Mullum Malarum

Mullum Malarum
Poster dominantly showing Kali (Rajinikanth) wearing a brown shawl to conceal his lost arm. Theatrical release poster
Directed by	J. Mahendran
Screenplay by	J. Mahendran
Produced by	Venu Chettiar V. Mohan
Starring	Rajinikanth Sarath Babu Fatafat Jayalaxmi Shoba
Cinematography	Balu Mahendra
Edited by	D. Vasu
Music by	Ilaiyaraaja
Production company	Ananthi Films
Release date	15 August 1978
Running time	135 minutes
Country	India
Language	Tamil

Mullum Malarum ([Thorn and Flower or Thorns also Blossom] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a 1978 Indian Tamil drama film written and directed by J. Mahendran and produced by Venu Chettiar and V. Mohan, with a soundtrack by Ilaiyaraaja. The film, starring Rajinikanth, Sarath Babu, Fatafat Jayalaxmi and Shoba, marked Mahendran's directorial debut and is loosely based on Umachandran's novel of the same name. It tells the story of Kali, a winch operator who dotes on his sister and clashes with Kumaran, his superior, at a power plant; the dispute eventually costs him his left arm and his job.

The film's production was tumultuous. Chettiar opposed casting Rajinikanth as the protagonist because of his dark skin and typecasting as a villain at the time, but Mahendran refused to direct the film without the actor and Chettiar capitulated. Since Mahendran had no previous directing experience, cinematographer Balu Mahendra (a director himself) assisted Mahendran with the screenplay, dialogue, camera angles, casting and editing. The film significantly deviates from the novel due to Mahendran having read only a part of it. Mullum Malarum was filmed primarily in Sringeri, Ooty, Glenmorgan and Kundha. Chettiar was surprised that the finished film had less dialogue than visuals, which he did not expect from Mahendran.

Although Mullum Malarum opened to a tepid box office reception at its 15 August 1978 (Independence Day) release, positive reviews from critics and favourable word of mouth helped make it a success. Rajinikanth's performance as Kali received unanimous praise, and it is widely considered the best performance of his career. The film won the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil and two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: Best Film and a Special Prize for Rajinikanth, who also won the Arima Sangam Award for Best Actor

Mullum Malarum, a breakthrough for Rajinikanth, became a milestone in Tamil cinema; it focused on visual realism, without excessive melodrama, fights, duets or dialogue. The film's success inspired remakes in 1979 (Venalil Oru Mazha in Malayalam), 1984 (Seethamma Pelli in Telugu) and 1985 (Pyari Behna in Hindi).

Plot

Kali is a winch operator at a village power plant. Although a reputed troublemaker, he occasionally does good deeds for the local community. Kali and his younger sister Valli—to whom he is devoted—were orphaned during their childhood and have no close family. When a poor wanderer named Manga and her aged mother arrive in the village with no assets and no-one to assist them, Valli helps them set up their home in the village. Although Manga becomes fond of Kali, he is disgusted by her fondness for food.

The power plant's new supervising engineer is Kumaran, an austere but fair boss. His relationship with Kali is difficult, worsening after he sees the latter's negative side in a series of incidents, which included Kali allowing people to ride the winch in violation of the power plant's rules. Kali calls Kumaran "Law Point" because of his strict application of the rules. One day when Kali is on duty, Manga teases him; he abandons the winch and chases her. In his absence, an emergency arises at the plant. Kumaran suspends Kali from his job the following day for dereliction of duty, ignoring his protests and threats.

Kali becomes drunk and faints in the middle of the road; a lorry runs over his left arm, which is later amputated. He cannot perform his job with one arm, and is fired. Now unemployed, Kali directs his anger and frustration at Kumaran; Manga feels guilty because she is responsible for Kali's plight. At Valli's request, she marries Kali and takes care of him.

Kumaran is attracted to Valli, and asks Kali for permission to marry her. Because he hates his former boss, Kali arranges for Valli to marry Murugesa, a philandering grocer. Although Manga opposes Kali's decision, he refuses her plea to allow his sister to marry Kumaran. Manga decides to arrange the marriage without his consent.

On the day Murugesa is supposed to marry Valli at his house, Kali learns that everyone has left to attend Valli's marriage to Kumaran. He intercepts Valli's group, reminding her that he loves her and how difficult it would be to live without her. Although everyone else ignores him, Valli runs to him and assures him that she would never abandon him. Kali then tells Kumaran that although he still dislikes his former boss, he and Valli have his permission to marry.

Cast

• Rajinikanth as Kali, a winch operator
• Sarath Babu as Kumaran, a new supervising engineer
• Fatafat Jayalaxmi as Manga, Kali's wife
• Shoba as Valli, Kali's younger sister and Kumaran's love interest
• Venniradai Moorthy as Murugesa, a philandering grocer
• Samikannu as one of Kali's henchmen

Male supporting roles were played by S. A. Kannan, Pazhaniyappan, Dasaradan, Rangamani, Sarathi, Santhanam, Kumarimuthu, Jothi Shanmugham, Chellappa, Amalraj, Poondigiri and Vairam Krishnamoorthy. Female supporting roles were played by Santhamma, Jayakumari, Vijaya, Jaya, Pushpa, Radha, Prema, Vasanthi, Leela and Kala.

Production

Development

Mullum Malarum is based on a novel of the same name by Umachandran which was published in the Tamil magazine, Kalki. The story, about the love between a brother and sister, won the first prize in Kalki's Novel Short Story Competition celebrating the magazine's 1966 silver jubilee. Screenplay and dialogue writer J. Mahendran outlined Mullum Malarum to producer Venu Chettiar, who was impressed. Adapting Umachandran's novel for the screen, Mahendran made his directing debut and wrote the film's dialogue. Chettiar and V. Mohan produced Mullum Malarum for Ananthi Films, although only Mohan was credited in the film's opening titles. Ramasamy was signed as art director, and D. Vasu as editor. Ashok Kumar and Ramachandra Babu were the initial choices for cinematographer, but actor Kamal Haasan recommended Balu Mahendra for the job, which Mahendran accepted, leading to Mahendra making his debut in Tamil cinema.

Although Mahendran only read a part of Umachandran's novel, he was particularly impressed by the winch operator Kali and his affection for his sister, as well as the loss of his arm. His screenplay diverged from the novel's plot, and he decided to make a minimalist, visually-rich film without melodrama, overacting, excessive dialogue or duets. A significant difference is that in the novel, Kali loses his arm to a tiger, while in the film, he loses it due to it being run over by a lorry.

Casting

Chettiar disagreed with Mahendran's wish to cast Rajinikanth in the lead role because of the actor's dark skin and his then typecasting as a villain. Mahendran refused to direct the film if Rajinikanth was not cast, and Chettiar capitulated. He was still unhappy with the director's decision and called it "ridiculous" and "preposterous" every time he visited the set. Rajinikanth, dismayed at the producer's lack of confidence in his acting, promised to "put his heart and soul into the character Kali". The actor received ₹13,000 (about US$1,579.59 in 1978) for his part in the film.

Shoba was cast as Kali's sister Valli, Sarath Babu as the engineer Kumaran and Fatafat Jayalaxmi as Kali's love interest, Manga. Mahendran decided to characterise Manga as a "foodie who loves fish" when he saw the location's marine environment. Latha said that she had to refuse a part in the film due to scheduling conflicts. Mahendran cast Venniradai Moorthy as Murugesa, the philandering grocer, and Samikannu was the given the part as one of Kali's henchmen.

Filming

Mullum Malarum was filmed on 35 mm Orwo colour film. The film intentionally defied traditional Tamil cinema conventions, discarding elements which Mahendran disliked. Mahendra later professed to avoid incorporating the usual hero-heroine dancing into the film as he thought it was like "watching two drunken monkeys dancing". Instead, he allocated music to the background only, at times when the lead characters were expressing their emotions. Since Mahendran had no previous directing experience, Mahendra assumed principal responsibility and responded to Mahendran's specifications for the screenplay, dialogue, camera angles, casting and editing.

Although Chettiar held up production by not financing a crucial lead scene before the song "Senthazham Poovil" with Sarath Babu and Shoba, Haasan funded the scene. Mullum Malarum was shot in Sringeri, Ooty, Kundha and Chennai in about 30 days, with the winch-operating scenes filmed in Glenmorgan. Sarath Babu was originally supposed to lip-sync the full "Senthazham Poovil" scene involving him and Shoba, but Balu Mahendra and Mahendran agreed on a montage after the actor performed a line or two, much to his disappointment. Chettiar was perplexed by the finished film's lack of dialogue, since he hired Mahendran as director due to his successful stint as a screenplay and dialogue writer, and did not expect such a visually-rich film from him. Mullum Malarum's final length was 3,915 metres (12,844 ft).

Themes

Naman Ramachandran notes in Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography (2012) that Umachandran's novel and Mahendran's film metaphorically liken the sibling relationship to flowers which need sharp thorns to protect them. The entertainment-news website Behindwoods advocates the view that the film demonstrates how two siblings with different personalities can co-exist like a thorn and flower on the same plant. They believe that the title (which means "Thorn and Flower") can be interpreted as a brother (the thorn) over-protecting his younger sister (the flower), comparing it to Robert Frost's poem "Fire and Ice". In another article they mention that the "tough cookie" is the brother and the "softie" is the sister.

S. Rajanayagam wrote in the 2015 book Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth that Kali is both a thorn and a flower throughout the film: an angry young man with a kind heart, who does not admit mistakes (despite many, such as breaking car headlights and allowing people to ride the winch in violation of the power plant's rules). He also noted that films like Mullum Malarum stereotype the poor as representing all that is pristine and traditional, and that although the socio-economic system which has made them poor is unchallenged, in that system the male lead will be rich in his moral uprightness. The 2012 book Grand Brand Rajini by P. C. Balasubramanian and Ram N. Ramakrishnan describes Kali as "the loving brother, the angry worker and despondent physically challenged person rolled into one."

According to French film historian Yves Thoraval, the film's theme is the Oedipal possessiveness by a married brother of his younger sister. Ramachandran notes that like the characters in Bairavi (1978), Kali and his sister have abusive parents in childhood and he is responsible for his sister's welfare. Unlike Bairavi, the siblings in Mullum Malarum are not separated; this leads Kali's protectiveness of Valli to the brink of obsession. In one scene, after he violently berates her during the day, he puts henna on her feet at night while she is asleep.

Mullum Malarum explores the theme of egotism, with Kali, the community's alpha male, surrounded by sycophants who massage his ego. He plays God in allowing the villagers to ride the winch (saving them the exertion of walking), and is jolted when the presentable and educated supervising engineer Kumarana arrives. As a subordinate, Kali cannot oppose Kumaran; his frustration threatens to erupt several times before it finally does and he is suspended. His feelings can be summed up in the line, "Raman aandalum, Ravanan aandalum, enakku oru kavalai illai, naan thaan da en manasukku raaja" (English: "It doesn't matter whether Rama or Ravana is reigning, I am king of my conscience"), in resistance to Kumaran's authoritarian yoke.

According to Cinema Vision India, the film's theme is "that people change — and they must". When Kali's arm is amputated, he feels helpless and emasculated; Kumaran, his bête noire, becomes an easy target. Kali refuses to see the benefits of his sister marrying a wealthy, educated man (even when Valli and his wife Manga ask for his consent), but sees the error of his ways when Valli abandons her defiant wedding preparations to join her brother: "My sister has shown all of you that I am the most important person in her life. I need only that happiness for the rest of my life. And it is with that pride and arrogance that I give my permission for my sister to marry." Film producer and author G. Dhananjayan found the characters in the film to be consistent in their attitude unlike traditional commercial films, where characters have a last minute turnaround in attitudes: "For instance, Kali's character consistently hated Kumaran throughout. In the end, when he gives away his sister to Kumaran, he states, 'Even now, I do not like you but my sister likes you, hence I am giving her away'. It is the strength of that character which stands out at the end."

Music

Main article: Mullum Malarum (soundtrack)

Mullum Malarum's soundtrack and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics by Panchu Arunachalam, Gangai Amaran and Kannadasan. The soundtrack album, released by EMI Records, includes only four of the film's five songs; "Maan Iname" was omitted. Mullum Malarum features no duets, which is considered rare in Tamil cinema. Elements from "Raman Aandaalum" were later used in the songs "Thambikku Indha Ooru" (composed by Dharan Kumar for the 2010 film of the same name), and "Machi Open the Bottle", composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja for Mankatha (2011). "Senthazham Poovil" was the title track of a compilation album of K. J. Yesudas songs which was released by Saregama.

The soundtrack and score were received positively. A 25 August 1978 review in The Hindu described Ilaiyaraja's melodies as "delicious" and a folk-dancing scene had a "delightful rhythm". According to a 1978 issue of the Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan, Ilaiyaraaja composed his four songs with strands of sweetness. Director Mani Ratnam said in a conversation with film critic Baradwaj Rangan that there was "something really special" about Mullum Malarum's music, and because of it the film "really stood out". In his 2011 book, The Best of Tamil Cinema, Dhananjayan praised the soundtrack's songs and wrote that with Mullum Malarum, "Ilaiyaraaja proved his deep knowledge in background score". D. Karthikeyan of The Hindu singled out the film's re-recording in July 2011, ranking it with the music director's other films Uthiripookkal (1979), Moondram Pirai (1982), Nayakan (1987) and Thalapathi (1991).

Side one

No.	Title	Lyrics	Singer(s)	Length
1.	"Senthazham Poovil"	Kannadasan	K. J. Yesudas	4:35
2.	"Adi Penney"	Panchu Arunachalam	Jency Anthony	4:30

Side two

No.	Title	Lyrics	Singer(s)	Length
1.	"Raman Aandaalum"	Gangai Amaran	S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, L. R. Anjali and Chorus	5:44
2.	"Niththam Niththam"	Gangai Amaran	Vani Jairam	2:54

Release and reception

I would not have made the film if Rajinikanth had not been in it. I had a producer who never turned up on the sets; but I had Rajinikanth, Ilaiyaraaja for the background score and Balu Mahendra for the camera. Naturally, the film was a success.

 – J. Mahendran, August 2013

Although Mullum Malarum was passed by the Central Board of Film Certification on 4 August 1978, there were problems with its release. After Haasan's intervention, it was released on 15 August, India's Independence Day. The film's commercial performance during its first two weeks was poor. Chettiar, who despaired of the film's success and thought he was "doomed", refused to underwrite any more publicity: "A good product needs no publicity, whereas a bad product cannot be pushed in the market however much you publicise it". During its third week of release, the tide turned after positive magazine reviews and word of mouth; Mullum Malarum became a commercial success, with a 100-day theatrical run. Chettiar apologised to Mahendran and offered him a blank cheque, to which he politely refused. The director instead thanked him for "letting [me] make a movie with Rajinikanth".

After he saw the film, Rajinikanth's mentor, director K. Balachander, wrote a letter of appreciation: "I'm proud to have introduced you as an actor." Balachander's letter has been described by Sify as Rajinikanth's "most prized moment and possession". Following its success, Mullum Malarum was remade in Malayalam by Sreekumaran Thampi as Venalil Oru Mazha (1979) and in Hindi by Bapu as Pyari Behna (1985). A Telugu-dubbed version, Mullu Puvvu, was released on 26 October 1979 and the film was remade in Telugu as Seethamma Pelli (1984).

Contemporary reviews

Mullum Malarum received positive reviews when it was released. According to The Best of Tamil Cinema, the media called it "the first Tamil film which proved that cinema is a visual medium." A 25 August 1978 review in The Hindu stated that the film "reflects the healthy trend towards a simple short story, vivid picturisation of sylvan scenery, arresting characterisation, catchy folk tunes and picturesque rustic dances that seem to have caught on among our film producers, instead of the usual formula of fights, duets, intrigues and cabaret dances ... Mahendran has handled the theme deftly. Rajnikant shows his mature artistry in a portrayal of a turbulent illiterate worker with a blind passion for his sister". It called Balu Mahendra's camera work a "feast for the eyes"; although the first half of the film moves at a "leisurely pace", the second half is "eventful".

Ananda Vikatan said in a 3 September 1978 review, "Mahendran has demonstrated amazing film making skills in this film ... He has told the story in a sharp manner without long dialogues and makes us expect the same quality of films from him in future ... The film exhibits Tamil culture throughout. The characters created history in a village atmosphere. We get the satisfaction of travelling to our village after seeing the film. This flower is one of those rarest Kurinchi flowers in Tamil Cinema." K. Balachander wrote to Mahendran, "An intelligent filmmaker has come to the cinema world. Silence rules in many places in this film which deserve appreciation." After seeing Mullum Malarum, the-then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. G. Ramachandran told the director:

I have no words to express my happiness. With this film, you have set a new trend in Tamil Cinema. You have achieved a milestone, which even if l had desired, l could not have achieved. You have demonstrated clearly that Cinema is a visual medium and have succeeded in that also. The films which came till now on brother-sister relationships were full of dramatics, including mine. However, this film stands apart and stands tall in realism. The last scene is new not only to Tamil Cinema but also to Indian Cinema. l felt like getting up and clapping. Rajni has acted wonderfully and realistically and this film will mark a big turnaround in his film career.

Retrospective reviews

When you watch a film, you know the way the shot was taken or the way the narrative was constructed. [Mahendran's] Mullum Malarum, for instance, was so startlingly different from anything that had come before in Tamil cinema. It really stood out. You need not know exactly what it is that stands out, but it would stand out for you. ... There was something really special about the direction, Balu Mahendra's cinematography, the characterizations, the costumes, the compositions, the colours, the light, the way it was cut and, of course, the music. The sheer restraint in it is really remarkable.

—Director Mani Ratnam on the film

Baradwaj Rangan said in 2004 that Mahendran "proved himself a sublime storyteller"; the following year he said that Rajinikanth, in films like Mullum Malarum, "still made the occasional attempt at being an actor." In May 2013, director Dhanapal Padmanabhan told K. Jeshi of The Hindu that Mullum Malarum "scores on content, craft and extraordinary screenplay." In October 2010, Amrith Lal of The Times of India wrote that Mullum Malarum "revealed the potential of Rajini, the character actor." Also in The Times of India, Kamini Mathai wrote: "The fact that Mahendran and Balachander entered the world of cinema as writers shows in the strong storylines and dialogues of their films such as Mahendran's Mullum Malarum (1978) and Balachander's Apoorva Raagangal (1975) and Thanneer Thanneer (1981)."

In August 2009, M. Suganth of The Times of India rated the film 4.5 out of 5. Naman Ramachandran considered Rajinikanth's Kali an effective portrayal of a challenging, complex character. He praised Balu Mahendra's cinematography, especially his use of natural light. In December 2014, Gautaman Bhaskaran of the Hindustan Times wrote: "On watching [Apoorva Raagangal and Mullum Malarum] recently, there was no mistaking the brilliance of [Rajinikanth's] acting ability. In both, he essays shades of deep grey, and yet there was something captivating about Rajinikanth." According to G. Dhananjayan, "If [Pasamalar] (1961) stood out for brother-sister relationship in a [melodramatic] format, this film stands out for its realistic format for such a fine relationship". In December 2011, the Press Trust of India said that Rajinikanth also "proved his acting mettle in challenging roles" in films such as Mullum Malarum.

Rediff described the film in August 2015 as one of Rajinikanth's best of the 20 he released in 1978. According to Maalai Malar, Rajinikanth lived through his role as Kali. The newspaper praised Shoba's acting, described Balu Mahendra's cinematography as on an international level and called Mullum Malarum one of those few films which could not be destroyed by time. S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu called Shoba's performance "brilliant" in 2002, and in July 2007 Settu Shankar of Oneindia called the film "a perfect blend of literature with mass entertainment". In December 2012, film journalist Sreedhar Pillai said that Mullum Malarum was Rajinikanth's best performance and the film was among his most "memorable movies". D. Karthikeyan of The Hindu wrote in December 2009 that Mullum Malarum would "remain etched in every film lover's memory by showing the best of Rajnikanth's acting skills."

Accolades

Although Chettiar did not enter Mullum Malarum in any award competitions, it won the Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil and two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: Best Film and a Special Prize for Rajinikanth. The actor also won the Arima Sangam Award for Best Actor. The film was screened at the 1979 Indian International Film Festival as a part of the Indian Panorama.

Mullum Malarum consistently ranks as one of Rajinikanth's best films in polls. In December 2012, Aishwarya Bhattacharya of Koimoi included the film on her list of "Top 10 Rajinikanth Movies". Daliya Ghose of Bollywood Mantra ranked the film fourth on her list of "Top 10 movies of Rajinikanth" in December 2013, saying it "brought out the human side of the actor". In May 2007, K. Balamurugan of Rediff ranked Mullum Malarum fifth on his list of "Rajni's Tamil Top 10" films. Writer Sujatha Rangarajan included the film on his June 2005 list of ten best Indian films: "Mahendran's triumph was making superstar Rajnikanth act naturally." In December 2013, The Times of India ranked the film fifth on its list of "Top 12 Rajinikanth movies", commenting: "With this film, the talented actor dispelled whatever doubts remained about his acting ability". Behindwoods listed Rajinikanth's Kali as one of his "Top 12 acting performances".

Legacy

In addition to its critical and commercial success, Mullum Malarum became a milestone in Tamil cinema. Discarding traditional melodrama, fights, duet songs and extensive dialogue, the film focused on visual realism. Gayathri Sreekanth, author of The Name is Rajinikanth, wrote that it "gave a new dimension to brother and sister relations on screen" and established Rajinikanth as an "actor par finesses". Although he was praised for his performance in what was seen as an experimental film, during the 1990s he stopped acting in similar films because he had become a "larger-than-life" hero. On the festival of Raksha Bandhan in 2007, Behindwoods said: "There might be very few or even no movie that revolves mainly the brother-sister relationship. The relationship [in Mullum Malarum] is shown with lot of respect and dignity." According to the website, Kali and Valli have one of the most inspiring onscreen brother-sister relationships.

Director Prabhu Solomon said that Rajinikanth's character inspired Vikram Prabhu's protagonist in Kumki (2012). The winch in Mullum Malarum prompted director P. V. Prasad to use one for a fight scene in Kadhalil Vizhunthen (2008). "Kali" became Rajinikanth's most-frequent onscreen name; his characters in Murattu Kaalai (1980), Kai Kodukkum Kai (1984), Kaali (1980) and Athisaya Piravi (1990) were also named Kali. According to actor Bobby Simha, Mullum Malarum affected his life and the line "Rendu kai, rendu kaal ponakuda, Kali angarava polachikava, sir" boosts his confidence when he hears it. Mani Ratnam called Mullum Malarum "the benchmark in terms of [Rajinikanth's] performance", and said that although it was not Parallel Cinema it was "very realistic, and was performed very, very realistically. The dialogues were real." Director C. S. Amudhan said, "In Mullum Malarum, which happens to be one of my favourite [films, Rajinikanth] has proved he can be subtle and yet make an impact."

Asked which of his films he loved best, according to The New Indian Express Rajinikanth told his biographer Gayathri Sreekanth that it was Mullum Malarum; he considers Mahendran his favourite director. G. Dhananjayan wrote that it is one of five films the actor considers "close to his heart"; the other four are Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri (1977), Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai (1979), Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982) and Sri Raghavendrar (1985). Sarath Babu told S. R. Ashok Kumar in 2006, "My grandchildren can watch all my movies. But I would like them to watch the best among the lot—Nool Veli, Mullum Malarum, Udiripookal, Salangai Oli and Amirthavarshini (Kannada)". An unrelated television serial with the same title was produced by Venus Studio and broadcast in September 2007 on Kalaignar TV. In 2006, director S. Shankar said that he entered the film industry "with dreams of directing films such as Mullum Malarum." However, when his script for Azhagiya Kuyilae had no takers he directed the big-budget Gentleman (1993) and never made the small-budget film.

In January 2011 Rajinikanth saw Aadukalam, starring his son-in-law Dhanush. Impressed with his performance, he said: "This film will take Dhanush to the next level just like what Mullum Malarum did to me"; Dhanush's performance earned him the National Film Award for Best Actor. In December 2012, playback singer Suchitra referred to the film as her "favourite Rajini movie", remarking, "Rajini's role as Kali in Mullum Malarum is my favourite for the following reasons—one, it is the most honest on-screen depiction of the brother-sister relationship; and two, though it was only his third film, he was brilliant as the rough-hewn, obstinate winch operator and, in the movie's latter half, as a frustrated individual rendered immobile due to an accident, yet trying to retain his dignity". Asked for her favourite scene in any film, actress Sripriya replied: "For me, that would be an entire movie – Mullum Malarum."

In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar asked eight Tamil directors to list ten of their favourite films; four—K. Balachander, K. Bhagyaraj, Mani Ratnam and K. S. Ravikumar—named Mullum Malarum. Director Kathir said in July 2012 that Mullum Malarum inspired him to enter the film industry. The title of G. V. Prakash Kumar's film, Ketta Paiyan Da Indha Karthi, is a play on the line "Ketta Paiyan Sir Indha Kaali" from Mullum Malarum. Director Pa. Ranjith said that Rajinikanth's characterisation in Mullum Malarum was a "lesson" of sorts for him, and the actor's character in Ranjith's film Kabali will be influenced by Kali in Mullum Malarum.

Bibliography

• Balasubramanian, P. C.; Ramakrishnan, Ram N. (2012). Grand Brand Rajini. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-81-291-2059-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Baskaran, Sundararaj Theodore (1996). The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema. East West Books. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dhananjayan, G. (2011). The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010. Galatta Media. ISBN 978-81-921043-0-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dhananjayan, G. (2014). Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013. Blue Ocean Publishers. ISBN 978-93-84301-05-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rajanayagam, S. (2015). Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82203-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special. The Hindu. 2012. GGKEY:A78L0XB1B0X.
• Ramachandran, Naman (2012). Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-81-8475-796-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rangan, Baradwaj (2012). Conversations with Mani Ratnam. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-670-08520-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sreekanth, Gayathri (2008). The Name Is Rajinikanth. Om Books International. ISBN 978-81-87108-44-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Thoraval, Yves (2000). The cinemas of India. Macmillan India. ISBN 0-333-93410-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• Mullum Malarum at IMDb
• Mullum Malarum at Upperstall.com