Iris dolichosiphon: Difference between revisions
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|date= 23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321768 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=14 July 2015}}</ref>}} |
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'''''Iris dolichosiphon''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the ''Pseudoregelia section''. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from China. It has |
'''''Iris dolichosiphon''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the ''Pseudoregelia section''. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from China and [[Bhutan]]. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one [[subspecies]], ''Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis'', from China, [[India]] and [[Burma]]. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions |
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==Description== |
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It has very short rhizomes,<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 312 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=240001314 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref> about 1cm in diameter.<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris dolichosiphon Noltie |date=5 December 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecDolichosiphon |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=100}}</ref> |
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They form dense clumps of plants along the ground.<ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-i-partie-7-les-pseudoregelia-124148388.html ||language=French |publisher=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/ |accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref> Beneath the rhizome, are secondary roots that grow deep into the ground.<ref name=irisbotanique/> |
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It has [[basal]] leaves can grow up to between {{convert|3|-|54|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and between 0.2 and 1.4cm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/><ref name=american/> |
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The leaves are around {{convert|23|cm|0|abbr=on}} long at flowering time.<ref name=efloras/> They then extend after the blooming period is over, up to {{convert|54|cm|0|abbr=on}} when the plant fruits.<ref name=american/> They grow 10 days before the plant flowers.<ref name=irisbotanique/> They are dark green with [[wax||waxy]] surfaces,<ref name=british/><ref name=american/> linear, and gradually tapered to an acute apex (or point).<ref name=american/><ref name=irisbotanique/> |
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It has a very short stem,<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/> almost at ground level.<ref name=american/> |
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The stem has 3 or 4, membranous, spathes or [[bracts]] (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=british/> They dry after flowering.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/> |
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The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/><ref name=american/> blooming between April and June.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa>{{cite web |first= Rafa Diez |last= Dominguez |title= Iris dolichosiphon subsp. dolichosiphon |date=21 April 2007 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-dolichosiphon-subsp.-dolichosiphon |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref> |
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The flowers lasts for up to two days.<ref name=irisbotanique/> |
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The flowers are {{convert|3|-|8.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=signa/><ref name=american/><!--also<ref name=british/>- -> come in shades of blue, from dark blue,<ref name=Silk> Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner {{Google books|08KbBQAAQBAJ|Flora of the Silk Road: The Chttp://www.cgf.net/plantdetails.aspx?id=1126omplete Illustrated Guide|page=296}}</ref> purple,<ref name=irisbotanique/> to violet.<ref name=british/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=cabdirect>{{cite web |title=Iris dolichosiphon, Iridaceae. |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19900398665.html;jsessionid=8C5F66B9F020F3D27674EAF74E23E481 |publisher=cabdirect.org |accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> They are mottled,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=signa/> or blotched,<ref name=american/> with white,<ref name=irisbotanique/> or greenish-white.<ref name=american/> |
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The flowers are similar in form to ''[[Iris narcissiflora]]'' flowers, (another ''Pseudoregelia iris'').<ref name=irisbotanique/> |
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It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }}</ref> |
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The falls are oblong,<ref name=american/> or spatulate (spoon like),<ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/> {{convert|2.3|-|4.3|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 0.8 - 1.8 cm wide.<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/> They have a dense beard of clavate (club-shaped) hairs, that are orange tipped,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific/> at the junction of haft (bend on the petal) and blade (widest part of the petal).<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/> |
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The deflexed ( ) and spreading (horizontally) standards are {{convert|2|-|3.6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 0.5 - 1.5 cm wide. They have brown and curled over margins.<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/> |
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It has {{convert|4|-|14|cm|0|abbr=on}} long [[perianth]] tube,<ref name=british/><ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><!--also<ref name=signa/>- → that widens up to 1cm in diameter.<ref name=american/><ref name=british/> It is brownish violet,<ref name=american/><ref name=british/> glossy,<ref name=british/> or glaucous,<ref name=american/> and covered in leaf-like bracts,<ref name=american/><ref name=british/> |
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It has {{convert|1.7|-|2.2|cm|0|abbr=on}} long [[stamens]] and {{convert|1.5|-|2.8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 0.6 -1.5 cm wide, style branches, that are elliptic (in shape) and dark violet with pale margins.<ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/> It has 1.2cm wide filaments,<ref name=american/> which are blue at top and cream below,<ref name=british/> or very pale violet.<ref name=american/> It has 0.8 – 1cm long and 0.2cm wide [[anthers]], that are orange or pale violet.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/> It has white or off-white pollen.<ref name=american/><ref name=british/> |
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After the iris has flowered, in September,<ref name=efloras/> it produces a thin ellipsoid seed capsule, that are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with an acute apex.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=american/><ref name=british/> They dehisce (split open) below the apex of the capsule,<ref name=british/> with 3 lateral slits.<ref name=american/> |
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The seeds are {{convert|3.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with a long large aril (appendage).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=american/><ref name=british/> |
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===Biochemistry=== |
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In 2006, 13 species of Iris, including ''[[Iris subdichotoma]]'', ''[[Iris delavayi]]'' and ''Iris dolichosiphon'' were studied for a [[cytological]] analysis of the [[chromosome]] counts.<ref name=karyotype>{{cite journal |last=Shen |first=Yun-Guang |last2=Wang |first2=Zhong-Lang |last3=Guan |first3=Kai-Yun |date=2007 |title=Karyotypes of thirteen species of Iris L. from China |url=http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/epaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=15177 |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica |publisher= |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=601-618 |doi=10.1360/aps06064 |accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref> |
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As most irises are [[diploid]] (having two sets of [[chromosomes]] ), this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> |
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It has a chromosome count: 2n=22,<ref name=british/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=irisbotanique/><!-- also<ref name=american/><ref name=signa/><ref name=efloras/>- -> the same as ''[[Iris cuniculiformis]]'' (another ''Pseudoregelia iris'').<ref name=karyotype/> |
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== Taxonomy== |
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It is written as 长管鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|chinese script]],<ref name=efloras/> and known as ''chang guan yuan wie'' in [[Pidgin]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris dolichosiphon Noltie |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?429063 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref> |
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The [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''dolichosiphon'' refers to ''long tube'', as 'dolicho' is Latin for long and 'siphon' means tube.<ref>D. Gledhill {{Google books|NJ6PyhVuecwC|The Names of Plants|page=155}}</ref> Similarly used in ''[[Quararibea dolichosiphon]]'', ''[[Gladiolus dolichosiphon]]'' and ''[[Origanum × dolichosiphon]]''. |
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The seed of the plant was collected in 1984 by David Long and Alan Sinclair from [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]] from Bhutan. The seed was germinated and the plant grown in the Botanical Garden rockery.<ref name=british/> |
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It was first published and described by Noltie in [[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]] (Bot. Mag.) Vol.7 Issue1 page 12 in 1990.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/><ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris dolichosiphon Noltie |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=939031-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IRIS DOLICHOSIPHON: Iridaceae |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8748.1990.tb00140.x/abstract |publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> |
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Noltie noted in Bot. Mag. that many previously collected specimens of ''[[Iris kemaonensis]]'' in various [[herbariums]], were in fact of ''Iris dolichosiphon'', due to the fact that the range of ''dolichosiphon'' extended into Bhutan, but ''kemaonensis'' does not. Even [[William Rickatson Dykes]] had identified some specimens as ''[[Iris potaninii]]''.<ref name=american/> |
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It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004<ref name=grin/> |
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''Iris dolichosiphon'' is an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=rhs>{{cite web|title=Iris dolichosiphon |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9238/Iris-dolichosiphon/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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''Iris dolichosiphon'' is [[native plant|native]] to [[temperateness|temperate]] areas of [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/> |
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===Range=== |
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It is found in China,<ref name=british/> (in the [[Provinces of China|provinces]] of [[Sichuan]],<ref name=american/><ref name=Silk/> [[Xizang]],<ref name=ipni/> and [[Yunnan]]),<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/><ref name=irisbotanique/><!--also <ref name=signa/>- -> and in Bhutan.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=british/><ref name=grin/><!-- also <ref name=ipni/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/>- -> |
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Although, some references mention India and [[Myanmar]] (Burma),<ref name=grin/><ref>{{cite web |title=A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Volume 45: 1-590. |url=http://botany.si.edu/myanmar/PDF/Kachin.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> but these may refer to ''Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis'', which is only from India and Burma, as well as China. (See later notes). |
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===Habitat=== |
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It grows in alpine meadows, open grassy hillsides,<ref name=british/> and on [[limestone]] cliffs.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=signa/> |
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They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|2700|-|3500|mft|abbr=on}}above sea level.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=signa/><ref name=british/> |
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They can be found among shrubs such as ''[[Lonicera webbiana]]'', ''[[Berberis virescens]]'' and ''[[Rhododendron campanulatum subsp. aeruginosum]]''.<ref name=american/> |
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==Cultivation== |
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It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to [[USDA]] Zone 8.<ref name=signa/> It is hardy in the UK and Europe.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=british/> |
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It is best grown in well drained soils in full sun.<ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=cabdirect/> |
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It can be grown in a rock garden.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=american/><ref name=british/> |
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It can be found in few specialist nurseries, but can be found incorrectly labelled as ''[[Iris narcissiflora]]''.<ref name=signa/> |
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===Propagation=== |
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It is very difficult to grow from seed, though to be [[self-incompatible]], therefore propagation must be done by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] .<ref name=british/><ref name=cabdirect/><ref name=american/> |
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===Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis=== |
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It is the only subspecies of the main species.<ref name=grin/> |
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====Description==== |
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''Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis'' is similar in form to the main species but has more blotching on falls.<ref name=pacific/> |
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====Notes==== |
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It is written as 大锐果鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''dong fang yuan wei'' in [[Pidgin]].<ref name=grin/> |
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The sub species (with the main species) was also first published and described by Noltie in Bot. Mag. Vol.7 Issue1 on page 12 in 1990.<ref name=grin/> |
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It has also been published in the ''New Plantsman'' Vol.2 Issue3 on page135 in 1995.<ref name=tropicos>{{cite web |title=Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis Noltie |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50152345 |publisher=tropicos.org ([[Tropicos]]) |accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref> |
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It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004<ref name=grin/> |
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''Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis '' is also an accepted name by the RHS.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iris Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/120331/i-Iris-dolichosiphon-i-subsp-i-orientalis-i |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> |
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It is sometimes known as Iris dolichosiphon 'Orientalis'.<ref name=american/> |
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It has the same chromosome count as the main species, being 2n=22.<ref name=american/> |
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====Sub species range==== |
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It is found in China, (in Yunnan and Sichuan,<ref name=tropicos/><ref name=beardless>{{cite web| title=Beardless Irises |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/BeardlessIrises |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org | accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref>) India and Burma,<ref name=pacific/> in [[Assam]] (near [[Arunachal]] and [[Pradesh]]).<ref name=tropicos/> |
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At high elevations.<ref name=beardless/> |
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==Toxicity== |
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Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref name=daves/> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Other sources== |
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* Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category-inline|Iris dolichosiphon}} |
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{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris dolichosiphon}} |
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{{Commons category-inline|Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis}} |
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{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis}} |
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[[Category:Iris (plant)|dolichosiphon]] |
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[[Category:Plants described in 1990]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Asia]] |
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[[Category:Flora of China]] |
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[[Category:Flora of India]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Burma]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]] |
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Revision as of 12:29, 25 July 2015
| Iris dolichosiphon | |
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| Section: | Pseudoregelia
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| Species: | Iris dolichosiphon
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| Iris dolichosiphon | |
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Iris dolichosiphon subsp. dolichosiphon [1] | |
Iris dolichosiphon is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Pseudoregelia section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions
Description
It has very short rhizomes,[2] about 1cm in diameter.[3][4] They form dense clumps of plants along the ground.[3][4][5] Beneath the rhizome, are secondary roots that grow deep into the ground.[5]
It has basal leaves can grow up to between 3–54 cm (1–21 in) long and between 0.2 and 1.4cm wide.[2][4][3] The leaves are around 23 cm (9 in) long at flowering time.[2] They then extend after the blooming period is over, up to 54 cm (21 in) when the plant fruits.[3] They grow 10 days before the plant flowers.[5] They are dark green with |waxy surfaces,[4][3] linear, and gradually tapered to an acute apex (or point).[3][5]
It has a very short stem,[4][2] almost at ground level.[3]
The stem has 3 or 4, membranous, spathes or bracts (leaves of the flower bud).[4] They dry after flowering.[4][2]
The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[2][4][3] blooming between April and June.[2][5][6] The flowers lasts for up to two days.[5]
The flowers are 3–8.5 cm (1–3 in) in diameter,[2][6][3]
- ^ "Iris dolichosiphon Noltie is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
{{cite web}}: no-break space character in|title=at position 5 (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h "FOC Vol. 24 Page 312". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 18 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Franco, Alain (5 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris dolichosiphon Noltie". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
{{cite web}}: no-break space character in|title=at position 7 (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 100, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f "Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia" (in French). http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); External link in|publisher= - ^ a b Dominguez, Rafa Diez (21 April 2007). "Iris dolichosiphon subsp. dolichosiphon". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 18 July 2015.