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The stems hold single terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=Volis>{{cite journal |last=Volis |first=Sergei |last2=Blecher |first2=Michael |last3=Sapi |first3=Yuval |date=21 June 2010 |title=Application of complex conservation strategy to Iris atrofusca of the Northern Negev, Israel |url=https://16df467f-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/labsapir/home/publications/Volis%2CBlecher%26Sapir2010BiodConser.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |publisher=Springer Science |volume=19 |issue= |pages=3157–3169 |doi=10.1007/s10531-010-9883-0 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref> blooming in late March,<ref name=flowers/><ref name=Baker/> or April.<ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=Danin>{{cite web |first=Prof. Avinoam |last=Danin |title=Iris atrofusca Baker |url=http://flora.org.il/en/plants/iriato/ |publisher=flora.org.il (Flora of Israel Online) |accessdate=12 April 2016}}</ref>
The stems hold single terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=Volis>{{cite journal |last=Volis |first=Sergei |last2=Blecher |first2=Michael |last3=Sapi |first3=Yuval |date=21 June 2010 |title=Application of complex conservation strategy to Iris atrofusca of the Northern Negev, Israel |url=https://16df467f-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/labsapir/home/publications/Volis%2CBlecher%26Sapir2010BiodConser.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |publisher=Springer Science |volume=19 |issue= |pages=3157–3169 |doi=10.1007/s10531-010-9883-0 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref> blooming in late March,<ref name=flowers/><ref name=Baker/> or April.<ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=Danin>{{cite web |first=Prof. Avinoam |last=Danin |title=Iris atrofusca Baker |url=http://flora.org.il/en/plants/iriato/ |publisher=flora.org.il (Flora of Israel Online) |accessdate=12 April 2016}}</ref>


The fragrant flowers,<ref name=british/><ref name=rare/> are {{convert|10|-|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=flowers/> and come in shades from purple brown,<ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=cassidy/><!-- also <ref name=pacific/>--> reddish-black,<ref name=handbook/> black brown,<ref name=rare/> dark brown,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/><ref name=spring>{{cite web |title=Top 10 places to see Israel’s spring flowers |first=Abigail Klein |last=Leichman |date=26 February 2014 |url=http://www.israel21c.org/top-10-places-to-see-israels-spring-flowers/ |publisher=israel21c.org |accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref> dark lilac,<ref name=flowers/> to dark purple,<ref name=british/> Although a yellow flowered form can be found.<ref name=british/><ref name=pacific/> It is thought to be the darkest-coloured iris in Israel, and in Jordan is often called 'black iris'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iris atrofusca ~ Jal'ad Iris|url=http://royalbotanicgarden.org/plants/iris-atrofusca-jalad-iris|website=royalbotanicgarden.org|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=noah>{{cite web |title=Judean Iris |first=Margarita |last=Orlova |date=7 March 2015 |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/1542576011 |publisher=projectnoah.org |accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref>
The fragrant flowers,<ref name=british/><ref name=rare/> are {{convert|10|-|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=flowers/> and come in shades from purple brown,<ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=cassidy/><!-- also <ref name=pacific/>--> reddish-black,<ref name=handbook/> black brown,<ref name=rare/> dark brown,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/><ref name=spring>{{cite web |title=Top 10 places to see Israel’s spring flowers |first=Abigail Klein |last=Leichman |date=26 February 2014 |url=http://www.israel21c.org/top-10-places-to-see-israels-spring-flowers/ |publisher=israel21c.org |accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref> dark lilac,<ref name=flowers/> to dark purple,<ref name=british/> Although a yellow flowered form can be found.<ref name=british/><ref name=pacific/> It is thought to be the darkest-coloured iris in Israel, and in Jordan is often called 'black iris'.<ref name=jalad>{{cite web|title=Iris atrofusca ~ Jal'ad Iris|url=http://royalbotanicgarden.org/plants/iris-atrofusca-jalad-iris|website=royalbotanicgarden.org|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=noah>{{cite web |title=Judean Iris |first=Margarita |last=Orlova |date=7 March 2015 |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/1542576011 |publisher=projectnoah.org |accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref>


Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }}</ref> The wide falls are recurved,<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> and measure
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }}</ref> The wide falls are recurved,<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> and measure
{{convert|6|-|7.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> They have a broad, brownish-black,<ref name=british/> or black signal patch in the middle.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=american/><ref name=cassidy/><!--also<ref name=rare/>--> In the middle of the falls, extending from the claw (the narrow section of petal near the stem),<ref name=Baker/> there is a row of short hairs (velvet-like,<ref name=Baker/>) called the 'beard', which is brown-black,<ref name=Baker/> light brown,<ref name=irisbotanique/> or yellow,<ref name=signa/> tipped with brown.<ref name=british/> The paler,<ref name=cassidy/> standards are incurved,<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> and measure up to {{convert|7|-|9|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> They have heavy veining, (in black,<ref name=Baker/>) and lots of (reddish-black,<ref name=handbook/>) dots.<ref name=british/><ref name=handbook/> The flowers are smaller than ''[[Iris haynei]]'' (another Oncocyclus section iris).<ref name=rare/><ref name=american/>
{{convert|6|-|7.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> They have a broad, brownish-black,<ref name=british/> or black signal patch in the middle.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=american/><ref name=cassidy/><!--also<ref name=rare/>--> In the middle of the falls, extending from the claw (the narrow section of petal near the stem),<ref name=Baker/> there is a row of short hairs (velvet-like,<ref name=Baker/>) called the 'beard', which is brown-black,<ref name=Baker/> light brown,<ref name=irisbotanique/> or yellow,<ref name=signa/> tipped with brown.<ref name=british/> The paler,<ref name=cassidy/> standards are incurved,<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> and measure up to {{convert|7|-|9|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=british/><ref name=Baker/> They have heavy veining, (in black,<ref name=Baker/>) and lots of (reddish-black,<ref name=handbook/>) dots.<ref name=british/><ref name=handbook/> The flowers are smaller than ''[[Iris haynei]]'' (another Oncocyclus section iris).<ref name=rare/><ref name=american/>

Iris atrofusca has the longest floral longevity of 6.7 (± 1.3 days), compared to ''[[Iris atropurpurea]]'' and ''[[Iris hermona]]'', (other 'Oncocyclus Section' irises from Israel).<ref name=bees>{{cite journal |last=Sapir |first=Y. |last2=Shmida | |first2= A. |last3=Ne’eman |first3=G. |date=24 January 2005 |title=Pollination of Oncocyclus irises
(Iris: Iridaceae) by Night-Sheltering Male Bees |url=http://research.haifa.ac.il/~biology/neeman/Publications/D%2048.%20Sapir%20et%20al.%202005.%20Pollination%20of%20Oncocyclus%20Irises.%20Plant%20Biology.pdf
|format=pdf |journal=Plant Biol. |publisher= KG Stuttgart |volume=7 |issue= |pages=417 – 424 |doi= 10.1055/s-2005-837709 |accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref>


It has [[Stigma (botany)#Style|style arms]] which are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=Baker/> greenish yellow and spotted with purple,<ref name=british/> white [[anthers]],<ref name=Baker/> oblong-shaped ovary, short filaments,<ref name=Baker/> and a cylindrical, green {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, perianth tube.<ref name=Baker/>
It has [[Stigma (botany)#Style|style arms]] which are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=Baker/> greenish yellow and spotted with purple,<ref name=british/> white [[anthers]],<ref name=Baker/> oblong-shaped ovary, short filaments,<ref name=Baker/> and a cylindrical, green {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, perianth tube.<ref name=Baker/>

A study in 2005, found found that [[pollen]] is transferred between flowers by night-sheltering solitary male bees and that they are the only known pollinators of the plants.<ref name=bees/>


After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule,<ref name=british/> which opens up with three parts, and holds many seeds inside.<ref name=flowers/>
After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule,<ref name=british/> which opens up with three parts, and holds many seeds inside.<ref name=flowers/>
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Although normally, ''[[Iris mariae]]'' is normally called 'Negev Iris'.
Although normally, ''[[Iris mariae]]'' is normally called 'Negev Iris'.


In [[Hebrew]], it is known as אִירוּס שָׁחוּם .<ref name=flowers/><ref name=Danin/><ref name=wildflowers/><ref name=royal>{{cite web |title= Iris atrofusca Jalad Iris |url=http://royalbotanicgarden.org/plants/iris-atrofusca-jalad-iris |publisher=royalbotanicgarden.org |accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref> In Arabic, it is common known as 'Sawsan Gilead'.<ref name=salt/> It is known in [[Finnish language|Finnish]] as "Suklaakurjenmiekka".<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=Iris atrofusca |url=http://eol.org/pages/5866411/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
In [[Hebrew]], it is known as אִירוּס שָׁחוּם .<ref name=flowers/><ref name=Danin/><ref name=wildflowers/><ref name=jalad/> In Arabic, it is common known as 'Sawsan Gilead'.<ref name=salt/> It is known in [[Finnish language|Finnish]] as "Suklaakurjenmiekka".<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=Iris atrofusca |url=http://eol.org/pages/5866411/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>


It is written in Arabic as سوسن جلعاد - كحيلة الكلبI .<ref name=flowers/>
It is written in Arabic as سوسن جلعاد - كحيلة الكلبI .<ref name=flowers/>
Line 72: Line 78:
''Iris atrofusca'' is an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 1999.<ref name=rhs>{{cite web|title=Iris atrofusca |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9211/Iris-atrofusca/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk| accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
''Iris atrofusca'' is an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 1999.<ref name=rhs>{{cite web|title=Iris atrofusca |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9211/Iris-atrofusca/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk| accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>


It was listed on [[List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (E-O)]].<ref name=royal/>
It was listed on [[List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (E-O)]].<ref name=jalad/>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==

Revision as of 09:40, 4 May 2016

Iris atrofusca
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris atrofusca
Binomial name
Iris atrofusca
Synonyms
  • Iris atropurpurea var. gileadensis Dinsm.
  • Iris hauranensis Dinsm.
  • Iris jordana Dinsm.
  • Iris loessicola Kushnir[1][2]

Iris atrofusca ('Judean Iris' or 'Gilead Iris') is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and Oncocyclus Section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. It has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac, to dark purple. It also has black or brownish-black signal patch and a brown-black, light brown, or yellow tipped with brown thick beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It has a stout, compact rhizome,[3] with very long secondary roots.[4] The rhizomes grow level with the surface of the soil, so that they can benefit from heat from the sun.[4] The roots form dense, thick clumps,[5][6] reaching 0.5 m wide.[7]

The leaves of the iris, are falcate (sickle-shaped),[4] or erect,[3][5][6] or ensiform (sword-shaped).[8] It is thought that specimens from the Arad valley (in Israel ) have curved (falcate) leaves, compared to those found in the Beersheva hills or (Be'er Sheva), which have erect leaves.[9] They are also similar to Iris susiana (another Oncocyclus section Iris).[10] The iris can have up to 5-8 leaves,[3] which are greyish-green,[4][7] or pale green and slightly glaucescent,[8] they can grow up to between 15–40 cm (6–16 in) long,[4][11] and between 0.8 and 2 cm wide.[3][7][11]

It has a stout stem or peduncle,[8] that can grow up to between 20–45 cm (8–18 in) tall.[4][12][13] It is as tall as I. susiana.[8]

The stem has pale green, ventricose (swollen or inflated) spathes (leaves of the flower bud), they are 9–10 cm (4–4 in) long.[8]

The stems hold single terminal (top of stem) flowers,[14] blooming in late March,[7][8] or April.[3][4][15]

The fragrant flowers,[3][5] are 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter,[7] and come in shades from purple brown,[3][4][13] reddish-black,[10] black brown,[5] dark brown,[4][6][16] dark lilac,[7] to dark purple,[3] Although a yellow flowered form can be found.[3][12] It is thought to be the darkest-coloured iris in Israel, and in Jordan is often called 'black iris'.[17][18]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[19] The wide falls are recurved,[3][8] and measure 6–7.5 cm (2–3 in) long and 3–4.5 cm (1–2 in) wide.[3][8] They have a broad, brownish-black,[3] or black signal patch in the middle.[4][11][13] In the middle of the falls, extending from the claw (the narrow section of petal near the stem),[8] there is a row of short hairs (velvet-like,[8]) called the 'beard', which is brown-black,[8] light brown,[4] or yellow,[6] tipped with brown.[3] The paler,[13] standards are incurved,[3][8] and measure up to 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long and 3–4.5 cm (1–2 in) wide.[3][8] They have heavy veining, (in black,[8]) and lots of (reddish-black,[10]) dots.[3][10] The flowers are smaller than Iris haynei (another Oncocyclus section iris).[5][11]

Iris atrofusca has the longest floral longevity of 6.7 (± 1.3 days), compared to Iris atropurpurea and Iris hermona, (other 'Oncocyclus Section' irises from Israel).[20]

It has style arms which are 5 cm (2 in) long,[8] greenish yellow and spotted with purple,[3] white anthers,[8] oblong-shaped ovary, short filaments,[8] and a cylindrical, green 5 cm (2 in) long, perianth tube.[8]

A study in 2005, found found that pollen is transferred between flowers by night-sheltering solitary male bees and that they are the only known pollinators of the plants.[20]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule,[3] which opens up with three parts, and holds many seeds inside.[7]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[19]

It was counted as 2n=20,[4][6][12] by Marc Simonet, then by Kushnir in 1947, then by Randolph & Mitra in 1958 and by Avishai & Zohary in 1980.[11]

Taxonomy

Seen in Tekoa Wadi nature reserve, Israel

It is commonly known as 'Judean Iris',[21][22][23] or 'Dark brown Iris',[6][7] or 'Gilead Iris',[7][24][25] or 'Jil'ad Iris',[2] or 'Jal'ad Iris'.[7]

It is occasionally called the 'Negev Iris',[16][26] Although normally, Iris mariae is normally called 'Negev Iris'.

In Hebrew, it is known as אִירוּס שָׁחוּם .[7][15][23][17] In Arabic, it is common known as 'Sawsan Gilead'.[25] It is known in Finnish as "Suklaakurjenmiekka".[27]

It is written in Arabic as سوسن جلعاد - كحيلة الكلبI .[7]

The Latin specific epithet atrofusca refers to atrofusca, from 'ater' meaning "black, sable, dark, gloomy", and 'fuscus' meaning "dark, dusky, swarthy or very dark”.[7][28]

It was first published and described by John Gilbert Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (Gard. Chron.) in 1893 on page384,[11][24] and in the Botanical Magazine (Bot. Mag.) in 1894 on page 7379 as Iris atropurpurea var. atrofusca Baker.[29]

In 1896, within Flora Palaestina, vol. 4, by Naomi Feinbrun,[11] the species gained Iris jordana, Iris atropurpurea var. gileadensis, Iris hauranensis and Iris loessicola as synonyms.[12]

It was for many years also found as Iris haynei,[10] to which it is closely related.[5]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004.[24]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[27] and in the Catalogue of Life.[30]

Iris atrofusca is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 1999.[31]

It was listed on List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (E-O).[17]

Distribution and habitat

Iris atrofusca on Beer Sheva trail in Israel

It is native to temperate Western Asia.[24]

Range

It is found in Israel,[18][31] Jordan,[4][24][25] and the Palestinian Territories.[6][10]

It is spread from the deserts of Samaria,[5][15][23] Judean desert,[11][12][23] Negev Desert,[11][12][23] the Beit Shan Valley,[12] south Golan Heights,[3] Jordan Valley,[3][5][12] and the valley in the Dead Sea.[23]

Habitat

It grows in the arid desert,[18] or dry hills,[3][4] or rocky/stony slopes,[6] loessial planes ( loess - airborne desert soil,[11]),[3][9] agricultural fields,[6] (in the Arad valley, they have been under cultivation for several thousands of years,[9]) or semi-steppe shrublands.[7][15]

They can be found at an altitude of −250 to 300 m (−820 to 980 ft) above sea level.[3][4]

Synecology

It can be found growing naturally with phlomis, echinops and Eremostachys laciniata.[3]

Conservation

Seen near Tel Arad, Israel

It is a rare and endangered species,[4][7] due to populations being threatened by over-grazing,[9] and human development (including roads and settlements).[6][11] It is listed in the Israeli Red Data Book (Shmida and Polak, 2008).[11] As 'rare' in the Samarian Desert,[11] and northern Negev.[15] It is listed as 'very rare' in the Judean Mountains,[11] and the Negev Highlands.[15] In Israel, there is only one national park, that has natural population of the iris (Volis, Blecher and Sapir, 2010, Biodiverisity and Conservation),[11] Tel Arad National Park.[22]

Cultivation

It is hardy in places with a dry summer and full sun.[4][6]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils.[4]

'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are easier to grow than 'Regelia Section' Irises, but should be preferably grown under glass (in frames), to protect the irises from excess moisture (especially during winter times) and also to ensure the (shallow planted) rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season. They can be grown in pots (especially in deep ones known as 'long toms'), but they need re-potting, every 2 years and extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation. The growth starts in October and should start with careful watering; water should never be poured directly on the rhizomes.[32]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[33] or from seed.

Hybrids and Cultivars

It has various cultivars such as 'Atropurpurea Gileadensis', 'Hauranensis', 'Jordana' and 'Loessicola'.[11]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves). If mistakenly ingested it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may also cause a skin irritation or allergic reaction.[34]

References

  1. ^ "Iris atrofusca Baker is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Jil'ad Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 69, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Chapter I (Part 5) I Oncocyclus" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris atrofusca". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fragman-Sapir, Ori (16 September 2006). "Iris atrofusca". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Iris atrofusca". flowersinisrael.com. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Baker, John Gilbert (1893). "Iris atrofusca". The Gardeners' Chronicle. 1: 384. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d Volisa, Sergei; Zhangb, Yong-Hong; Dormanc, Michael; Blecherd, Michael (1979). "Two Ecotypes Of Iris Atrofusca Bak. And Their Relations To Man-Modified Habitats". Israel Journal of Botany. 28 (2): 80–86. doi:10.1080/0021213X.1979.10676859. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Black, John (19 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris atrofusca Baker". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  14. ^ Volis, Sergei; Blecher, Michael; Sapi, Yuval (21 June 2010). "Application of complex conservation strategy to Iris atrofusca of the Northern Negev, Israel" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 19. Springer Science: 3157–3169. doi:10.1007/s10531-010-9883-0. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Danin, Prof. Avinoam. "Iris atrofusca Baker". flora.org.il (Flora of Israel Online). Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  16. ^ a b Leichman, Abigail Klein (26 February 2014). "Top 10 places to see Israel's spring flowers". israel21c.org. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  17. ^ a b c "Iris atrofusca ~ Jal'ad Iris". royalbotanicgarden.org. Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  18. ^ a b c Orlova, Margarita (7 March 2015). "Judean Iris". projectnoah.org. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  19. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  20. ^ a b Sapir, Y.; Shmida, A.; Ne’eman, G. (24 January 2005). "Pollination of Oncocyclus irises (Iris: Iridaceae) by Night-Sheltering Male Bees" (pdf). Plant Biol. 7. KG Stuttgart: 417–424. doi:10.1055/s-2005-837709. Retrieved 3 May 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 34 (help)
  21. ^ "Judaen Iris". tiuli.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
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  24. ^ a b c d e "Taxon: Iris atrofusca Baker". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  25. ^ a b c "Salt flora". triptojordan.com. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  26. ^ Michael Evenari, Leslie Shanan and Naphtali Tadmor The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert, p. 275, at Google Books
  27. ^ a b "Iris atrofusca". eol.org. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
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Other sources

  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin). 2009 (Vara kulturvaxt namn)
  • Dorman, Melnik, Sapir, and Volis. 2009 Factors affecting dormancy of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 57 (4) : 329-333.
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 44.
  • Sapir, Y. et al. 2002. Morphological variation of the Oncocyclus irises (Iris: Iridaceae) in the southern Levant Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139:369-382.
  • Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan Flora palaestina. 1966- (F Palest)

Media related to Iris atrofusca at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris atrofusca at Wikispecies

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