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==Cited works==
==Cited works==
{{cite news |author1=AT |author2=M |author3=MR |date=October 28, 2012 |title=Walaupun Film Porno Ditayangkan, Bioskop di Medan Tetap Gulung Tikar |trans-title=Despite The Screening of Adult Movies, Medan's Cinemas Are Still Closing |url=http://www.acehtraffic.com/2012/10/walaupun-film-porno-ditayangkan-bioskop.html |dead-url= |format= |language=Indonesian |newspaper=The Aceh Traffic |location=Aceh |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160316120037/http://www.acehtraffic.com/2012/10/walaupun-film-porno-ditayangkan-bioskop.html |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=March 16, 2016 |via= |subscription= |quote= }}
*{{cite news |author1=AT |author2=M |author3=MR |date=October 28, 2012 |title=Walaupun Film Porno Ditayangkan, Bioskop di Medan Tetap Gulung Tikar |trans-title=Despite The Screening of Adult Movies, Medan's Cinemas Are Still Closing |url=http://www.acehtraffic.com/2012/10/walaupun-film-porno-ditayangkan-bioskop.html |dead-url= |format= |language=Indonesian |newspaper=The Aceh Traffic |location=Aceh |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160316120037/http://www.acehtraffic.com/2012/10/walaupun-film-porno-ditayangkan-bioskop.html |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=March 16, 2016 |via= |subscription= |quote= |ref=harv}}
*{{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|The Jakarta Post, 2002}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 5, 2002 |title=Medan loses its historical buildings |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/06/05/medan-loses-its-historical-buildings.html |dead-url= |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |location=Jakarta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100938/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/06/05/medan-loses-its-historical-buildings.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016 }}
*{{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|The Jakarta Post, 2002}} |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 5, 2002 |title=Medan loses its historical buildings |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/06/05/medan-loses-its-historical-buildings.html |dead-url= |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |location=Jakarta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100938/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/06/05/medan-loses-its-historical-buildings.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016 }}
*{{cite book |last=Dick |first=Howard W. |date=2002 |title=The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JwE91L4L7IC&pg=PA103&dq=Deli+Company+tobacco&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwATgKahUKEwiXtoeq45jHAhXC9x4KHSkjBJw#v=onepage&q=Deli%20Company%20tobacco&f=false |location=Hawaii |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824825522 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Dick |first=Howard W. |date=2002 |title=The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JwE91L4L7IC&pg=PA103&dq=Deli+Company+tobacco&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwATgKahUKEwiXtoeq45jHAhXC9x4KHSkjBJw#v=onepage&q=Deli%20Company%20tobacco&f=false |location=Hawaii |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824825522 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |ref=harv}}
Line 534: Line 534:
*{{cite news |last=Thamrin |first=Mahandis Y. |date=August 19, 2013 |title=Kisah di Balik Kubah Megah AVROS Medan |trans-title=Story behind the majestic dome of AVROS, Medan |language=Indonesian |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/08/kisah-di-balik-kubah-megah-gedung-avros-medan |dead-url= |newspaper=National Geographic Indonesia |location= |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160303130026/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/08/kisah-di-balik-kubah-megah-gedung-avros-medan |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=March 3, 2016 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite news |last=Thamrin |first=Mahandis Y. |date=August 19, 2013 |title=Kisah di Balik Kubah Megah AVROS Medan |trans-title=Story behind the majestic dome of AVROS, Medan |language=Indonesian |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/08/kisah-di-balik-kubah-megah-gedung-avros-medan |dead-url= |newspaper=National Geographic Indonesia |location= |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160303130026/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/08/kisah-di-balik-kubah-megah-gedung-avros-medan |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=March 3, 2016 |ref=harv}}


==External links==

*{{cite web |url=http://medan.m-heritage.org/results/medan150.html |title=List of Medan Heritage (gives good list, however building information needs to be properly sourced) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |website=Medan - Understanding Heritage |publisher=Badan Warisan Sumatra Heritage Trust |access-date=March 20, 2016 |quote= |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160320054401/http://medan.m-heritage.org/results/medan150.html |archive-date=March 20, 2016 }}



[[Category:Colonial architecture in Indonesia|Medan]]
[[Category:Colonial architecture in Indonesia|Medan]]

Revision as of 05:47, 20 March 2016

Dutch colonial buildings around the vicinity of the Esplanade (now Lapangan Merdeka) in the 1920s.

Colonial buildings in Medan include those that were constructed in Medan during the colonial period of Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia. Following the establishment of the Deli Company in 1869, Medan was transformed rapidly from a small kampong of few hundred people in 1869 into the largest city in Sumatra and the capital of North Sumatra in 1891 when the Sultan of Deli moved his residence here.[1] The rapid development ushered the growth of western-centric development in Medan, and hence a number of colonial architecture appears in Medan.[2][3] Despite its relatively late modernization in the late 19th-century compared to older established cities like Jakarta and Makassar, Medan contains an abundant colonial architecture heritages. 42 buildings has been declared of significant historical value.[4]

Colonial architecture in Medan is dominated with Rationalist architecture, apparent in buildings such as houses, churches, civic buildings, commercial buildings and offices. European city planning based on garden city concept were also implemented in Medan, similar to Jakarta's Menteng and the mountain city of Bandung.

Despite the abundance of Dutch colonial architecture heritage in Medan, colonial buildings are being demolished at an alarming speed. Non-governmental organizations claimed that almost 90 percent of the 42 protected buildings had either been demolished or modified, despite the provincial ruling No. 6/1988 which bans the modification of these buildings. 73 buildings had not yet been protected, one example is the Mega Eltra buildings, constructed in 1912 but has since been demolished.[4] Other heritage buildings that have been demolished are the Kerapatan building on Jl. Brig. Jen. Katamso, a bank building on Jl. Pemuda and the Public Works office on Jl. Listrik.[4]

List of buildings

Below is a list of colonial buildings found in Medan. The list is divided into the colonial architectural styles: Eclecticism (before 20th century), Dutch Rationalism and Traditionalism (1900s-1920s), and Modernism (1920s-1930s). The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.

Buildings which undertook complete renovation which resulted in different form are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form.

Eclecticism (before 20th century)

Some of the first colonial buildings of Medan were concentrated around the Esplanade (now Lapangan Merdeka), the city square of Medan. Many of the first buildings were of simple wooden structure, such as the hoofdkantoor van de Deli Maatschappij te Medan which during the time of its opening in 1870 was also used for church, administration building, hospital and a feast hall.[5] Popular style at the time were the neoclassicism and eclectic Romanticism.[6] Buildings from the period were low in its architectural level due to the lack of skilled architectural practice. Structural engineers are provided easily by the builder, not by the government or by a private sector.[6]

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Agentschap van de NHM (demolished in 1930, now Bank Mandiri) Agentschap van de NHM 1888[7] anonymous 3°35′20″N 98°40′41″E / 3.588925°N 98.677956°E / 3.588925; 98.677956
Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, "Department of Culture and Tourism" Deli vrijmetselaarsloge 1892[8] anonymous 3°35′39″N 98°40′50″E / 3.594070°N 98.680533°E / 3.594070; 98.680533
Dharma Deli Hotel Hotel De Boer[9] 1898 (opened)[9][10] 3°35′30″N 98°40′37″E / 3.591598°N 98.676851°E / 3.591598; 98.676851
Grand Hotel Medan (demolished, now Bank Negara Indonesia - KCP Medan Pulau Pinang)[11] Hotel de Vink[11] 1884[11] 3°35′22″N 98°40′47″E / 3.589329°N 98.679815°E / 3.589329; 98.679815
Hoofdkantoor van de Deli Maatschappij (demolished, and replaced with larger office in 1910)[10] Hoofdkantoor van de Deli Maatschappij 1869-1870[10] anonymous 3°35′35″N 98°40′31″E / 3.592962°N 98.675214°E / 3.592962; 98.675214
Lapangan Merdeka de Esplanade 1880 anonymous
Masjid Raya Al-Osmani 1872 3°43′56″N 98°40′34″E / 3.732337°N 98.676074°E / 3.732337; 98.676074
Paleis van de Tengku Besar van Deli Paleis van de Tengku Besar van Deli
Piaggio/Vespa (revamped, only the facade persisted) 1900s[12] 3°35′11″N 98°40′46″E / 3.586291°N 98.679437°E / 3.586291; 98.679437
Seng Hap (abandoned, deteriorates) Seng Hap[13] 1900[13] anonymous 3°35′19″N 98°40′43″E / 3.588479°N 98.678514°E / 3.588479; 98.678514
Rumah Tjong A Fie, 張阿輝 故居 Tjong A Fie Mansion 1900s[14]
Sociëteit De Witte (first form, demolished)[11] Sociëteit De Witte (first form) 1882[11]
Standard Chartered Bank Ambtswoning van de resident van het Oostkust van Sumatra (1898),[15] Gouverneurshuis te Medan 1898[15] anonymous

Rationalism and Traditionalism (1900s – 1920s)

New technological possibilities gradually transformed the architectural style into a modern form. Two architectural movements appeared in the Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies: the Dutch Rationalism and Traditionalism.[16]

Dutch Rationalism was mainly inspired by the works of Berlage; the subsequent style in the tropical climate of Indonesia is known as New Indies Style.[17] The style is the result of the attempt to develop new solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new technological possibilities.

The Traditionalist movement appeared in the 1910s. It is basically the revival of the late 19th-century eclecticism, but was mainly inspired by classicism. Unlike the earlier low-quality architecture, the new traditionalist movement make use of modern materials e.g. reinforced concrete and steel frames. Facades are mostly of natural stone. The monumental character of this style is popular for offices, warehouses and garages.[16]

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Chinese lagere school
Asuransi Jasindo Stoormvaartmaatschappij Nederland en Rotterdamse Lloyd; Nederlands-Indische Handelsbank, NIH (until 1940) early 20th-century 3°35′19″N 98°40′42″E / 3.588661°N 98.678436°E / 3.588661; 98.678436
Abandoned building (2004-now)[10] Hoofdkantoor van Deli Maatschappij, head office of the Deli Company,[5] Director's Office of PT Perkebunan IX (1959) 1910[5] D. Berendse[5] 3°35′35″N 98°40′31″E / 3.592962°N 98.675214°E / 3.592962; 98.675214
Angkatan Muda Pembaharuan Indonesia (neglected, heavily deteriorates) Medan's Warenhuis (1919), Kantor Departemen Tenaga Kerja Tk. I Sumut 1919[18] G. Bos[18] 3°35′18″N 98°40′37″E / 3.588343°N 98.676836°E / 3.588343; 98.676836
Bank Indonesia De Javasche Bank[5] 1909[5] Hulswit en Cuypers[19] 3°35′27″N 98°40′37″E / 3.590752°N 98.676977°E / 3.590752; 98.676977
Bioskop Bali (demolished, now Vihara Medan) Oranje Bioscoop; Gedung Kesenian;[20] Restoran April Mop;[20] Bioskop Bali (post-independence)[20] 1908[20] possibly BOW 3°35′24″N 98°40′52″E / 3.589886°N 98.681097°E / 3.589886; 98.681097
BKS PPS (Badan Kerja-sama Perusahaan Perkebunan Sumatera), "Sumatra Planters Association" (1967) AVROS (Algemeene Vereeniging van Rubberplanters ter Oostkust van Sumatera)[21] 1918[18] G.H. Mulder[18] 3°35′04″N 98°40′50″E / 3.584420°N 98.680551°E / 3.584420; 98.680551
Dharma Niaga Carl Schlieper 1919[22] 3°35′06″N 98°40′49″E / 3.585066°N 98.680220°E / 3.585066; 98.680220
Gedung Balai Kota Lama Raadhuis, Gemeentehuis Medan[5] 1908-1909[5] Ch. M. Boon[5][23] 3°35′25″N 98°40′38″E / 3.590380°N 98.677188°E / 3.590380; 98.677188
Gereja Bala Keselamatan, "The Salvation Army" Weeshuis Leger des Heils; internment camp[24] 3°34′26″N 98°40′50″E / 3.573849°N 98.680566°E / 3.573849; 98.680566
Gereja Kristen Indonesia Sumatera Utara Gereformeerde Kerk 1918 Tj. Kuipers 3°35′02″N 98°40′18″E / 3.583877°N 98.671651°E / 3.583877; 98.671651
Kantor Gubernur Sumatera Utara Proefstation Deli Tabak[25] 1913[25] 3°34′50″N 98°40′20″E / 3.580418°N 98.672145°E / 3.580418; 98.672145
Kantor Pos Medan, "Medan Post Office" Medan Post- en telegraafkantoor 1909[10]-1911 S. Snuyf (from BOW)[10] 3°35′31″N 98°40′39″E / 3.591851°N 98.677404°E / 3.591851; 98.677404
Kantor Pusat PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV 3°34′49″N 98°40′47″E / 3.580365°N 98.679618°E / 3.580365; 98.679618
Kereta Api (Persero) Divisi Regional I Sumatera Utara Hoofdkantoor van de Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij[8] 1918[8] Th. Karsten[8] 3°35′38″N 98°40′47″E / 3.593770°N 98.679736°E / 3.593770; 98.679736
London Sumatera Harrison & Crossfield[13] 1909 3°35′19″N 98°40′41″E / 3.588613°N 98.678080°E / 3.588613; 98.678080
Masjid Raya Medan Grote Moskee 1909 Van Erp, JA Tingdeman 3°34′30″N 98°41′14″E / 3.575111°N 98.687321°E / 3.575111; 98.687321
Katedral Medan, "Medan Cathedral" 1905
Mega Eltra Lindeteves-Stokvis (1912); BPM (1952) 1912
Pengadilan Negeri Medan dan Pengadilan Tinggi Sumatera Utara, "Medan State Court and North Sumatra High Court" Raad van Justitie 1911[26] 3°35′16″N 98°40′21″E / 3.587658°N 98.672572°E / 3.587658; 98.672572
Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Medan, "Medan Oil Palm Research Center" AVROS-proetstation voor de rubbercultuur te Kampong Baroe[18] 1918[18] 3°33′24″N 98°41′17″E / 3.556535°N 98.687995°E / 3.556535; 98.687995
Telkom Telefoondienst van de DSM[27][8] 3°35′39″N 98°40′46″E / 3.594281°N 98.679577°E / 3.594281; 98.679577

Modernism (1920s-1940s)

The period saw the emergence of Modernism and its varieties, namely Art Deco, Nieuwe Bouwen, Amsterdam School and other variations. Art Deco evolved from earlier Dutch Rationalism. The form is symmetrical and exudes technological progress and glamour, with rich color and bold geometric shapes.

In the following period between late 1930s and 1940s, Art Deco evolved into a new style known as Nieuwe Bouwen (Dutch term for Modernism) or Functionalism. Instead of creating decorative style on the facade, the architect creates style in the clear arrangement of space. These Nieuwe Bouwen buildings were less symmetrical and more expressive in form, using simple universal form such as cylinder or tube, apparent in buildings such as the de Rex cinema building, now the Ria Restaurant (which was clumsily restored as Art Deco-style buildings) and the new building of the Medan railway station.

Medan also became the ground for implementation of Amsterdam School-styled buildings not found in many parts of Indonesia. The St. Elizabeth's hospital (1929) by J.M. Groenewegen and the original building of Centrale Pasar (destroyed by fire) shows influence of Amsterdam School.

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Gemeentelijke Vismarkt
Stork[12] 1920s[12] 3°35′16″N 98°40′43″E / 3.587723°N 98.678539°E / 3.587723; 98.678539
Asuransi Jiwasraya NILLMIJ 1919[18] Thomas Karsten[18] 3°35′03″N 98°40′48″E / 3.584277°N 98.680138°E / 3.584277; 98.680138
Bank BNI Kesawan Chartered Bank of India, China and Australia[12] 3°35′12″N 98°40′45″E / 3.586742°N 98.679050°E / 3.586742; 98.679050
Bank Danamon Kesawan Bank of China[12] 1930[12] 3°35′12″N 98°40′45″E / 3.586637°N 98.679211°E / 3.586637; 98.679211
Bank Mandiri Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij[22] 1927 Fermont en Cuypers 3°35′06″N 98°40′50″E / 3.584934°N 98.680689°E / 3.584934; 98.680689
Bank Mandiri Nederlands-Indische Handelsbank (NIH)[19] 1940[19] C.P. Wolff Schoemaker[19] 3°35′20″N 98°40′41″E / 3.588925°N 98.677956°E / 3.588925; 98.677956
Bank Mandiri Medan Lapangan Merdeka de Factorij, Nederlandse Handel-Maatschappij (1929)[28] 1929[18] J. de Bruin (from Fermont en Ed. Cuypers)[18][19] 3°35′22″N 98°40′40″E / 3.589581°N 98.677737°E / 3.589581; 98.677737
Bata Warenhuis Cornfield[12] 1951[12] H. van den Heuvel[12] 3°35′11″N 98°40′45″E / 3.586502°N 98.679300°E / 3.586502; 98.679300
Centrale Pasar (destroyed in fire, now Pasar Pusat area) Centrale Pasar J.H. Valk[29] 3°35′25″N 98°41′09″E / 3.590330°N 98.685849°E / 3.590330; 98.685849
Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, "Department of Culture and Tourism" (deteriorating as of 2016) Boekhandel en Drukkerij Varekamp & Co. (Bookstore and Printing Varekamp & Co.),[18] Drukkerij J. Hallermann[30] 1926[18] 3°35′06″N 98°40′50″E / 3.585084°N 98.680455°E / 3.585084; 98.680455
Gereja Huria Kristen Batak Protestan 1912
GPIB Immanuel, "Immanuel's Protestant Church" Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk 1921 3°34′51″N 98°40′23″E / 3.580823°N 98.672941°E / 3.580823; 98.672941
Kesawan 34 (facade modified with pseudo-classical ornament)[12] First half of 20th-century[12] 3°35′17″N 98°40′42″E / 3.587979°N 98.678450°E / 3.587979; 98.678450
Museum Perjuangan TNI Arnhemse Levensverzekeringsmaatschappij 1930 J.M. Groenewegen 3°35′02″N 98°40′27″E / 3.583795°N 98.674080°E / 3.583795; 98.674080
PD Pasar de Rotonde; Djawatan Penerangan Propinsi Sumatera Utara (1950s) 3°35′27″N 98°41′05″E / 3.590754°N 98.684600°E / 3.590754; 98.684600
Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Medan Nederlandsch Indische Gasmaatschappij (NIGM) 3°35′09″N 98°40′34″E / 3.585871°N 98.676060°E / 3.585871; 98.676060
PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV Handelsvereniging 'Amsterdam' (HVA)[31] 1924[31] Fermont en Cuypers[31]
Restoran Ria de Rex 1930s
Restoran Tiptop 1934[32] 3°35′09″N 98°40′47″E / 3.585942°N 98.679679°E / 3.585942; 98.679679
Rumah Sakit Santa Elisabeth (St. Elisabeth's Hospital) Sint-Elisabeth ziekenhuis 1929[31]-1930 J.M. Groenewegen[31] 3°34′31″N 98°40′36″E / 3.575231°N 98.676731°E / 3.575231; 98.676731
Stasiun Kereta Api Medan, "Medan Railway Station" Station, Medan Station 1937[33] 3°35′27″N 98°40′47″E / 3.590879°N 98.679741°E / 3.590879; 98.679741

See also

References

  1. ^ Janssen 2015.
  2. ^ Dick 2002, pp. 95, 103.
  3. ^ "History". N.V. Deli Maatschappij. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  4. ^ a b c The Jakarta Post, 2002.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Loderichs 1997, p. 16.
  6. ^ a b Gemeentemuseum Helmond, 1990, pp. 16–7.
  7. ^ Loderichs 1997, p. 109.
  8. ^ a b c d e Leushuis 2011, p. 56.
  9. ^ a b Loderichs 1997, pp. 16, 105.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Leushuis 2011, p. 55.
  11. ^ a b c d e Loderichs 1997, p. 17.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Leushuis 2011, p. 59.
  13. ^ a b c Leushuis 2011, p. 58.
  14. ^ Leushuis 2011, p. 61.
  15. ^ a b Leushuis 2011, p. 64.
  16. ^ a b Gemeentemuseum Helmond, 1990, pp. 20–1.
  17. ^ Gunawan Tjahjono 1998, p. 120.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Loderichs 1997, p. 32.
  19. ^ a b c d e Leushuis 2011, p. 57.
  20. ^ a b c d AT, M & MR 2012.
  21. ^ Thamrin 2013.
  22. ^ a b Leushuis 2011, p. 62.
  23. ^ http://colonialarchitecture.eu/obj?sq=id%3Apo%3A125 Boon, Ch. M.
  24. ^ Loderichs 1997, p. 58.
  25. ^ a b Leushuis 2011, p. 65.
  26. ^ http://www.pn-medankota.go.id/main/index.php/tentang-pengadilan/profil-pengadilan/sejarah-pengadilan
  27. ^ Loderichs 1997, p. 117.
  28. ^ Loderichs 1997, p. 89.
  29. ^ Loderichs 1997, p. 119.
  30. ^ http://kekunaan.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/gedung-dinas-kebudayaan-dan-pariwisata.html
  31. ^ a b c d e Leushuis 2011, p. 67.
  32. ^ Leushuis 2011, p. 60.
  33. ^ Loderichs 1997, p. 107.

Cited works

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