Jump to content

Iris barnumiae: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Description: ref edits
finished opening paragraph and description
Line 17: Line 17:
|Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae <ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321600 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>}}
|Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae <ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321600 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>}}
}}
}}
'''''Iris barnumiae''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Iran]].
'''''Iris barnumiae''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from the steppes of [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia]]. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has in mid to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as ''I. barnumiae'' in after a plant naming conference, but is still named as ''I. barnumae'' in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies ''[[Iris barnumiae ssp. demavendica]]'' and two [[Form (botany)|forms]]; ''Iris barnumiae'' f. ''protonyma'' ([[Otto Stapf|Stapf]]) [[Brian Mathew|B.Mathew]] & [[Pier Wendelbo|Wendelbo]] and ''Iris barnumiae'' f. ''urmiensis'' (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes ''I. barnumiae'' f. ''barnumiae'' is used to described the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions, due to it needing very dry and warm summer conditions.


==Description==
==Description==
Line 36: Line 36:
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=20,<ref name=pacific/><ref name=signa/><ref name=british/> first counted by [[Marc Simonet]] in 1934,<ref name=american/> and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977.<ref name=Zohary>{{cite journal |last=Avishai |first=Michael |last2=Zohary |first2=Daniel |date=1977 |title=Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473887?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |format= |journal=[[Botanical Gazette]] (Bot. Gaz) |publisher= |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages= 502-511 |doi= |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=20,<ref name=pacific/><ref name=signa/><ref name=british/> first counted by [[Marc Simonet]] in 1934,<ref name=american/> and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977.<ref name=Zohary>{{cite journal |last=Avishai |first=Michael |last2=Zohary |first2=Daniel |date=1977 |title=Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473887?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |format= |journal=[[Botanical Gazette]] (Bot. Gaz) |publisher= |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages= 502-511 |doi= |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

The fragrant flowers,<ref name=Lynch/> (similar to [[Lily of the Valley]] scent,<ref name=american/>) are {{convert|7|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=american/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=stebbings/> They are smaller than ''Iris iberica'',<ref name=american/> and come in shades of purple,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=gardner/><ref name=European/> from red-purple,<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=cassidy/> mulberry,<ref name=Molly>{{cite book | first1=Molly | last1=Price | title=The Iris Book | page=79 | year=1973 | publisher=Dover Publications. | isbn=}}</ref> to deep purple,<ref name=rare/> to purplish-violet.<ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> There are yellow forms,<ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=dykesonirises>{{cite web| first=William | last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Dykes on Iris url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf ||format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) | accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> which are known as ''Iris barnumiae'' f. ''urmiensis'' and brownish-purple in 'I. barnumiae'' f. ''protonyma''.<ref name=rare/>

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>{{rp|17}}
The falls are obovate or cuneate (oval or wedge shaped), {{convert|2|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|in|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=Lynch/> They have a small,<ref name=European/> darker signal area,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=cassidy/> of almost black purple,<ref name=Molly/><ref name=american/> and (unlike other Oncocyclus Irises) has no veining.<ref name=british/><ref name=European/><ref name=handbook/> In the middle of the falls, is a narrow row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are white, cream,<ref name=rare/> or yellow, tipped with purple.<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=European/><ref name=irisbotanique/> The larger and paler standards,<ref name=american/><ref name=handbook/> are obovate or orbicular (oval or round shaped), {{convert|3|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.5|in|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=Lynch/>

It has a horizontal,<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=american/> [[Stigma (botany)#Style|style branch]] that is {{convert|1|in|0|abbr=on}} long and reddish,<ref name=Lynch/> or brownish-yellow,<ref name=american/> with red-purple dots or spots. It has triangular crests.<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=american/> The perianth tube is a similar length to the ovary.<ref name=Lynch/>
The [[pollen]] has been counted as 108 microns (between 93-125).<ref name=donmez>{{cite journal |last=Donmez |first=Emel Oybak |last2=Islk |first2=Serap |date=2008 |title=Pollen morphology of Turkish Amaryllidaceae, Ixioliriaceae and Iridaceae |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00173130701860104 |format= |journal=Grana |publisher= |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=15-38 |doi=10.1080/00173130701860104 |accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref>

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that has not been described.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==

Revision as of 17:38, 24 June 2016

Iris barnumiae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris barnumiae
Binomial name
Iris barnumiae
Synonyms
  • Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae [1]

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the steppes of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has in mid to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference, but is still named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae ssp. demavendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to described the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

Description

It has slender rhizomes,[2][3][4] which are up to 1cm in diameter.[5] They do not have stolons,[5] and new growths of rhizomes, are on the sides of the old rhizomes.[2] They form tufts,[5] and spreading plants.[3][6]

It has pale glaucous green,[2][7] narrow leaves,[8]: 190  that can grow up to between 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long,[2][4] and between 0.5 and 0.7cm wide.[4][9] The leaves all die in the summer after the flowers have bloomed, then re-appear next season.[4][10] The foliage is very similar to Iris iberica (another Oncocyclus section iris),[3][4] but it is less falcate,[3][11] (or sickle-shaped).[10]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 10–40 cm (4–16 in) tall.[2][12][13]

The stem has spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 6 cm (2 in) long and are green but flushed with purple at the ends. They stay green after the flower has faded.[2]

The stems hold terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming mid to late spring,[9][14] between May to June.[2][7][15] that are fragranced. It also has falls that are much smaller than the standards and have an orange beard but no signal patch (on the falls), the standards are 2in high and nearly 1.5in in diameter.[2] Sometimes the beard is thought to be more straggly than I. barnumiae.[3] The pollen of the flowers are 92 microns wide (between 80-103).[16]

It is often misnamed as 'Iris urmiensis'.[17][18] Some authors consider it a separate species.[15]

I. barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo was published and described in 'Flora Iranica' Vol.112 on page34 in 1975, as I. polakii f. protonyma.[19] I. polakii f. protonyma was later classed as a synonym of I. barnumiae f. protonyma.[20]

It has brownish-purple flowers with short, glaucous green leaves.[7]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia.[21][22]

Range

It (and the various forms) are found between Turkey,[16][23][24] (mainly in Kurdistan,[4] and Anatolia.[15]) Iraq,[24][21][9] Iran,[25][24][15] (including Gonabad,[26]) Armenia,[22][27] (including near to Lake Van,[23][28][29] and Azerbaijan,[15][30] including near Lake Urumiah).[12]

Within Iran, it and other geophytes, (such as Allium capitellatum, Gagea alexeenokoana and Gagea glacialis) make up 6% of the alpine flora.[31]

Habitat

It grows on the dry and stony hills,[10][7] or sub-alpine slopes,[25] or steppes.[15]

They can be found at an altitude of up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) above sea level.[7]

Conservation

Due to the attractive flowers, they are vulnerable from picking by locals and walkers.[4]

The iris is listed as 'rare' in Iraq,[32] within the Zagros mountain range, along with another endemic species Tragopogon rechingeri.[33]

Cultivation

It is hardy to European H4,[9] (meaning that it is hardy to -5 to -10oC (or 23 to 14oF).[34] |Although, it needs habitats that have dry summers,[4][10] it is considered one of the least demanding of the Oncocyclus section.[6]

For the UK, the iris is better grown within an alpine house,[7] within a raised bed,[35] in a sunny position.[14] It should be filled with 1/3 old mortar rubble,[17] and loam,[7] to provide a well drained, and fertile soil,[7][14] that allows the roots to not sit in water, that would rot them.[4]

It is suggested that the best time to be planted is in October.[12]

The iris is commercial available in specialist seed exchanges or a few iris nurseries.[10]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[36] or by seed growing.[35] Every three years, the clumps of irises are normally divided, as the plants are highly likely to get bacterial rot if they suffer any moisture or humidity. They are best re-planted in late September when temperatures are low and humidity is also low. This is also when the plants generate root and shoot growth.[35] Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[37]

Hybrids and Cultivars

Known I. barnumae cultivars include 'Barnumae Mariae', 'Demavendica', 'Jewel At Midnight', 'Polakii', 'Protonyma', 'Urmiensis' and 'Zenobiae'.[3]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[38]

References

  1. ^ "Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris (1904), p. 105-106, at Google Books
  3. ^ a b c d e f Black, John (20 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris barnumae Fos. & Bak". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  5. ^ a b c British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 66, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 69. ISBN 0715305395.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris barnumae barnumae". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  8. ^ Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  9. ^ a b c d James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  10. ^ a b c d e Rivera, Cindy (22 April 2006). "Iris barnumae". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference british was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b c Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  13. ^ Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 127-128. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  14. ^ a b c "Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae". kevockgarden.co.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 109, at Google Books
  16. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference donmez was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b Balimgardt, John Philip (1970). Bulbs for Summer Bloom. p. 79.
  18. ^ Ward, Bobby J. (January 2005). "Plants Without Borders: Modern-Day Plant Hunters". The Rock Garden (114). Scottish Rock Garden Club. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  19. ^ "Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". ipni.org. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  20. ^ "Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  21. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference grin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ipni was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Zohary was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b c Klečková, Jana (17 January 2012). "Irises important garden IV. - Aril irises hybrids and hřebínkaté" (in Czech). zahradawb.cz. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  25. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Hobohm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Ekrami, Alireza (2013). [article_7956_6d0d4baa196922b9cae10abdc1a893e7.pdf "Plant species diversity in Gonabad"] (PDF). International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 1 (12): 1590–1600. Retrieved 22 June 2016. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference dykesonirises was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Aşur, F.; Alp, S. (2011). "Determination of Possible Areas of Usage of Irises With Rhizome in Van And Its Environs in Plantation Works of Landscape Architecture". Acta Horticulturae (Acta. Hortic.). 886. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.886.42. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  29. ^ "Wild flowers of Lake Van" (PDF). petentour.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  30. ^ Patricia L. Baker, Hilary Smith, Maria Oleynik Iran (4th Edition, 2014), p. 5, at Google Books
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rina was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ "Key Biodiversity Survey of Iraq". NATURE IRAQ & IRAQ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT. 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  33. ^ "Haji Omran Mountain (IQ018)" (PDF). natrueiraq.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  34. ^ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  35. ^ a b c "Growing Aril Irises". edgewoodgardens.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  36. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  37. ^ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  38. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
  • Huxley, A., ed. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 1992 (Dict Gard)
  • Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium Hortus third. 1976 (Hortus 3)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 45-46.
  • Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963- (F Iran)
  • Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest Flora of Iraq. 1966- (F Iraq)

External links

Media related to Iris barnumiae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris barnumiae at Wikispecies

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iris_barnumiae&oldid=726827614"