Fort Belgica: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Fort Belgica 1824.jpg|thumb|300px|Fort Belgica]] |
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[[File:Fort Belgica 01.JPG|thumb|Fort Belgica in the late 1990s]] |
[[File:Fort Belgica 01.JPG|thumb|Fort Belgica in the late 1990s]] |
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'''Fort Belgica''' is a 17th-century fort in [[Banda Neira]], [[Banda Islands]], [[the Moluccas|Maluku Islands]] (the Moluccas), [[Indonesia]]. The fort acted as a fortification system for the islands of Banda where during the period, the only place in the world where [[nutmeg]] was produced. |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:BandaVolcanoSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG|thumb|Fort Belgica]] --> |
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'''Fort Belgica''', most impressive of the many forts built by the [[Dutch East India Company]], is located on Bandaneira Island in the [[Banda Islands]], [[Maluku Province]], [[Indonesia]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:AMH-4720-NA The forts of Nassau and Belgica and the Neira redoubt on Banda Neira.jpg|thumb|left|Rectangular Fort Nassau and the original —somewhat modest— Fort Belgica]] |
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Constructed in 1611, under the orders of [[Pieter Both]], first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Fort Belgica was built to fortify the hill which dominated the original Dutch fortress, [[Fort Nassau, Banda Islands]], in order to prevent others doing the same.<ref>Indonesian Banda</ref> |
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Before Fort Belgica, there was a 16th-century Portuguese fort standing on a hill in Banda Neira. On September 4, 1611, [[Pieter Both]], the first [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]], instructed the construction of a new fort to fortify the hill which dominated the original Dutch fortress, [[Fort Nassau, Banda Islands|Fort Nassau]].{{sfn|Hanna|1991|p=31}} This fort was to be named either ''Belgica'' or ''Nederland'', and it became Fort Belgica.{{sfn|Groll|2002|p=194}} Fort Belgica was a modest square fort on top of a hill.{{sfn|Groll|2002|p=194}} In 1662, [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] ordered the renovation of the original fort, so it was replaced with a more solid redoubt that could accommodate 40 men.{{sfn|Gagas Ulung|2011|p=242}}{{sfn|Groll|2002|p=194}} |
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[[File:AMH-4725-NA Map and elevation of Fort Belgica on Banda Neira.jpg|thumb|right|Newer design of Fort Belgica features a pentagonal shape.]] |
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By the mid seventeenth century earthquakes, the tropical monsoonal climate, and poor original construction materials and techniques had resulted in the structure becoming dilapidated.{{sfn|van de Wall|1928|pp=26-7}} In 1667, Governor [[Cornelis Speelman]] instructed Engineer Adriaan de Leeuw to redesign and reconstruct the fort. The result was the present "castle", the major modification works started in 1672 and being completed by 1673.{{sfn|Groll|2002|p=194}} The new Fort Belgica was built from stone shipped to the island. The new design consisted of a low outer pentagonal structure with five angled corner bastions and a higher inner pentagon with five tall circular towers. It was the only fort of this kind throughout the [[Banda Islands]]. |
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Despite over 300,000 [[Guilders]] spent on the modifications, an armament of 50 guns and a garrison of 400 men |
Despite over 300,000 [[Guilders]] spent on the modifications, an armament of 50 guns and a garrison of 400 men{{sfn|van de Wall|1928|p=29}} Fort Belgica surrendered to a British fleet in 1796 without a shot fired. Returned to Dutch control in 1803, it was again taken by the British in 1810, when it was stormed by Captain Cole and his men. |
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Partially demolished in 1904, it was incompletely rebuilt in 1919, |
Partially demolished in 1904, it was incompletely rebuilt in 1919,{{sfn|van de Wall|1928|p=31}}. In 1991, following the order of General [[Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani]], at that time the Minister of Defense and Security of Indonesia, the fort was thoroughly restored.{{sfn|Gagas Ulung|2011|p=242}} |
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==The fort== |
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Fort Belgica sits on top of a hill on the southwestern part of the island [[Banda Neira]]. The fort overlooks the Fort Nassau, lower on the foot of the hill to the south. |
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Fort Belgica is pentagonal in form. It consists of a low outer pentagonal structure and a higher inner pentagonal structure. A stair access on the southernmost wall of the outer pentagon provides the sole point of entry to the fort. The lower pentagonal structure is equipped with five bastions, from the left hand side of the access point: ''Galge punt'', ''Moorsche punt'', ''Leugenaar punt'', ''Metaale punt'', and ''Klokke punt'', each equipped with a [[bartizan]]. The higher inner pentagonal structure housed several rooms which was arranged surrounding a pentagonal-shaped inner courtyard. A stairs in one of the room provide an access point to the top level. |
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==World Heritage Status== |
==World Heritage Status== |
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On January 2015, Belgica Fort was added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage]] Tentative List as part of the Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands.{{sfn|UNESCO|2015}} |
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== |
==See also== |
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{{commons category|Fort Belgica}} |
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<references/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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Hanna, Willard A.,(1991),''Indonesian Banda'' p. 31 |
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Van de Wall, V.I.,(1928),''De Nederlandsche Oudheden in de Molukken'' p. 26 - 27 |
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Van de Wall, V.I.,(1928),''De Nederlandsche Oudheden in de Molukken'' p. 29 |
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Van de Wall, V.I.,(1928),''De Nederlandsche Oudheden in de Molukken'' p. 31 |
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[http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/297/ Belgica Fort - UNESCO World Heritage Centre] Accessed 2009-02-27. |
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Ring, T., et al. (1994), ''International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania'', Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-884964-04-4 |
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== |
==Works cited== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* [http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/the-bandas/ Spice Islands forts in the Banda Islands] |
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*{{cite book |author=Gagas Ulung |date=2011 |title=Extremely Beautiful Maluku |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=G5CXZ-sr0kAC&dq=belgica+speelman&source=gbs_navlinks_s |language=Indonesian |series=Backpacking and Traveling |location=Jakarta |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |isbn=9789792268089}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Groll |first=Coenraad Liebrecht Temminck |date=2002 |title=Dutch overseas: architectural survey : mutual heritage of four centuries in three continents |series=Cultuurhistorische studies |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kvTVAAAAMAAJ&q=belgica+speelman&dq=belgica+speelman&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBWoVChMIr-yUr4-ayQIVz1aICh1fuw1g |edition=illustrated |location=|publisher=Waanders |isbn=9789040087431}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Hanna |first=Willard Anderson |date=1991 |title=Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands |url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Indonesian_Banda.html?id=cHdytgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |location= |publisher=Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira }} |
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*{{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|UNESCO|2015}} |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6065/ |title=The Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2015 |website= |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=November 18, 2015 |quote=}} |
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*{{cite book |last=van de Wall |first=V.I. |date=1928 |title=De Nederlandsche Oudheden in de Molukken |trans-title=Dutch Antiquities in the Moluccans |url=http://veiling.catawiki.nl/kavels/1152289-indonesi-v-i-van-de-wall-de-nederlandsche-oudheden-in-de-molukken-1928 |language=Dutch |location='s-Gravenhage |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=}} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{coord|4|31|34|S|129|53|56|E|source:kolossus-nlwiki|display=title}} |
{{coord|4|31|34|S|129|53|56|E|source:kolossus-nlwiki|display=title}} |
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Revision as of 19:58, 19 November 2015
Fort Belgica is a 17th-century fort in Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Maluku Islands (the Moluccas), Indonesia. The fort acted as a fortification system for the islands of Banda where during the period, the only place in the world where nutmeg was produced.
History
Before Fort Belgica, there was a 16th-century Portuguese fort standing on a hill in Banda Neira. On September 4, 1611, Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, instructed the construction of a new fort to fortify the hill which dominated the original Dutch fortress, Fort Nassau.[1] This fort was to be named either Belgica or Nederland, and it became Fort Belgica.[2] Fort Belgica was a modest square fort on top of a hill.[2] In 1662, Jan Pieterszoon Coen ordered the renovation of the original fort, so it was replaced with a more solid redoubt that could accommodate 40 men.[3][2]
By the mid seventeenth century earthquakes, the tropical monsoonal climate, and poor original construction materials and techniques had resulted in the structure becoming dilapidated.[4] In 1667, Governor Cornelis Speelman instructed Engineer Adriaan de Leeuw to redesign and reconstruct the fort. The result was the present "castle", the major modification works started in 1672 and being completed by 1673.[2] The new Fort Belgica was built from stone shipped to the island. The new design consisted of a low outer pentagonal structure with five angled corner bastions and a higher inner pentagon with five tall circular towers. It was the only fort of this kind throughout the Banda Islands.
Despite over 300,000 Guilders spent on the modifications, an armament of 50 guns and a garrison of 400 men[5] Fort Belgica surrendered to a British fleet in 1796 without a shot fired. Returned to Dutch control in 1803, it was again taken by the British in 1810, when it was stormed by Captain Cole and his men.
Partially demolished in 1904, it was incompletely rebuilt in 1919,[6]. In 1991, following the order of General Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani, at that time the Minister of Defense and Security of Indonesia, the fort was thoroughly restored.[3]
The fort
Fort Belgica sits on top of a hill on the southwestern part of the island Banda Neira. The fort overlooks the Fort Nassau, lower on the foot of the hill to the south.
Fort Belgica is pentagonal in form. It consists of a low outer pentagonal structure and a higher inner pentagonal structure. A stair access on the southernmost wall of the outer pentagon provides the sole point of entry to the fort. The lower pentagonal structure is equipped with five bastions, from the left hand side of the access point: Galge punt, Moorsche punt, Leugenaar punt, Metaale punt, and Klokke punt, each equipped with a bartizan. The higher inner pentagonal structure housed several rooms which was arranged surrounding a pentagonal-shaped inner courtyard. A stairs in one of the room provide an access point to the top level.
World Heritage Status
On January 2015, Belgica Fort was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands.[7]
See also
References
- ^ Hanna 1991, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d Groll 2002, p. 194.
- ^ a b Gagas Ulung 2011, p. 242.
- ^ van de Wall 1928, pp. 26–7.
- ^ van de Wall 1928, p. 29.
- ^ van de Wall 1928, p. 31.
- ^ UNESCO 2015.
Works cited
- Gagas Ulung (2011). Extremely Beautiful Maluku. Backpacking and Traveling (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 9789792268089.
- Groll, Coenraad Liebrecht Temminck (2002). Dutch overseas: architectural survey : mutual heritage of four centuries in three continents. Cultuurhistorische studies (illustrated ed.). Waanders. ISBN 9789040087431.
- Hanna, Willard Anderson (1991). Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.
- "The Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands". UNESCO. 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
- van de Wall, V.I. (1928). De Nederlandsche Oudheden in de Molukken [Dutch Antiquities in the Moluccans] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.