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'''''Iris relicta''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]]. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from
'''''Iris relicta''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]]. It is a rare [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from the mountains of [[Italy]]. It is medium sized, with purple flowers and white beards. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions. It has had a confusing history, once thought as a variety of ''[[Iris germanica]]'', then as a separate species with a name shared with another bearded iris. It has only been sorted out since 1996.

==Description==
It is similar in form to ''Iris germanica''.<ref name=american/>

It is classed as a medium sized bearded iris,<ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=Gianluca |last=Corazza |title=Iris relicta |date=31 May 2013 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-relicta |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref> and grows up to to between {{convert|30|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name=pacific>{{cite web| title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org | accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> It has a branched stem.<ref name=signa/>

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }}</ref>{{rp|17}}
The flowers come in shades of purple,<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris relicta Colas. |date=2 December 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecRelicta |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> from red-purple,<ref name=pacific/>
to blue-purple.<ref name=signa/> In the centre of the falls is a 'beard', or line of white hairs.<ref name=american/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that has not been described.

===Biochemistry===
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>{{rp|18}}
It has a chromosome count of 2n=40.<ref name=taxonomic>{{cite journal |last=Colasante |first=Maretta |date=1996 |title=Taxonomic note on some Italian Bearded Irises: Iris relicta Colas. nom. nov. and Iris bicapitata Colas. sp.nov. |url=http://147.163.105.223/flora/6-213.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Flora Mediterranea |publisher= |volume=6 |issue= |pages=213 |doi= |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/>
It was counted by Colasante & Sauer in 1993 and by Colasante in 1996.<ref name=american/>

It is the same as ''[[Iris setina]]'', ''[[Iris bicapitata]]'', ''[[Iris lutescens]]'' and ''[[Iris revoluta]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Colasante |first=M. |last2=Vosa |first2=C.G. |date=2000 |title=Iris:Allocyclic segments as Chromosome markers? |url=http://bib03.caspur.it/ojspadis/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/viewFile/9071/9011 |journal=Annali di botanica |publisher= |volume=58 |issue= |pages=127-134 |doi= |accessdate=28 October 2015}} </ref>

==Taxonomy==
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''relicta'' refers to a remnant, primitive, left behind and relict.<ref>D. Gledhill {{Google books|NJ6PyhVuecwC|The Names of Plants|page=328}}</ref> This name was chosen due to the diminishing size of the population of irises found on the mountains in Italy.<ref name=american/>

It was first published and described by Nicola Terracciano (1837–1921) as ''Iris germanica'' var. suaveolens'' in 'Atti dell' Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e' Matematiche (Atti Accad. Sci. Fis.) series 4, (Appendix 2) on page 7 in 1890, as a variety of ''[[Iris germanica]]''.<ref name=peruzzi/><ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris relicta Colas. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=994819-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref>
It was then published as ''Iris suaveolens'' by (N. Terracc.) N. Terracc. ex A. Terracc in 'Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.', series. 2, on page182 in 1894.<ref name=taxonomic/>
But this name was rejected by other authors and iris authorities as it was already used by another iris species,<ref name=american/> since 1853.<ref name=taxonomic/>

Later it was re-classified as a separate species by Prof. Maretta Colasante in Giornale Botanico Italiano ('Giorn. Bot. Ital.') Vol.123 Supplement 1 on page 112 in 1989,<ref name=american/> and then called ''Iris relicta'' by Colasante in (Fl. Medit.) Vol.6 page 214 in 1996.<ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris relicta Colasante |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?432698 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=ipni/><ref name=taxonomic/> Based on specimens found on 'Monte delle Fate' in Lazio, Italy.<ref name=taxonomic/><ref name=peruzzi/>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 7 April 2003, and the updated on 3 December 2004.<ref name=grin/>

It is listed in the [[Encyclopedia of Life]],<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=Iris relicta |url=http://eol.org/pages/31189228/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> and in the [[Catalogue of Life]], it is listed as ''Iris relicta'' and notes that ''Iris germanica var. suaveolens'' is a synonym.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris cuniculiformis |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/search/all/key/Iris+germanica |publisher=eol.org |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is [[native plant|native]] to Europe.<ref name=grin/>

===Range===
It is found in Italy,<ref name=pacific/><ref name=peruzzi>{{cite journal |last=Peruzzi |first=Lorenzo |last2=Domina |first2=Gianniantonio |last3=Bartolucci |first3=Fabrizio |last4=Galasso |first4=Gabriele |last5=Peccenini |first5=Simonetta |last6=Raimondo |first6=Francesco M. |last7=Albano |first7=Antonella |last8=Alessandrini |first8=Alessandro |last9=Banfi |first9=Enrico |last10= Barberis |first10=Giuseppina |last11=Bernardo |first11=Liliana |last12=Bovio |first12=Maurizio |last13=Brullo |first13=Salvatore |last14=Brundu |first14=Giuseppe |last15=Brunu |first15=Antonello |last16=Camarda |first16=Ignazio |last17=Carta |first17=Luisa |last18=Conti |first18=Fabio |last19=Croce |first19=Antonio |last20=Iamonico |first20=Duilio |last21=Iberite |first21=Mauro |last22=Iiriti |first22=Gianluca |last23=Longo |first23=Daniela |last24=Marsili |first24=Stefano |last25=Medagli |first25=Pietro |last26=Pistarino |first26= Annalaura |last27=Salmeri |first27=Cristina |last28=Santangelo |first28=Annalisa |last29=Scassellati |first29=Elisabetta |last30=Selvi |first30=Federico |last31=Soldano |first31=Adriano |last32=Stinca |first32=Adriano |last33=Villani |first33=Mariacristina |last34=Wagensommer |first34=Robert P. |last35=Passalacqua |first35=Nicodemo G. |date=30 January 2015 |title=An inventory of the names of vascular plants endemic to Italy, their loci classici and types |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.196.1.1 |format=PDF |journal=Phytotaxa |publisher= |volume=196 |issue= |pages= |doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.196.1.1 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> within the central and southern regions.<ref name=signa/> It is found in the region of [[Lazio]] on 'Monte della Fate',<ref name=taxonomic/> within the [[Ausoni Mts.]].<ref name=wilderness>{{cite web |title=Wilderness Area Monti Ausoni |url=http://www.wilderness.it/aree_wilderness_scheda.asp?r=12&p=42&a=1&s=35 |language=Italian |publisher=wilderness.it |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=point>{{cite web |title=Flora |url=http://www.ecopointlazio.it/home~nomepagina-parco_natura+id_parco-86+tipo-Flora.htm |publisher=ecopointlazio.it |language=Italian |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=american/> and near [[Lago di Fondi]].<ref name=point/>

It is listed as endemic of Italy, with ''[[Iris bicapitata]]'', 'Iris italica var. cengialti' (a synonym of ''[[Iris pallida subsp. cengialti]]''), ''Iris marsica'', ''Iris revoluta'', ''[[Iris sabina]]'' and ''[[Iris setina]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italian Mainland Endemic Plants |url=http://www.terrestrial-biozones.net/endemic%20floras/Italian%20Mainland%20Endemics.html |publisher=terrestrial-biozones.net |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>

===Habitat===
It grows on the rocky mountain-sides with other small shrubs.<ref name=signa/>

They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=peruzzi/>

====Synecology====
Part of the Ausoni Mountains are protected by [[Wilderness Area]], (covering 4,230 hectares and was established in 1999), forests (made of oak, [[cork oak]] and [[maple]]), cover most of the mountain valleys. Under the forest trees are rare and endemic flora, including ''[[Crocus imperati]] subsp imperati'', ''[[Narcissus poeticus]]'', ''[[Asphodeline lutea]]'' (Asfodelina), ''[[Daphne oleoides]]'' (spatula Daphne) and ''Iris relicta''.<ref name=wilderness/>

==Conservation==
It is listed as 'very rare',<ref name=signa/> and is protected in the 'Wilderness Area' in Italy.<ref name=wilderness/>

==Cultivation==
It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to [[USDA]] Zone 7, tolerating dry Mediterranean-like summers.<ref name=signa/>

===Propagation===
Irises can generally be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How to divide iris rhizomes |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/projects/propagating/how-to-divide-iris-rhizomes/169.html |publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> or by seed growing.

==Toxicity==
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref> David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}</ref>
<ref name=daves>{{cite web |title=Species Iris, Iris sikkimensis |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/212096/#b |publisher=davesgarden.com |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.giorgioventurini.net/fiori/iridacee/iris_relicta/iris_relicta.htm has many images of the iris flowers from [[Lazio]]]

http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/53082.html]
*[http://www.treknature.com/gallery/Europe/Italy/photo302187.htm has a large image of a violet flower]

{{Commons category-inline|Iris relicta}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris relicta}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|relicta]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1989]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Italy]]

Revision as of 11:42, 29 December 2015

{italic title}}

Iris relicta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Iris
Species:
Iris relicta
Binomial name
Iris relicta
Synonyms
  • Iris × germanica var. suaveolens  N.Terracc.
  • Iris suaveolens  (N.Terracc.) A.Terracc. [Illegitimate][1]

Iris relicta is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a rare rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Italy. It is medium sized, with purple flowers and white beards. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It has had a confusing history, once thought as a variety of Iris germanica, then as a separate species with a name shared with another bearded iris. It has only been sorted out since 1996.

Description

It is similar in form to Iris germanica.[2]

It is classed as a medium sized bearded iris,[3] and grows up to to between 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tall.[4] It has a branched stem.[3]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[5]: 17  The flowers come in shades of purple,[2] from red-purple,[4] to blue-purple.[3] In the centre of the falls is a 'beard', or line of white hairs.[2]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that has not been described.

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[5]: 18  It has a chromosome count of 2n=40.[6][3][4] It was counted by Colasante & Sauer in 1993 and by Colasante in 1996.[2]

It is the same as Iris setina, Iris bicapitata, Iris lutescens and Iris revoluta.[7]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet relicta refers to a remnant, primitive, left behind and relict.[8] This name was chosen due to the diminishing size of the population of irises found on the mountains in Italy.[2]

It was first published and described by Nicola Terracciano (1837–1921) as Iris germanica var. suaveolens in 'Atti dell' Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e' Matematiche (Atti Accad. Sci. Fis.) series 4, (Appendix 2) on page 7 in 1890, as a variety of Iris germanica.[9][10] It was then published as Iris suaveolens by (N. Terracc.) N. Terracc. ex A. Terracc in 'Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.', series. 2, on page182 in 1894.[6] But this name was rejected by other authors and iris authorities as it was already used by another iris species,[2] since 1853.[6]

Later it was re-classified as a separate species by Prof. Maretta Colasante in Giornale Botanico Italiano ('Giorn. Bot. Ital.') Vol.123 Supplement 1 on page 112 in 1989,[2] and then called Iris relicta by Colasante in (Fl. Medit.) Vol.6 page 214 in 1996.[11][10][6] Based on specimens found on 'Monte delle Fate' in Lazio, Italy.[6][9]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 7 April 2003, and the updated on 3 December 2004.[11]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[12] and in the Catalogue of Life, it is listed as Iris relicta and notes that Iris germanica var. suaveolens is a synonym.[13]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Europe.[11]

Range

It is found in Italy,[4][9] within the central and southern regions.[3] It is found in the region of Lazio on 'Monte della Fate',[6] within the Ausoni Mts..[14][15][2] and near Lago di Fondi.[15]

It is listed as endemic of Italy, with Iris bicapitata, 'Iris italica var. cengialti' (a synonym of Iris pallida subsp. cengialti), Iris marsica, Iris revoluta, Iris sabina and Iris setina.[16]

Habitat

It grows on the rocky mountain-sides with other small shrubs.[3]

They can be found at an altitude of 1,100 m (3,600 ft) above sea level.[9]

Synecology

Part of the Ausoni Mountains are protected by Wilderness Area, (covering 4,230 hectares and was established in 1999), forests (made of oak, cork oak and maple), cover most of the mountain valleys. Under the forest trees are rare and endemic flora, including Crocus imperati subsp imperati, Narcissus poeticus, Asphodeline lutea (Asfodelina), Daphne oleoides (spatula Daphne) and Iris relicta.[14]

Conservation

It is listed as 'very rare',[3] and is protected in the 'Wilderness Area' in Italy.[14]

Cultivation

It is hardy to USDA Zone 7, tolerating dry Mediterranean-like summers.[3]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[17] or by seed growing.

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[18] [19]

References

  1. ^ "Iris relicta Colas. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2015. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 5 (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Franco, Alain (2 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris relicta Colas". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 25 November 2015. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 7 (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Corazza, Gianluca (31 May 2013). "Iris relicta". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d "Iris summary" (pdf). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Colasante, Maretta (1996). "Taxonomic note on some Italian Bearded Irises: Iris relicta Colas. nom. nov. and Iris bicapitata Colas. sp.nov" (PDF). Flora Mediterranea. 6: 213. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  7. ^ Colasante, M.; Vosa, C.G. (2000). "Iris:Allocyclic segments as Chromosome markers?". Annali di botanica. 58: 127–134. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  8. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 328, at Google Books
  9. ^ a b c d Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Domina, Gianniantonio; Bartolucci, Fabrizio; Galasso, Gabriele; Peccenini, Simonetta; Raimondo, Francesco M.; Albano, Antonella; Alessandrini, Alessandro; Banfi, Enrico; Barberis, Giuseppina; Bernardo, Liliana; Bovio, Maurizio; Brullo, Salvatore; Brundu, Giuseppe; Brunu, Antonello; Camarda, Ignazio; Carta, Luisa; Conti, Fabio; Croce, Antonio; Iamonico, Duilio; Iberite, Mauro; Iiriti, Gianluca; Longo, Daniela; Marsili, Stefano; Medagli, Pietro; Pistarino, Annalaura; Salmeri, Cristina; Santangelo, Annalisa; Scassellati, Elisabetta; Selvi, Federico; Soldano, Adriano; Stinca, Adriano; Villani, Mariacristina; Wagensommer, Robert P.; Passalacqua, Nicodemo G. (30 January 2015). "An inventory of the names of vascular plants endemic to Italy, their loci classici and types" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 196. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.196.1.1. Retrieved 25 November 2015. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  10. ^ a b "Iridaceae Iris relicta Colas". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 12 November 2015. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 10 (help)
  11. ^ a b c "Taxon: Iris relicta Colasante". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Iris relicta". eol.org. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  13. ^ "Iris cuniculiformis". eol.org. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  14. ^ a b c "Wilderness Area Monti Ausoni" (in Italian). wilderness.it. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  15. ^ a b "Flora" (in Italian). ecopointlazio.it. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Italian Mainland Endemic Plants". terrestrial-biozones.net. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  17. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  18. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
  19. ^ "Species Iris, Iris sikkimensis". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 7 August 2015.

External links

http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/53082.html]

Media related to Iris relicta at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris relicta at Wikispecies

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