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As France in particular,<ref>Thézy (Marie de), La Photographie humaniste, 1930-1960. Histoire d’un mouvement en France, Paris, Contrejour, 1992.</ref> but also [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], emerged from the dark period of the Occupation (1940–4), the liberation of Paris in August 1944 released photography to respond to reconstruction<ref>Reconstructions et modernisation. La France après les ruines (1918-1945), [catalogue de l’exposition aux Archives nationales, Paris, hôtel de Rohan, janvier-mai 1991], Paris, Archives nationales, 1991</ref> and the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]]’s (1947–59) drive to redefine a French identity after war, defeat, occupation, and collaboration.<ref>Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In The Documentary Impulse in French Literature, 177.</ref> For photographers the experience had been one in which the [[Nazism|Nazi]] authorities censored all visual expression and the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] carefully controlled those who remained and who eked out a living with portraiture and commercial, officially endorsed editorial photography, though individuals joined [[French Resistance|the Resistance]] from 1941, including Robert Capa, Cartier-Bresson,<ref>Henri Cartier-Bresson was one who in 1943 joined Communist resistance fighters, the future National Movement for Prisoners of War and Deportees Cartier-Bresson, H., & Chéroux, C. (1976). Henri Cartier-Bresson (Vol. 1). F. Mapfre (Ed.). Aperture.</ref> and Jean Dieuzaide,<ref>Chalifour, Bruno 'Jean Dieuzaide, 1935-2003' in ''Afterimage'' Vol. 31, No. 4 , January-February 2004</ref> with several forging passes and documents (amongst whom were [[Robert Doisneau]], [[Hans Bellmer]], and [[Adolfo Kaminsky]]).
As France in particular,<ref>Thézy (Marie de), La Photographie humaniste, 1930-1960. Histoire d’un mouvement en France, Paris, Contrejour, 1992.</ref> but also [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], emerged from the dark period of the Occupation (1940–4), the liberation of Paris in August 1944 released photography to respond to reconstruction<ref>Reconstructions et modernisation. La France après les ruines (1918-1945), [catalogue de l’exposition aux Archives nationales, Paris, hôtel de Rohan, janvier-mai 1991], Paris, Archives nationales, 1991</ref> and the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]]’s (1947–59) drive to redefine a French identity after war, defeat, occupation, and collaboration.<ref>Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In The Documentary Impulse in French Literature, 177.</ref> For photographers the experience had been one in which the [[Nazism|Nazi]] authorities censored all visual expression and the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] carefully controlled those who remained and who eked out a living with portraiture and commercial, officially endorsed editorial photography, though individuals joined [[French Resistance|the Resistance]] from 1941, including Robert Capa, Cartier-Bresson,<ref>Henri Cartier-Bresson was one who in 1943 joined Communist resistance fighters, the future National Movement for Prisoners of War and Deportees Cartier-Bresson, H., & Chéroux, C. (1976). Henri Cartier-Bresson (Vol. 1). F. Mapfre (Ed.). Aperture.</ref> and Jean Dieuzaide,<ref>Chalifour, Bruno 'Jean Dieuzaide, 1935-2003' in ''Afterimage'' Vol. 31, No. 4 , January-February 2004</ref> with several forging passes and documents (amongst whom were [[Robert Doisneau]], [[Hans Bellmer]], and [[Adolfo Kaminsky]]).


[[File:Cover of the book Belleville - Ménilmontant by Wili Ronis.jpg|thumbnail|left|Ronis: cover of ''Belleville - Ménilmontant'' (1954), 1984 edition.]]Paris was a crossroad of modernist culture and so cosmopolitan influences abound in humanist photography, recruiting emigrés who impressed their stamp on French photography, the earliest being Hungarian [[Andre_Kertesz]] who arrived on the scene in the mid-1920s; followed by his compatriots [[Ergy Landau]], [[Brassaï|Brassai]] (Gyula Halasz), and Robert Capa (Emire Friedmann), and by the Pole "Chim" (David Szymin), among others, in the 1930s.<ref>Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In The Documentary Impulse in French Literature</ref>
[[File:Cover of the book Belleville - Ménilmontant by Wili Ronis.jpg|thumbnail|left|Ronis: cover of ''Belleville - Ménilmontant'' (1954), 1984 edition.]]Paris was a crossroad of modernist culture and so cosmopolitan influences abound in humanist photography, recruiting emigrés who impressed their stamp on French photography, the earliest being Hungarian [[Andre_Kertesz]] who arrived on the scene in the mid-1920s; followed by his compatriots [[Ergy Landau]], [[Brassaï|Brassai]] (Gyula Halasz), and Robert Capa (Emire Friedmann), and by the Pole "Chim" (David Szymin), among others, in the 1930s.<ref>Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In The Documentary Impulse in French Literature</ref> The 1950s saw a further influx of foreign photographers sympathetic to this movement, including [[Ed van der Elsken]] from the Netherlands who recorded the interactions at the bistrot Chez Moineau, the dirt-cheap refuge of bohemian youths and of [[Guy Debord]], [[Michèle Bernstein|Michele Bernstein]], [[Gil J Wolman|Gil J. Wolman]], [[Ivan Chtcheglov]] and the other members of the Lettrist International, and the emerging [[Situationists]] whose theory of the ''[[dérive]]'' accords with the working method of the humanist [[Street photography|street photographer]].


This humanist artistic current continued into to the late 1960s and early 70s, after which attention turned to photography as a fine art. Humanist photography emerged and spread after the rise of the mass circulation picture magazines in the 1920s and as photographers formed fraternities such as Le Groupe des XV (which exhibited annually 1946-1957),<ref>Paris 1950 photographié par le Groupe des XV ; Marie de Thézy ; Marcel Bovis ; Catherine Floc'hlay ; Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris ; Paris (France). Direction des affaires culturelles. 1982. (OCLC 50603400)</ref> or joined [[Stock photography|agencies]] which promoted their work and fed the demand of the newspaper and magazine audiences, publishers and editors before the advent of television broadcasting which rapidly displaced these audiences at the close of the 1960s. These publications include the ''[[Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung]]'', [[Vu (magazine)|''Vu'']], ''Point de Vue'', ''[[Regards]]'', [[Paris Match|''MATCH'']], ''[[Picture Post]]'', [[Life (magazine)|''LIFE'']], [[LOOK Magazine|''LOOK'']], ''Plaisir de France'' and [[Réalités (French magazine)|''Réalités'']] which competed to give ever larger space to photo-stories; extended articles and [[Editorial|editorials]] that were profusely illustrated, or that consisted solely of photographs with captions, often by a single photographer, who would be credited alongside the journalist, or who provided written copy as well as images. [[File:Book cover for Jacques Prévert and Izis Biedermans "Gran Bal du Printemps", Lausanne, Eds. Clairfontaine, 1951.jpeg|thumbnail|Book cover for [[Jacques Prévert]] and [[Izis Bidermanas]] ''Grand Bal du Printemps'', Lausanne, Eds. Clairfontaine, 1951]]
This humanist artistic current continued into to the late 1960s and early 70s, after which attention turned to photography as a fine art. Humanist photography emerged and spread after the rise of the mass circulation picture magazines in the 1920s and as photographers formed fraternities such as Le Groupe des XV (which exhibited annually 1946-1957),<ref>Paris 1950 photographié par le Groupe des XV ; Marie de Thézy ; Marcel Bovis ; Catherine Floc'hlay ; Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris ; Paris (France). Direction des affaires culturelles. 1982. (OCLC 50603400)</ref> or joined [[Stock photography|agencies]] which promoted their work and fed the demand of the newspaper and magazine audiences, publishers and editors before the advent of television broadcasting which rapidly displaced these audiences at the close of the 1960s. These publications include the ''[[Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung]]'', [[Vu (magazine)|''Vu'']], ''Point de Vue'', ''[[Regards]]'', [[Paris Match|''MATCH'']], ''[[Picture Post]]'', [[Life (magazine)|''LIFE'']], [[LOOK Magazine|''LOOK'']], ''Plaisir de France'' and [[Réalités (French magazine)|''Réalités'']] which competed to give ever larger space to photo-stories; extended articles and [[Editorial|editorials]] that were profusely illustrated, or that consisted solely of photographs with captions, often by a single photographer, who would be credited alongside the journalist, or who provided written copy as well as images. [[File:Book cover for Jacques Prévert and Izis Biedermans "Gran Bal du Printemps", Lausanne, Eds. Clairfontaine, 1951.jpeg|thumbnail|Book cover for [[Jacques Prévert]] and [[Izis Bidermanas]] ''Grand Bal du Printemps'', Lausanne, Eds. Clairfontaine, 1951]]

Revision as of 00:33, 30 March 2016

Humanist Photography, known also as the Humanist School of photography,[1] manifests the Enlightenment philosophical system in social documentary practice based on a perception of social change. It emerged in the mid-twentieth-century and is associated most strongly with Europe, particularly France, where the upheavals of the two world wars originated, though it was a worldwide movement. It can be distinguished from photojournalism, with which it forms a sub-class of reportage, as it is concerned more broadly with everyday human experience, to witness mannerisms and customs, than with newsworthy events, though practitioners are conscious of conveying particular conditions and social trends, often, but not exclusively, concentrating on the underclasses or those disadvantaged by conflict, economic hardship or prejudice. Humanist photography ‘affirms the idea of a universal underlying human nature’ [2] Jean Claude Gautrand describes humanist photography as:

a 'lyrical trend, warm, fervent, and responsive to the sufferings of humanity [which] began to assert itself during the 1950s in Europe, particularly in France ... photographers dreamed of a world of mutual succour and compassion, encapsulated ideally in a solicitous vision'.[3]

Philosophical foundation

At the end of WW2, in 1946, French intellectuals Jean-Paul Sartre and André Malraux embraced humanism;[4] Sartre arguing that existentialism was a humanism entailing freedom of choice and a responsibility for defining oneself,[5] while at the Sorbonne in an address sponsored by UNESCO, Malraux depicted human culture as ‘humanisme tragique’, a battle against biological decay and historical disaster.[6] Emerging from brutal global conflict, survivors desired material and cultural reconstruction and the appeal of humanism was a return to the values of dignity, equality and tolerance symbolised in an international proclamation and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly of the United Nations in Paris on 10 December 1948[7] That the photographic image could become a universal language in accord with these principles was an notion circulated at a UNESCO conference in 1958 [8]

Emergence

As France in particular,[9] but also Belgium and the Netherlands, emerged from the dark period of the Occupation (1940–4), the liberation of Paris in August 1944 released photography to respond to reconstruction[10] and the Fourth Republic’s (1947–59) drive to redefine a French identity after war, defeat, occupation, and collaboration.[11] For photographers the experience had been one in which the Nazi authorities censored all visual expression and the Vichy carefully controlled those who remained and who eked out a living with portraiture and commercial, officially endorsed editorial photography, though individuals joined the Resistance from 1941, including Robert Capa, Cartier-Bresson,[12] and Jean Dieuzaide,[13] with several forging passes and documents (amongst whom were Robert Doisneau, Hans Bellmer, and Adolfo Kaminsky).

File:Cover of the book Belleville - Ménilmontant by Wili Ronis.jpg
Ronis: cover of Belleville - Ménilmontant (1954), 1984 edition.

Paris was a crossroad of modernist culture and so cosmopolitan influences abound in humanist photography, recruiting emigrés who impressed their stamp on French photography, the earliest being Hungarian Andre_Kertesz who arrived on the scene in the mid-1920s; followed by his compatriots Ergy Landau, Brassai (Gyula Halasz), and Robert Capa (Emire Friedmann), and by the Pole "Chim" (David Szymin), among others, in the 1930s.[14] The 1950s saw a further influx of foreign photographers sympathetic to this movement, including Ed van der Elsken from the Netherlands who recorded the interactions at the bistrot Chez Moineau, the dirt-cheap refuge of bohemian youths and of Guy Debord, Michele Bernstein, Gil J. Wolman, Ivan Chtcheglov and the other members of the Lettrist International, and the emerging Situationists whose theory of the dérive accords with the working method of the humanist street photographer. This humanist artistic current continued into to the late 1960s and early 70s, after which attention turned to photography as a fine art. Humanist photography emerged and spread after the rise of the mass circulation picture magazines in the 1920s and as photographers formed fraternities such as Le Groupe des XV (which exhibited annually 1946-1957),[15] or joined agencies which promoted their work and fed the demand of the newspaper and magazine audiences, publishers and editors before the advent of television broadcasting which rapidly displaced these audiences at the close of the 1960s. These publications include the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung, Vu, Point de Vue, Regards, MATCH, Picture Post, LIFE, LOOK, Plaisir de France and Réalités which competed to give ever larger space to photo-stories; extended articles and editorials that were profusely illustrated, or that consisted solely of photographs with captions, often by a single photographer, who would be credited alongside the journalist, or who provided written copy as well as images.

File:Book cover for Jacques Prévert and Izis Biedermans "Gran Bal du Printemps", Lausanne, Eds. Clairfontaine, 1951.jpeg
Book cover for Jacques Prévert and Izis Bidermanas Grand Bal du Printemps, Lausanne, Eds. Clairfontaine, 1951

Iconic books appeared including Doisneau's Banlieue de Paris (1949), Izis's Paris des rêves (1950), Willy Ronis' Belleville‐Ménilmontant (1954) (see left), Cartier‐Bresson's Images à la sauvette (1952; better known by its English title, which defines the photographic orientation of all these photographers, The Decisive Moment). The movement also includes less well-known photographers like Jean Dieuzaide, Janine Niépce and Jean-Philippe Charbonnier.

The movement is in marked contrast to the contemporaneous ‘art’ photography of the USA, though there too ran a current of humanism in photography begun by Lewis Hine, followed by the FSA photographers and apparent in W. Eugene Smith's 1950s development of the photo essay, street photography by Helen Levitt, Vivian Meier et al., and work by Bruce Davidson and Mary-Ellen Mark from the 50s to the 70s[16]

Characteristics

Typically humanist photographers harness the photograph’s combination of description and emotional affect to both inform and move the viewer, who may identify with the subject; their images are appreciated as continuing the pre-war tradition of photo reportage as social or documentary records of human experience; and praised for expressing of humanist values such as solidarity and mutual respect in recognition of the photographer, usually an editorial freelancer, as auteur on a par with other artists.[17]

Developments in technology supported these characteristics. The 35mm Leica camera, miniaturized and portable, had become available in 1925, followed by the medium-format Rolleiflex (1929) and 35mm Contax (1936) to revolutionize the practice of documentary photography and reportage by enabling the photographer to shoot quickly and unobtrusively in all conditions, to seize the “decisive moment” which Cartier-Bresson defined as “the whole essence, in the confines of one single photograph, of some situation that was in the process of unrolling itself before my eyes”[18] and thus support Cornell Capa’s notion of “concerned photography”, described as “work committed to contributing to or understanding humanity’s well-being”.[19]

Photographing on the street or in the bistro primarily in black‐and‐white in available light with the popular small cameras of the day, these image-makers discovered what the writer Pierre Mac Orlan (1882-1970) called the 'fantastique social de la rue' (social fantastic of the street)[20] and their style of image making rendered romantic and poetic the way of life of ordinary European people, particularly in Paris.

Exhibitions

File:Musée Robert Doisneau, Gentilly, shows humanist photographers including Émile Savitry.jpg
Musée Robert Doisneau, Gentilly, shows humanist photographers. Photo: Anne-Marie Tusseau
The humanistic picture (1945-1968), featuring Izis, Boubat, Brassaï, Doisneau, Ronis, et al. took place in the Mois de Photo festival from 31 October 2006 to 28 January 2007 at the BNF, Site Richelieu. Photo: Sonia Fantoli

National and international exposure of humanist photography was accelerated through exhibitions and of particular importance in this regard is The Family of Man, a vast travelling exhibition curated by Edward Steichen for MoMA, which presented a unifying humanist manifesto in the form of images selected from amongst, literally, a million. Thirty-one French photographs appeared in The Family of Man, a contribution representing almost one-third of the European photography in the show.[21]

Steichen said that based on his experience of meeting photographers in Europe as he sought images of ‘everydayness' which he defined as 'the beauty of the things that fill our lives',[22] for the exhibition, that the French were the only photographers who had thoroughly photographed scenes of daily life. These were practitioners he admired for their conveying 'tender simplicity, a sly humor, a warm enthusiasm ... and convincing aliveness'.[23] In turn, this exposure in The Family of Man inspired a new generation of humanist photographers.[24]

  • 1946-1957 Le Groupe des XV (Marcel Amson, Jean Marie Auradon, Marcel Bovis, Louis Caillaud, Yvonne Chevallier, Jean Dieuzaide, Robert Doisneau, André Garban, Édith Gérin, René-Jacques (René Giton), Pierre Jahan, Henri Lacheroy, Therese Le Prat, Lucien Lorelle, Daniel Masclet, Philippe Pottier, Willy Ronis, Jean Séeberger, René Servant, Louis-Victor Emmanuel Sougez, François Tuefferd) exhibited annually in Paris.
  • 1951: During his visit to Europe collecting photographs for The Family of Man, Edward Steichen mounted the exhibition Five French Photographers: Brassai; Cartier-Bresson, Doisneau, Ronis, Izis at MoMA December 1951-24 February 1952.[25]
  • 1953: Steichen presented a second exhibition Post-war European Photography at MoMA, 27 May-2 August 1953.[26]
  • 1955: Steichen drew on large numbers of European humanist and American humanistic photographs for his exhibition The Family of Man, proclaimed as a compassionate portrayal of a global family, which toured the world.
  • 1982: Paris 1950: photographié par le Groupe des XV, exhibition at the Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris, 5 November 1982 – 29 janvier 1983.
  • 1996: In April 1996, the inaugural exhibition of the Maison de la Photographie Robert Doisneau, entitled This Is How Men Live: Humanism and Photography presented 80 photographers from 17 different countries and covered a period from 1905 to today. The Maison de la Photographie Robert Doisneau has been dedicated to humanist photography inspired by revisiting the concept, including all countries and eras.
  • 2006: The exhibition The humanistic picture (1945-1968) featuring Izis, Boubat, Brassaï, Doisneau, Ronis, et al. took place in the Mois de Photo festival from 31 October 2006 to 28 January 2007 at the BNF, Site Richelieu.

Humanist photographers

The list below is not exhaustive, but presents photographers that can be partially or totally attached to this movement:

4

References

  1. ^ Chalifour, Bruno 'Jean Dieuzaide, 1935-2003' in Afterimage Vol. 31, No. 4 , January-February 2004
  2. ^ Lutz, C.A. and Collins, J.L. (1993) Reading National Geographic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.277
  3. ^ Jean-Claude Gautrand, 'Looking at Others: Humanism and neo-realism', in The New History of Photography, ed. Michel Frizot, K61n: K6nemann, 1998, 613.
  4. ^ Smith, D. Funny Face: Humanism in Post-War French Photography and Philosophy. French Cultural Studies February 2005 vol. 16 no. 1 41-53
  5. ^ Sartre, J.-P. (1996) L’Existentialisme est un humanisme. Paris: Gallimard.
  6. ^ Malraux, A. (1996) ‘L’Homme et la culture’, in J. Mossuz-Lavau (ed.), La Politique, la culture: discours, articles, entretiens (1925–1975), pp. 151–61. Paris: Gallimard.
  7. ^ Kelly, M. (1989) ‘Humanism and National Unity: The Ideological Reconstruction of France’, in N. Hewitt (ed.), The Culture of Reconstruction: European Literature, Thought and Film, 1945–50, pp. 103–19. London: Macmillan.
  8. ^ An international centre of photography and moving pictures was created, then, during the UNESCO General Conference in New Delhi, an international of film and television, non-profit organisation dedicated primarily to education, culture and development of the international associations concerned was proposed by the Italian delegation to UNESCO, with Professor Mario Verdone, and on 23 October 1958 the International Council for Cinema, Television and Audiovisual Communication charter was signed
  9. ^ Thézy (Marie de), La Photographie humaniste, 1930-1960. Histoire d’un mouvement en France, Paris, Contrejour, 1992.
  10. ^ Reconstructions et modernisation. La France après les ruines (1918-1945), [catalogue de l’exposition aux Archives nationales, Paris, hôtel de Rohan, janvier-mai 1991], Paris, Archives nationales, 1991
  11. ^ Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In The Documentary Impulse in French Literature, 177.
  12. ^ Henri Cartier-Bresson was one who in 1943 joined Communist resistance fighters, the future National Movement for Prisoners of War and Deportees Cartier-Bresson, H., & Chéroux, C. (1976). Henri Cartier-Bresson (Vol. 1). F. Mapfre (Ed.). Aperture.
  13. ^ Chalifour, Bruno 'Jean Dieuzaide, 1935-2003' in Afterimage Vol. 31, No. 4 , January-February 2004
  14. ^ Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In The Documentary Impulse in French Literature
  15. ^ Paris 1950 photographié par le Groupe des XV ; Marie de Thézy ; Marcel Bovis ; Catherine Floc'hlay ; Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris ; Paris (France). Direction des affaires culturelles. 1982. (OCLC 50603400)
  16. ^ Erik Mortenson (2014) The Ghost of Humanism: Rethinking the Subjective Turn in Postwar American Photography, History of Photography, 38:4, 418-434, DOI: 10.1080/03087298.2014.899747
  17. ^ Chevrier, J.-F. (1987a) ‘Photographie 1947: le poids de la tradition’, in J.-L. Daval (ed.), L’Art en Europe: les années décisives 1945–1953, pp. 177–89. Geneva: Skira/Musée d’art moderne de Saint-Étienne
  18. ^ Cartier-Bresson, Henri; Matisse, Henri, 1869-1954; Tériade, E; Lang, Marguerite (1952), The decisive moment : photography, Simon and Schuster, retrieved 29 February 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Cornell Capa, ed., The Concerned Photographer (vols. 1-2), New York: Grossman Publishers 1968, 1972.
  20. ^ in the preface by Pierre Mac Orlan to Ronis, Willy (1954), Belleville-Ménilmontant, Arthaud, retrieved 29 February 2016
  21. ^ Kristen Gresh (2005) The European roots of The Family of Man , History of Photography, 29:4, 331-343, DOI: 10.1080/03087298.2005.10442815
  22. ^ Minutes, meeting at MoMA, 29 October 1953, typescript in Edward Steichen Archive, The Museum of Modern Art, New York
  23. ^ Steichen quoted by Jacob Deschin, 'The Work of French Photographers', New York Times (23 December 1951), X14.
  24. ^ The exhibition, for example, inspired Sune Jonsson (Swedish, b. 1930) to become a photographer and influenced the nature of his work. Anna Tellgren, Ten Photographers: Self- perception and Pictorial Perception: Swedish Photography in the 1950s in an International Perspective, Stockholm: InformationsfOrlaget 1997, 275.
  25. ^ "For a contemporary review see Jacob Deschin, 'The Work of French Photographers', New York Times (23 December 1951), X14. The u.s. Camera Annual 1953 includes a selection of photographs from the exhibition under the revised title, Four French Photographers: Brassai, Doisneau, Ronis, Izis" (because he could not be contacted by time of publication, Cartier-Bresson was omitted) Kristen Gresh (2005) The European roots of The Family of Man , History of Photography, 29:4, 331-343, DOI: 10.1080/03087298.2005.10442815
  26. ^ Jacob Deschin, 'European Pictures: Modern Museum Presents Collection by Steichen', New York Times (31 May 1953), X13; US. Camera Annual 1954, ed. Tom Maloney, New York: U.S. Camera Publishing Co. 1953.
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