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In the period of third [[Rashidun Caliphate]] the structure of Muslim Army was comprised of groups based from clans and tribes settled in the newly established garrison town [[Kufa]]. The leader of each tribe led their clan as commander or chief in the battle. Al-Tabri gave an account for participation by sons of Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Umar al-Khitab in the campaign launched for Khorasan in the end of 30 AH <ref>{{cite book|last1= Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqui (Devband) |first1= Syed Muhammad Ibrahim Nadvi |title=Tareekh-e-Tabri by Nafees Academy | location=Karachi [[Pakistan]]|pages= 331–332 Vol-III |language=Urdu from Arabic}}</ref>. Persian historian [[Firishta]] in his well known book<ref> Title: Arrival of Muslims in India at Page-45 (Vol.I) of Persian book "Tareekh Firshta – (History of India)" written by Muhammad Qasim Firshta ( Urdu Translation by Abdul Hayee Khawaja), published by Al-Meezan Publisher and Booksellers, Urdu Bazar [[Lahore]], Pakistan, 2008 Edition</ref> Tarikh-i Firishta wrote that the dwellers of [[Gorgan]] (also called as Jurjan) surrendered their territory peacefully to Husnain (Hassan Ibn Ali and his brother Hussain) during 30/31 Hijra ( ca 652/53 AD) and confessed Islam. The campaign in Khorasan, however, was ended with conquest of [[Balkh]] in 654 AD. According to John Norman Hollister, [[Hazara]] located near Bulkh. 90% members of Hazara tribe follow shia faith since adoption of Islam. It is believed that family of Yazdegard was in hide either in [[Badakhshan]] or [[Hirat]].
In the period of third [[Rashidun Caliphate]] the structure of Muslim Army was comprised of groups based from clans and tribes settled in the newly established garrison town [[Kufa]]. The leader of each tribe led their clan as commander or chief in the battle. Al-Tabri gave an account for participation by sons of Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Umar al-Khitab in the campaign launched for Khorasan in the end of 30 AH <ref>{{cite book|last1= Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqui (Devband) |first1= Syed Muhammad Ibrahim Nadvi |title=Tareekh-e-Tabri by Nafees Academy | location=Karachi [[Pakistan]]|pages= 331–332 Vol-III |language=Urdu from Arabic}}</ref>. Persian historian [[Firishta]] in his well known book<ref> Title: Arrival of Muslims in India at Page-45 (Vol.I) of Persian book "Tareekh Firshta – (History of India)" written by Muhammad Qasim Firshta ( Urdu Translation by Abdul Hayee Khawaja), published by Al-Meezan Publisher and Booksellers, Urdu Bazar [[Lahore]], Pakistan, 2008 Edition</ref> Tarikh-i Firishta wrote that the dwellers of [[Gorgan]] (also called as Jurjan) surrendered their territory peacefully to Husnain (Hassan Ibn Ali and his brother Hussain) during 30/31 Hijra ( ca 652/53 AD) and confessed Islam. The campaign in Khorasan, however, was ended with conquest of [[Balkh]] in 654 AD. According to John Norman Hollister, [[Hazara]] located near Bulkh. 90% members of Hazara tribe follow shia faith since adoption of Islam. It is believed that family of Yazdegard was in hide either in [[Badakhshan]] or [[Hirat]].

====Hazara Tribe and their relation to Gorgon====
Shia sources, quote a historic name of “Shansab Ibn Khartak” a personality who during Claphate of Ali along with a large delegation came to the governor of Imam Ali in Iran inquiring about Islam. Governor referred him to meet Imam Ali in Kufa. In Kufa Shansab heard the sermons of Imam Ali and met with his two sons, Al-Hassan and Al-Hussain. Imam Ali presented to Shansab a flag of Prophet that he carried when he entered [[Mecca]]. Upon his return to his homeland he preached Islam to his people, in accordance with preaching he received from Imam Ali, and the entire Hazara tribe embraced Shia Islam as their faith.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hussein Al-Rumaithi | url= http://www.shiawisdom.com/history/first-shia-state-history-afghanistan/| title=The First Shia State in History - Afghanistan | publisher= Shia Wisdom | date= | accessdate=September 12, 2015}}</ref>


==Criticism==
==Criticism==

Revision as of 19:51, 17 September 2015

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Shahrbānū (or Shehr Bano) (Persian: شهربانو) (Meaning: "Lady of the Land"), is a personage described by the Shia tradition to have been one of the daughters of Yazdegerd III,[1] the last Emperor of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia/Iran. She was said to be the mother of Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin and the daughter of the last Sasanian king.[2] Other names by which she has been referred to include: Shaharbānawayh,[3] Shahzanān,[4] Salāma,[5] Salāfa,[6] Ghazāla,[7] Salama,[8] and Sādira.[9]

Shahrbānū was one of the wives of Husayn ibn Ali, (grandson of Muhammad and third Twelver Shī`a Imām) and the mother of Ali ibn Husayn (the fourth Twelver Shī`a Imām).[10][11][12]

Pedigree of Shahar Banu

One of sons to Saam was “ Arphaxad or Arpachshad” also known as Zo’ul Had Nabi Allah. According to Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia by Mattis Kantor (2004 Edition) Arphaxed period was 1651-2110 BC (with an age of 460 years) who had various children. In second generation to Shem was “Sar Qus” the son of Arphaxad (or Arfakhshad). With particular reference to larger span of age in the past and its gradual decline, pedigree records provide a tracing of his offspring (i) Ku’Mars (ii) Siya Mak (iii) Hoshang (iv) Sayo Mars who was the father of (v) King Jamshed. The period of King Jamshed appears to be in the time line of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham, perhaps with a difference in region or a gap of solar years not more than one century, as such Prophet Abraham stands at sixth to the descendant of "Salekh Zo'ul Battee" the brother of "Sur Qus". With these eight generations Sha-Poor Dhul’al Kinaf (died ca 224 AD[13]) stood 22nd and his son Ardeshir I, the founder of Sasanian Empire in 241 CE, at 23rd in descendants to Shem. His fourth descendant was Yazdegard and his sixth descendant in generation (tenth to Sha-Poor Dhul’al Kinaf) was Yazdegerd III, died in 652/53 ca. With this pedigree Shahar Bano is placed at serial number 33 in descendant to King Jamshed and fortieth in Pedigree to Sa’am Bin Noah[14][15]

Shahbanu and Shahar Banu

The name Shahbanu was not new in Sassanid Dynasty and can be traced first in the period of Ist Sassanian King and also a similar name as wife of King Khosrow I.[16] The name of one of daughters of last Sassanid king is, However, regarded as Shahar Banu either as her name or title, after minor substitution in her original name. One of her sister was wife of Chinese Emperor.[17]

Parents and siblings

Al-Masudi mentions names of two sons to Yazdagard-III and three daughters, namely Adrag, Shahar Banu and Mardawand, respectively.[18] Col. James Tod, writer of the Ancient History of Rajasthan "The Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" writes that in ancient time Rajpootana (Rajasthan) was included as vassal kingdom in the Sassanid Empire and there were family relations between persian and Rahjistan. He wrote further that one of Yadagards daughter Mah Bano was wife to Chundar Bhan who was Rana of Audhaypur (king of Audhaypur), papularly known as Chundar Bhoga. This book reveals that King Yazdagard-III had three daughters and Firoze as son, and Mahmud Ghazni was 7th in descendants to Feroze.[19]

Al-Tabri and Ibn Khaldun inferred marital engagement of Yazdagard-III with two women.[20][21] Research scholar Dr. Zameer Akhtar Naqvi traces the name of first wife of Yazdagard-III and the mother of Shahar Banu, quoting that the city Matli situated in the Province of Sindh was first established for habitation by the last Sassanian King in honor of his wife. Her name was either Mah Talat or Maha Talat, a daughter of vassal king of Sindh in the Sassanid Empire.[22]

Surrender of Gorgan and participation by Husnain

Upon hearing the defeat in Nihawand, Yazdegard sought refuge in one province after another until at last he along with most of Persian nobilities fled further inland to the northern province of Khorasan till his death [23] [24].

In the period of third Rashidun Caliphate the structure of Muslim Army was comprised of groups based from clans and tribes settled in the newly established garrison town Kufa. The leader of each tribe led their clan as commander or chief in the battle. Al-Tabri gave an account for participation by sons of Ali Ibn Abi Talib and Umar al-Khitab in the campaign launched for Khorasan in the end of 30 AH [25]. Persian historian Firishta in his well known book[26] Tarikh-i Firishta wrote that the dwellers of Gorgan (also called as Jurjan) surrendered their territory peacefully to Husnain (Hassan Ibn Ali and his brother Hussain) during 30/31 Hijra ( ca 652/53 AD) and confessed Islam. The campaign in Khorasan, however, was ended with conquest of Balkh in 654 AD. According to John Norman Hollister, Hazara located near Bulkh. 90% members of Hazara tribe follow shia faith since adoption of Islam. It is believed that family of Yazdegard was in hide either in Badakhshan or Hirat.

Hazara Tribe and their relation to Gorgon

Shia sources, quote a historic name of “Shansab Ibn Khartak” a personality who during Claphate of Ali along with a large delegation came to the governor of Imam Ali in Iran inquiring about Islam. Governor referred him to meet Imam Ali in Kufa. In Kufa Shansab heard the sermons of Imam Ali and met with his two sons, Al-Hassan and Al-Hussain. Imam Ali presented to Shansab a flag of Prophet that he carried when he entered Mecca. Upon his return to his homeland he preached Islam to his people, in accordance with preaching he received from Imam Ali, and the entire Hazara tribe embraced Shia Islam as their faith.[27]

Criticism

A common objection to the historicity of Shahrbanu, is that emperor Yazdgerd was too young to have a daughter at the onset of the Muslim conquest of Persia.

Yazdgerd III was 28 years old at the time of his death, 15 years of which were spent in exile.[28] Subtracting this from his age at death, his age at the time of Fall of Ctesiphon amounts to 13 years. Since the Arab conquest began on the second year following his ascension to the throne, he was only 11 years old and therefore he could not have had a daughter to be captured by the Arabs.

Western views

Western academic historians have cast doubt on the legend. A thorough treatment of the matter can be found in the Encyclopædia Iranica:

"Neither do any of the scholars of ancient history that have chronicled, at times with great attention to detail, the invasion of Persia by Muslim troops and the fate of the last Sasanian sovereign and her family, establish any relationship between the wife of Imam Husayn and one of the daughters of Yazdgerd III.[29]

Shī`a views

Ancestry

The vast majority of Shī`a' scholars claim that Shahrbānū was in fact Persian based on statements and poetic verses attributed to `Ali ibn Husayn[30] and Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali,[31] an Arab companion of `Ali who was still alive during the time of `Ali ibn Husayn respectively.[32]

History

Differing reports in history state that Shahrbānū was brought to Madinah as a slave either during the caliphate of `Umar,[33] `Uthmān,[34] or `Ali.[35] Based on comparisons and the study of hadith, Shī`a's believe that it was during the caliphate of `Ali, with the appointment of Horayth ibn Jābir to govern the eastern provinces, that the daughters of Yazdigird III were sent to Madinah.[36]

Having been brought to Madinah, Ali allowed the ladies freedom in choosing whomever they wanted to marry from the Muslims, to which Shahrbānū was famously reported to have replied, "I want a head over whom there is no head".[37][38]

Shrine of Shahrbānū (A.S.) in Tehran, Iran

Shahrbānū chose the hand of Husayn ibn `Ali in marriage and one of her sisters chose Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr.[39] Shia scholars claim that Ali foretold the birth of the next Shī`a Imām as he said to Husayn: "Treat this lady kindly, for she will bear you the best of the people of the Earth after you. She is the mother of the trustees (of authority), the pure progeny".[40][41]

According to Shī`a belief, Shahrbānū died shortly after giving birth[42][43] to her son Ali ibn Husayn, and was thus not present at Karbalā. The eighth Twelver Shī`a Imām, Ali ar-Ridha has also been quoted as saying, "(Shahrbānū) died during her confinement, and one of (Husayn's) slave-wives looked after him (Ali ibn Husayn). The people claimed that (the slave-wife) was his mother, while she was his retainer".[44]

Even amongst the Iranian scholars there has been some dispute as to the existence of a Persian princess by the title of Shahrbānū. The scholars Ali Shariati and Ayatullah Mutahhari are amongst those who have declared that any narrations pertaining to Shahrbānū are weak and false. Whereas Al-Mubarrad, al-Dinawari, Allameh Tabatabaei[45] and many others[46] disagree, and contend that Shahrbānū was the mother of Ali ibn Husayn, the fourth Twelver Shī`a Imām.[47][48][49] Narrations of Shahrbānū have also been reported in Sunni sources including, "Bab 27" of Qabusnama, where Salmān the Persian is recounted to have been involved in the selection of Husayn by Shahrbānū.

There is a shrine named after Shahrbānū in ancient Rayy, in the southern suburbs of Tehran, Iran. But the truth is that She died in Madina and was buried in the graveyard of "Jannat ul Baqi" alongside other members of Prophet's family.

Death

She, after the battle of Karbala, along with her son Ali Zainul Abedeen, went to Persia to meet her mother. On arriving to the Persian town she could not bear to enter the town boundaries and sent a letter to her mother, who was the wife of the Persian Ruler, to come out of the township and meet her.

On arrival of her mother, she narrated the happenings of the battle of Karbala and the pain that they went through and how she lost her entire family. During this mournful narration and emotional moment, is when she passed out and died. That is where she is buried right now.

References

  1. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-`Abidin a.s. p3.
  2. ^ Yaʿqubi II, pp. 246-47 and 303; Nowbaḵti, p. 53; Ašʿari, p. 70.
  3. ^ Roudat al-Wa'zin, vol. 1, p. 237. 'Uyyun al-Mu'jizat, p. 31. Ghayat al-Ikhtisar, p. 155.
  4. ^ Al-Shiblanji, Nur al-Abbsar, p. 126.
  5. ^ 'Usul al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 466. Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala', vil, 14, p. 237, Kalifa Khayyat, al-Tabaqat, p. 238. Al-Nisaburi, al-Asami wa al-Kuna.
  6. ^ Al-Dhahabi, Tarikh al-Islam, vol. 2, p. 46. Al-Imama fi al-Islam, p. 116. Ansab al-Ashraf, p. 102. AlBustani, Da'irat al-Ma'arif, vol. 9, p. 355. Nur al-Abbsar, p. 136. Al-Kamil, vol. 2, p. 464.
  7. ^ Safwat al-Safwa, vol. 2, p. 25. Shadharat al-Dhahab, vol. 1, p. 104. Sir al-Si;sila al-'Alawiya, p. 31. Nihayat al-Irab, vol. 21 p. 324. Kulasat al-Dhahab al-Masbuk, p. 8.
  8. ^ Al-'A'imma al-Ithna 'Ashar, p. 75.
  9. ^ Al-Ithaf bi Hub al-Ashraf, p. 49.
  10. ^ Usul al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 467. Dala'il al-Imama, p. 370.
  11. ^ 'Uyyun al-Akhbar wa Funun al-Athar, p. 143. Roudat al-Wa'izin, vol. 1, p. 137.
  12. ^ Al-Mubarrad, al-Kamil, vol. 1, p. 222. Ibn Khullakan, Wafayat al-A'yan, vol. 2, p. 429.
  13. ^ "Persian History Timeline". MANI. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  14. ^ Pages 45-47 & 50 of book "Riaz-ul-Ansab" written by Syed Maqsood Naqvi (Husband of Niece of Ali Naqi Naqvi), in Urdu Language, published by Izhar Sons Printer, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1979 and 1991
  15. ^ Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi, Allama Dr. (2010). Princess of Persia – Hazrat Shahar Bano (in Urdu). Karachi, Pakistan: Markz-e-Uloom-e-Islamia (Center for Islamic Studies. p. 18 & 90.
  16. ^ "Timeline Persia". Persepolis.nu. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  17. ^ Frank Wong. "Pirooz (Son of Yazdgerd III) in China". Iran Chamber Society. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  18. ^ Matteo Compareti (July 20, 2009). "Chinese-Iranian Relations xv the Last Sassanians in China". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
  19. ^ James Tod, Lieutenant-Colonel. The Annals and Antiquities of Rahjistan. Brithis India,Rajpootana. p. 257 (Vol.I).
  20. ^ Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqui (Devband), Syed Muhammad Ibrahim Nadvi. Tareekh-e-Tabri by Nafees Academy (in Urdu from Arabic). Karachi Pakistan. pp. 331–332 Vol-III.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  21. ^ Illabadi, Hakeem Ahmed Hussain. Tareekh-e-Ibn Khaldun by Nafees Academy (in Urdu 2003 Edition). Karachi Pakistan. p. 337 (Prophet and Caliphs of Prophet).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ^ Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi, Allama Dr. (2010). Princess of Persia – Hazrat Shahar Bano (in Urdu). Karachi, Pakistan: Markz-e-Uloom-e-Islamia (Center for Islamic Studies). p. 290 (Chapter-VIII).
  23. ^ Web Admin. "Sasanian Empire (Decline & Fall 622-651". Honors of Persia – Parin Parvz Tour & Travel Agency Co. Ltd, Tehran, Iran. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  24. ^ Chapter-VI Book Al-Farooq (Life of Omar The Great, the Second Caliph of Islam), written by Shamsul Ulema Maulana Shibli Numani ( in 1898), English Translation by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan in June, 1900, Vol.I, Published by Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore(in the year 1939)
  25. ^ Habib-ur-Rehman Siddiqui (Devband), Syed Muhammad Ibrahim Nadvi. Tareekh-e-Tabri by Nafees Academy (in Urdu from Arabic). Karachi Pakistan. pp. 331–332 Vol-III.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  26. ^ Title: Arrival of Muslims in India at Page-45 (Vol.I) of Persian book "Tareekh Firshta – (History of India)" written by Muhammad Qasim Firshta ( Urdu Translation by Abdul Hayee Khawaja), published by Al-Meezan Publisher and Booksellers, Urdu Bazar Lahore, Pakistan, 2008 Edition
  27. ^ Hussein Al-Rumaithi. "The First Shia State in History - Afghanistan". Shia Wisdom. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  28. ^ Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art (October 2003). "The Sasanian Empire (224-651 A.D.)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York.
  29. ^ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sahrbanu
  30. ^ Ibn Khullaka Wafayat al-A'yan, vol. 2, p. 429. Ibn Tolon, Al-A'mmia al-Ithna 'Ashar, p. 175.
  31. ^ Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 46, p. 166.
  32. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-`Abidin a.s. p5.
  33. ^ 1. Usul al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 467. Dala'il al-Imama, p. 370. ; 2. Ibn Khullkan, Wafayat al-A'yan, vol. 2, p. 429.
  34. ^ 1. 'Uyyun al-Akhbar wa Funun al-Athar, p. 143. Roudat al-Wa'izin, vol. 1, p. 137. ; 2. Tuhaf al-Raghib, p. 13. A'lam al-Wara, p. 151. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad.
  35. ^ Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal.
  36. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-`Abidin a.s. p3-4.
  37. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-`Abidin a.s. p4.
  38. ^ Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal
  39. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-`Abidin a.s. p3.
  40. ^ 1. 'Uyyun al-Mu'jizat. Ithbat al-Hudat, vol. 5, p. 14.
  41. ^ 2. Basa'ir al-Darajat, p. 96. Ithbat al-Hudat, vol. 5, p. 214. Nasikh al-Tawarikh, vol. 1, p. 13.
  42. ^ 3. Al-Mas'udi, Ithabat al-Wasiya, p. 143. Imam Zayn 'al-Abidin, p. 18.
  43. ^ Baqir Sharif al-Qarashi. The life of Imam Zayn al-`Abidin a.s. p20-21.
  44. ^ 'Uyyun Akhbar al-Rida, p. 270.
  45. ^ Shi'ite Islam, State University of New York Press. 1979. p.201.
  46. ^ The following sources support that Shahrbānū is the mother of Imam Sajjad: محمد بن يعقوب كلينى, اصول كافى, تصحيح و تعليق : على اكبر الغفارى, تهران, مكتبة الصدوق, 1381هـ.ق, ج 1 ص 467ـ شيخ مفيد, الارشاد, قم, مكتبة بصيرتى ـ ص 253ـ فضل بن حسن طبرسى, اعلام الورى با علام الهدى, الطبعة الثالثة, تهران, دار الكتب الاسلامية, ص 256ـ حسن بن محمد بن حسن قمى, تاريخ قم, ترجمهء حسن بن على بن ];ّّ حسين قمى, تصحيح : سيد جلال الدين تهرانى, تهران, انتشارات توس, 1361هـ.ش, ص 196ـ على بن عيسى اربلى, كشف الغمة فى معرفة الاءئمة, تبريز, مكتبة بنى هاشمى, 1381هـ.ق, ج 2ص 286
  47. ^ Seminary of Qom website supporting the claim: http://www.balagh.net/persian/pro_ahl/16/01/05.htm
  48. ^ Ibid: http://www.balagh.net/persian/pro_ahl/00/06/06.htm
  49. ^ پيامبر و اهل بيت(ع)> امام حسين(ع)
  • "Aldarajat ol Rafi'" (الدرجات الرفیع) p215.
  • "Mu'jem ol Baladan" (معجم البلدان) Vol 2 p196.
  • "Nahj al Balagha" letter 45.
  • "Nahj al Balagha" Sobhi Saleh sermon 209 (خطبه صبح صالح).
  • "Nafs al-Rahman" (نفس الرحمان) p139.
  • "Managhib ebne shahr ashub" (مناقب ابن شهر اشوب) Vol 4, p48.
  • "Iranian dar Qoran va revayat." Seyed Noureddin Abtahi (ايرانيان در قرآن و روايات / نور الدين ابطحى). Chapter 3. ISBN 964-6760-40-6. LCCN 2005-305310

Further references

  1. S.H. Nasr and Tabatabaei. Shi'a Islam. 1979. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8
  2. Safavī, Rahīmzādah. Dāstān-i Shahrbānū. 1948. LCCN 76-244526
  3. Sayyid Āghā Mahdī Lakhnavī, Savānih Hayāt-i Hazrat Shahr Bāno. LCCN 81-930254. Reprint 1981.

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