exile with her parents and siblings as a result of a military plot to put her father on the Greek throne in place of her grandfather King George I of Greece.[9] The family spent the summer at Schloss Friedrichshof, the home of Helen's maternal aunt Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse. They spent the winter at a hotel in Frankfurt before returning to Athens.

In 1917 Helen and her family went into exile a second time as a result of her father not supporting the Allies in World War I.[10] After a brief stay at St. Moritz, the family moved to a villa near Zurich. Their movements were severely restricted by the Allies; they had to reside in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, their French and English staff had to be dismissed, and they were not permitted contact with other French and English people.

Crown Princess of Romania

In Lucerne in December 1919, Helen met Crown Prince Carol of Romania, who was her second cousin. Their mothers were first cousins, being both granddaughters of Queen Victoria: Sophia through her mother, the Empress Frederick of Germany, Marie through her father Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. Carol was returning from a world tour after his forced divorce from his first wife, Zizi Lambrino.[11] Helen accompanied Carol to Romania to celebrate the formal engagement of her brother George to Carol's sister Elisabeth. In November 1920 Carol visited Zurich and asked Constantine for Helen's hand in marriage. The match was not an arranged one; indeed, Helen's mother was against it.[12]

In December 1920 King Constantine I was restored to his throne in Greece and Helen returned to Athens. On 10 March 1921 Helen married Crown Prince Carol of Romania in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens. She was the first princess of Greece to marry in Athens.[13] The bride wore the Romanian 'Greek Key' tiara, a gift from her mother-in-law. The couple honeymooned at Tatoi before sailing for Bucharest at the beginning of May.[14]

Helen and Carol had an apartment in the Cotroceni Palace in Bucharest, but they spent most of their time at the Foishor, a Swiss chalet in the grounds of the Peleş Castle in Sinaia.[15] The marriage was at first happy, but soon soured.[16]

Helen with her husband Crown Prince Carol

On 25 October 1921, Helen and Carol's first and only child Michael was born at the Foishor. "There were complications and for a while neither mother nor child were expected to pull through".[17] The baby was rumored to have been born premature (he was born only seven and a half months after his parents' wedding), but weighed nine pounds at birth.

In December 1921 the family moved to a house in the Chaussée Kyselef in Bucharest.[18] Helen tried to establish a nursing school to improve standards in Romania. She was also appointed honorary colonel of the 9th Cavalry Regiment, the Roshiori.[19]

In 1925 Carol began an affair with Elena "Magda" Lupescu. In December 1925, he renounced his rights to the throne and left Romania. On 4 January 1926, the Romanian Parliament ratified the acceptance of Carol's renunciation and passed a bill giving Helen the title Princess of Romania.[20] Helen remained in Romania with her son Michael who was now heir to the throne. The following summer she went to Italy to try to arrange a meeting with Carol but failed.[21]

Divorce

The Standard of the Queen mother of Romania (1941–1947)

In July 1927 Helen's five-year-old son Michael succeeded as king of Romania. Other than her rank as a princess of Romania, Helen held no official position; she was not a member of the regency council. In December 1927 Carol asked Helen for a divorce.[22] At first she refused, but eventually she gave in to government advice. On 21 June 1928, the marriage was dissolved by the Romanian Supreme Court on the grounds of incompatibility.[23]

House of Glücksburg
(Greek branch)
Constantine I
Children
George II
Alexander
Helen, Queen Mother of Romania
Paul
Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta
Princess Katherine, Lady Brandram

On 6 June 1930, Carol returned to Romania. Prime minister Iuliu Maniu resigned in order not to break his oath to King Michael, and Parliament annulled the 4 January bill, proclaiming Carol king on 8 June 1930. Helen continued to live in her own home in the Chaussée Kyselef in Bucharest with her son Michael. There ensued several months of discussion about annulling the divorce. The government and public opinion were most desirous of Carol and Helen restoring their marital relationship. A joint coronation ceremony was planned for mid-September.[24] Helen was even told by the Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu that as a result of the abrogation of the act of 4 January 1926, Carol had legitimately succeeded as king in July 1927, from which point she had automatically ranked as queen.[25]

The government presented a decree to Carol for his signature officially confirming Helen as Her Majesty The Queen of Romania. Carol, however, crossed this out and declared Helen to be Her Majesty Helen (i.e. with the style Majesty, but not the title Queen). Helen refused to allow anyone to use this style in her presence.[26]

Eventually it became clear that Carol himself did not want the divorce annulled and that his lover Madame Lupescu was living with him at the Foishor.[27] Because Helen would not oppose the government's plans to annul the divorce, Carol took measures against her: guards were placed around her residence, those who visited her were persecuted, and she was deprived of her office as honorary colonel of the Roshiori regiment.[28]

Faced with this treatment, Helen decided to go into exile. After a brief visit to London, she went to her mother's villa near Florence.[29] There was ongoing conflict with Carol about how frequently and under what circumstances she should be able to see their son Michael. In October 1932 she returned to Bucharest. Carol initiated a campaign in the press against her, claiming that she had tried to commit suicide twice.[30] The government issued a statement confirming Helen's civil list payment, and officially allowing her to reside in Romania six months each year, and to take her son Michael abroad one month each year.[31]

In spite of the official permission to reside in Romania, Helen was expected to stay in exile and returned to Florence.[32] With her financial situation now stable, she was able to purchase her own villa at the nearby town of San Domenico. In spring 1934 Helen moved into Villa Sparta with her brother Paul and her two sisters.[33] She lived here for the next ten years, seeing her son Michael for roughly two months each year.

Queen Mother of Romania

Villa Sparta, in Fiesole, where the Queen lived more than 30 years

In September 1940 Michael was restored to the throne, although dictator Ion Antonescu exercised most royal and governmental prerogatives. Antonescu recalled Helen to Romania. She received the title Queen Mother of Romania (Regina-mamă Elena) and the style Her Majesty. During World War II she devoted herself to the care of the wounded. In the fall of 1942, Helen played a major role in stopping Antonescu from his plans to deport all of the Jews of the Regat to the German death camp of Bełżec in Poland. According to SS Hauptsturmführer Gustav Richter, the counselor for Jewish Affairs at the German legation in Bucharest in a report sent to Berlin on 30 October 1942:

"The Queen Mother told the King that what was happening . . . was a disgrace and that she could not bear it any longer, all the more so because [their names] would be permanently associated . . . with the crimes committed against the Jews, while she would be known as the mother of "Michael the Wicked". She is said to have warned the King that, if the deportations were not immediately halted, she would leave the country. As a result the King . . . telephoned Prime Minister Ion Antonescu and . . . a meeting of the Council of Ministers took place."[34]

For her efforts to rescue Romanian Jews from the Nazi Germans, she was awarded the status of Righteous Among the Nations.[35]

As a first cousin of the bridegroom, on her father's side, she was a guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[36]

In December 1947 Michael was forced to abdicate. Helen returned to San Domenico, at Villa Sparta. Later she resided in Lausanne.

Helen died at the age of 86 in Lausanne in 1982.

Honours

National dynastic honours
National state honours

Ancestry

See also: Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX
Ancestors of Helen of Greece and Denmark
16. Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
8. Christian IX of Denmark
17. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
4. George I of Greece
18. Prince William of Hesse
9. Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
19. Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark
2. Constantine I of Greece
20. Nicholas I of Russia
10. Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaievich of Russia
21. Charlotte of Prussia
5. Olga Konstantinovna of Russia
22. Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
11. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg
23. Duchess Amelia of Württemberg
1. Helen of Greece and Denmark
24. Frederick William III of Prussia
12. William I, German Emperor
25. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
6. Frederick III, German Emperor
26. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
13. Augusta of Saxe-Weimar
27. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia
3. Sophia of Prussia
28. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
14. Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
29. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
7. Victoria, Princess Royal
30. Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
15. Victoria of the United Kingdom
31. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

References

  1. ^ Gould 1956, p. 15.
  2. ^ a b Gould 1956, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b Gould 1956, p. 18.
  4. ^ a b Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 194
  5. ^ Gould 1956, pp. 19–20.
  6. ^ Gould 1956, p. 21.
  7. ^ a b Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 83
  8. ^ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 62.
  9. ^ Arthur Gould Lee, Helen, Queen Mother of Rumania, Princess of Greece and Denmark: An Authorized Biography (London: Faber and Faber, 1956), 25.
  10. ^ Gould, 63-64.
  11. ^ Gould, 72.
  12. ^ Gould, 74.
  13. ^ Gould, 83.
  14. ^ Gould, 84.
  15. ^ Gould, 88.
  16. ^ Gould, 89.
  17. ^ Gould, 91.
  18. ^ Gould, 92.
  19. ^ Gould, 99.
  20. ^ "Prince Charles's Renunciation", The Times (5 January 1926): 11.
  21. ^ Gould, 116.
  22. ^ Gould, 119-120.
  23. ^ Gould, 121; "Prince Carol, Divorce Proceedings in Rumania", The Times (9 June 1928): 14.
  24. ^ Gould, 139.
  25. ^ Gould, 140.
  26. ^ Gould, 141.
  27. ^ Gould, 147.
  28. ^ Gould, 149.
  29. ^ Gould, 155.
  30. ^ Gould, 164-165.
  31. ^ "Princess Helen of Rumania, Settlement Signed", The Times (2 November 1932): 11.
  32. ^ Gould, 166-167.
  33. ^ Gould, 169.
  34. ^ Deletant, Denis Review of The History of the Holocaust in Romania by Jean Ancel pages 502-506 from Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, August 2013 page 505.
  35. ^ Martin Gilbert, The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (Owl Books, 2003), 240. ISBN 0-8050-6261-0.
  36. ^ Royal Collection: Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=9000366&row=82&detail=magnify
  37. ^ "Wedding of King Michael of Romania and Anne of Bourbon-Parma | Royalty ~ Romania | Pinterest". pinterest.com. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  38. ^ "Image: 663579troops1928.jpg, (518 × 480 px)". img10.hostingpics.net. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  39. ^ "Image: queen-marie-king-michael-of-romania-helen-1929.jpg, (393 × 450 px)". noblesseetroyautes.com. 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  40. ^ "Image: elenauniform.jpg, (416 × 639 px)". i73.photobucket.com. 2006-05-02. Retrieved 2015-10-10.

Bibliography

  • Gould Lee, Arthur Stanley (1956), Helen, Queen Mother of Rumania, Princess of Greece and Denmark: An Authorized Biography, London: Faber and Faber
  • "Queen Helen of Rumania", The Times (30 November 1982): 12.
  • Porter, Ivor (2005), Michael of Romania. The King and the Country, Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queen Helen of Romania.
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