History of Dhaka: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:DhakaCity1861.png|right|300px|thumb|Dhaka City across [[Buriganga River]] - a painting by Frederick William Alexander de Fabeck in 1861<ref name=fabeck>[http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O105764/the-city-of-dacca-viewed-painting-de-fabeck-frederick/ The city of Dacca viewed painting by De Fabeck Frederick]</ref>]] |
[[Image:DhakaCity1861.png|right|300px|thumb|Dhaka City across [[Buriganga River]] - a painting by Frederick William Alexander de Fabeck in 1861<ref name=fabeck>[http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O105764/the-city-of-dacca-viewed-painting-de-fabeck-frederick/ The city of Dacca viewed painting by De Fabeck Frederick]</ref>]] |
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[[Dhaka]], formerly spelled as [[Dacca]] in English, is the capital and one of the oldest cities of [[Bangladesh]]. The '''history of Dhaka''' begins with the existence of [[Urban area|urbanised]] settlements in the area that is now [[Dhaka]] dating from the 7th century CE. The city area was ruled by the [[Buddhist]] kingdom of [[Kamarupa]] before passing to the control of the [[Sena dynasty]] in the 9th century CE.<ref name="PMH">{{cite web |
[[Dhaka]], formerly spelled as [[Dacca]] in English, is the capital and one of the oldest cities of [[Bangladesh]]. The '''history of Dhaka''' begins with the existence of [[Urban area|urbanised]] settlements in the area that is now [[Dhaka]] dating from the 7th century CE. The city area was ruled by the [[Buddhist]] kingdom of [[Kamarupa]] before passing to the control of the [[Sena dynasty]] in the 9th century CE.<ref name="PMH">{{cite web |
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| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
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| date = 2006 |
| date = September 5, 2006 |
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| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/34/Pre_Mughal_Dhaka |
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/34/Pre_Mughal_Dhaka |
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| title = Pre-Mughal History of Dhaka |
| title = Pre-Mughal History of Dhaka |
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| accessdate = 2012 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2012 |
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}}</ref> After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] governors descending from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608. After Mughals, British ruled the region for over 150 years until the independence of [[India]]. In 1947, Dhaka became the capital of the [[East Bengal]] province under the dominion of [[Pakistan]]. After the independence of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, Dhaka became the capital of the new state. |
}}</ref> After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] governors descending from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608. After Mughals, British ruled the region for over 150 years until the independence of [[India]]. In 1947, Dhaka became the capital of the [[East Bengal]] province under the dominion of [[Pakistan]]. After the independence of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, Dhaka became the capital of the new state. |
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==Etymology== |
== Etymology == |
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[[Image:Shiva temples Dhakeshwari Mandir 2 by Ragib Hasan.jpg|right|thumb|Dhakeshwari Temple]] |
[[Image:Shiva temples Dhakeshwari Mandir 2 by Ragib Hasan.jpg|right|thumb|Dhakeshwari Temple]] |
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There are several myths on the origin of the name ''Dhaka''. One is that the name came following the establishment of [[Dhakeshwari]] temple by [[Raja Ballal Sena]] in the 12th century |
There are several myths on the origin of the name ''Dhaka''. One is that the name came following the establishment of [[Dhakeshwari]] temple by [[Raja Ballal Sena]] in the 12th century and ''Dhakeswari'' is the name of a Goddess. While others say that ''Dhakeshwari'' stands the meaning of ''Goddess of Dhaka''; so the temple must have been named after the region. Another myths says that the ''[[Dhak (instrument)|Dhak]]'' (a membranophone instrument) is used as part of the [[Durga Puja]] festival in this temple and hence the name ''Dhaka''. Yet another one says it came from the plant named ''Dhak'' (''Buttea Frondosa'') which was widely found in that area.<ref name=naming>{{cite book|last=Mamoon|first=Muntassir|authorlink=Muntassir Mamoon|publisher=Anannya|year=2010|pages=94|title=Dhaka: Smiriti Bismiritir Nogori}}</ref> |
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The more credible theory comes from the source of [[Rajatarangini]] written by a Kashmiri Brahman, [[Kalhana]].<ref name=naming/> It says the region was originally known as ''Dhakka''. The word ''Dhakka'' means ''watchtower''. [[Bikrampur]] and [[Sonargaon]] |
The more credible theory comes from the source of [[Rajatarangini]] written by a Kashmiri Brahman, [[Kalhana]].<ref name=naming/> It says the region was originally known as ''Dhakka''. The word ''Dhakka'' means ''watchtower''. [[Bikrampur]] and [[Sonargaon]]—the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby. So Dhaka was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose.<ref name=naming/> |
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{{main|Kamarupa}} |
{{main|Kamarupa}} |
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[[Kamarupa]] kingdom, also known as ''Pragjyotisa'', existed between 350 and 1140 CE.<ref name=kamarupa>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/K_0061.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Kamarupa|publisher=Banglapedia|accessdate=2013-03-23}}</ref> According to the chronicle of [[Yogini Tantra]], the southern boundary of the kingdom stretched up to the junction of [[Brahmaputra River]] and [[Shitalakshya River]] which covered the Dhaka region.<ref name=allen>{{cite book|first=B.C.|last=Allen|title=Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers - Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7268-194-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MRVqhpdyQxAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:8172681941&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7tk5UpXfG8fs2wXSq4CQCw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=18 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> [[Pala Empire]] was the last dynasty to rule the whole Kamarupa region. During their reign between the 8th century until the late 11th century, [[Vikrampur]], a region 12 miles from Dhaka, was their capital. The Pala rulers were Buddhists, but majority of their subjects were Hindus.<ref name=pala>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/P_0037.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Pala Dynasty|accessdate=2013-03-23|publisher=Banglapedia}}</ref> |
[[Kamarupa]] kingdom, also known as ''Pragjyotisa'', existed between 350 and 1140 CE.<ref name=kamarupa>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/K_0061.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Kamarupa|publisher=Banglapedia|accessdate=2013-03-23}}</ref> According to the chronicle of [[Yogini Tantra]], the southern boundary of the kingdom stretched up to the junction of [[Brahmaputra River]] and [[Shitalakshya River]] which covered the Dhaka region.<ref name=allen>{{cite book|first=B.C.|last=Allen|title=Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers - Dhaka |isbn=978-81-7268-194-4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MRVqhpdyQxAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:8172681941&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7tk5UpXfG8fs2wXSq4CQCw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=18 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref> [[Pala Empire]] was the last dynasty to rule the whole Kamarupa region. During their reign between the 8th century until the late 11th century, [[Vikrampur]], a region 12 miles from Dhaka, was their capital. The Pala rulers were Buddhists, but majority of their subjects were Hindus.<ref name=pala>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/P_0037.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Pala Dynasty|accessdate=2013-03-23|publisher=Banglapedia}}</ref> |
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==Hindu kingdom== |
== Hindu kingdom == |
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[[Sena dynasty]]'s founder, [[Hemanta Sen]], was part of the Pala dynasty until their empire began to weaken.<ref name=sena>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/S_0199.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Sena Dynasty|accessdate=2013-03-23|publisher=Banglapedia}}</ref> He usurped power and styled himself king in 1095 AD. Then largely [[Hindu]] community populated the lower Dhaka region. Still existent localities like ''Laksmibazar'', ''Banglabazar'', ''Sutrapur'', ''Jaluanagar'', ''Banianagar'', ''Goalnagar'', ''Tantibazar'', ''[[Shakhari Bazar]]'', ''Sutarnagar'', ''Kamarnagar'', ''Patuatuli'' and ''Kumartuli'' are the examples of settlements of Hindu craftsmen and professionals in that era.<ref name=bpedia/> According to popular legend, [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] was built by [[Ballal Sena]], the second Sena ruler.<ref name=bpediatemple>M Muktadir Arif Mozammel, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/D_0175.HTM Dhakeshwari Temple], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-24''</ref> Another tradition says, there were fifty two bazaars and fifty three streets and the region acquired the name of ''"Baunno Bazaar O Teppun Gulli"''.<ref name=romance>{{cite book|title=The Romance of an Eastern Capital|first=F. B.|last=Bradley-Birt|year=1906|page= 94}}</ref> |
[[Sena dynasty]]'s founder, [[Hemanta Sen]], was part of the Pala dynasty until their empire began to weaken.<ref name=sena>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/S_0199.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Sena Dynasty|accessdate=2013-03-23|publisher=Banglapedia}}</ref> He usurped power and styled himself king in 1095 AD. Then largely [[Hindu]] community populated the lower Dhaka region. Still existent localities like ''Laksmibazar'', ''Banglabazar'', ''Sutrapur'', ''Jaluanagar'', ''Banianagar'', ''Goalnagar'', ''Tantibazar'', ''[[Shakhari Bazar]]'', ''Sutarnagar'', ''Kamarnagar'', ''Patuatuli'' and ''Kumartuli'' are the examples of settlements of Hindu craftsmen and professionals in that era.<ref name=bpedia/> According to popular legend, [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] was built by [[Ballal Sena]], the second Sena ruler.<ref name=bpediatemple>M Muktadir Arif Mozammel, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/D_0175.HTM Dhakeshwari Temple], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-24''</ref> Another tradition says, there were fifty two bazaars and fifty three streets and the region acquired the name of ''"Baunno Bazaar O Teppun Gulli"''.<ref name=romance>{{cite book|title=The Romance of an Eastern Capital|first=F. B.|last=Bradley-Birt|year=1906|page= 94}}</ref> |
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==Sultanate Period== |
== Sultanate Period == |
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[[Image:Binot Bibi mosque in Old Dhaka.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Binat Bibi Mosque (1454) |
[[Image:Binot Bibi mosque in Old Dhaka.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Binat Bibi Mosque (1454) – the earliest known mosque surviving in Dhaka]] |
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Upon arrival of [[Islam]] in this region, Turkish and Afghan rulers reigned the area from the early 14th century until the late 16th century. An Afghan fort (also known as Old Fort of Dhaka) was built at that time which was later converted to the present-form of [[Dhaka Central Jail]] in 1820 by the [[British people|British]].<ref name=dailystar>[http://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/08/04/feature_dhaka.htm An Architect's Dhaka - Daily Star]</ref> A 17th century historian, Mirza Nathan, described the fort in his book [[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]] as "surrounded by mud walls and the largest and strongest in pre-Mughal era".<ref name=dailystar/> |
Upon arrival of [[Islam]] in this region, Turkish and Afghan rulers reigned the area from the early 14th century until the late 16th century. An Afghan fort (also known as Old Fort of Dhaka) was built at that time which was later converted to the present-form of [[Dhaka Central Jail]] in 1820 by the [[British people|British]].<ref name=dailystar>[http://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/08/04/feature_dhaka.htm An Architect's Dhaka - Daily Star]</ref> A 17th century historian, Mirza Nathan, described the fort in his book [[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]] as "surrounded by mud walls and the largest and strongest in pre-Mughal era".<ref name=dailystar/> |
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In 1412 |
In 1412 Shah Ali Baghdadi, a saint arrived in [[Delhi]] and then came to Dhaka where he became a disciple of Shah Bahar of the Chistia order.<ref name=bpediabaghdadi>Mosharraf Hussain Bhuiyan, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/S_0233.HTM Shah Ali Baghdadi (R)], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-21''</ref> His tomb is still at [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]] on the outskirts of Dhaka. |
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[[Binat Bibi Mosque]] was built in 1454 at Narinda area of Dhaka during the reign of the Sultan of Bengal, [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (r. 1435 |
[[Binat Bibi Mosque]] was built in 1454 at Narinda area of Dhaka during the reign of the Sultan of Bengal, [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (r. 1435 – 1459).<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7368 |
| url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7368 |
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|title=Binat Bibi Mosque |
| title=Binat Bibi Mosque |
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|publisher=ArchNet Digital Library |
| publisher=ArchNet Digital Library |
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|accessdate=2012-09-18 |
| accessdate=2012-09-18 |
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}}</ref> It is the oldest brick structure that still exists in the city.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm ''From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka'' by Faruque Hasan in ''The Daily Star'']</ref> |
}}</ref> It is the oldest brick structure that still exists in the city.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm ''From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka'' by Faruque Hasan in ''The Daily Star'']</ref> |
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Around 1550 a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] historian, [[João de Barros]], first inserted Dhaka into the map in his book ''Décadas da Ásia'' (Decades of Asia).<ref name=bpedia/> |
Around 1550 a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] historian, [[João de Barros]], first inserted Dhaka into the map in his book ''Décadas da Ásia'' (Decades of Asia).<ref name=bpedia/> |
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==Mughal rule and rise as the capital of Bengal== |
== Mughal rule and rise as the capital of Bengal == |
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{{multiple image |
{{multiple image |
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|image1=1814 Lalbagh Fort paiting by DOyly.jpg |
| image1=1814 Lalbagh Fort paiting by DOyly.jpg |
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|caption1= Painting of [[Lalbagh Kella]] by Charles D'Oyly in 1814 |
| caption1= Painting of [[Lalbagh Kella]] by Charles D'Oyly in 1814 |
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|image2=Dhaka Lalbagh Fort 5.JPG |
| image2=Dhaka Lalbagh Fort 5.JPG |
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|caption2 = Lalbagh Kella in 2007 |
| caption2 = Lalbagh Kella in 2007 |
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<!--[[Image:Khan Mohammad Mirdhas Mosque Dome by Ragib Hasan.jpg|right|thumb|[[Khan Mohammad Mirdha's Mosque]] is an 18th-century mosque established during Mughal rule.]]--> |
<!-- [[Image:Khan Mohammad Mirdhas Mosque Dome by Ragib Hasan.jpg|right|thumb|[[Khan Mohammad Mirdha's Mosque]] is an 18th-century mosque established during Mughal rule.]] --> |
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[[Image:1870 Photograph of Bara Katra.jpg|right|thumb|1870 photograph of [[Bara Katra]].]] |
[[Image:1870 Photograph of Bara Katra.jpg|right|thumb|1870 photograph of [[Bara Katra]].]] |
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<ref name="India 1889">The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell, Published by J. Murray, Calcutta 1889,Public Domain</ref> |
<ref name="India 1889">The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell, Published by J. Murray, Calcutta 1889,Public Domain</ref> |
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However, during this reign of Emperor Akbar (r. |
However, during this reign of Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605), Dhaka was referred as a ''Thana'' (a military outpost).<ref>[[Akbarnama]]</ref> Dhaka was situated in [[Bhati (region)|Bhati region]] which hosted several rebel forces led by [[Bara-Bhuiyans]] from mid to late 16th century. After the leader of Bara-Bhuiyans, [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], was subdued by Mughal General [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan Chisti]] in 1608, Dhaka again went directly under control of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s. |
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The newly appointed Governor of Bengal, Islam Khan transferred the Bengal capital from [[Rajmahal]] to Dhaka in order to crush further rebel uprisings.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite web|author=AM Chowdhury|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka|title=Dhaka|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> This initiated a new era of the history of Dhaka as the capital city of Mughol province of Bengal. He also renamed Dhaka as ''Jahangirnagar'' (''City of Jahangir'') |
The newly appointed Governor of Bengal, Islam Khan transferred the Bengal capital from [[Rajmahal]] to Dhaka in order to crush further rebel uprisings.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite web|author=AM Chowdhury|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka|title=Dhaka|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh|accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref> This initiated a new era of the history of Dhaka as the capital city of Mughol province of Bengal. He also renamed Dhaka as ''Jahangirnagar'' (''City of Jahangir'') after the Emperor [[Jahangir]]. Due to its location right beside some main river routes, Dhaka was an important center for business. The [[Muslin]] fabric was produced and traded in this area. He successfully crushed the regional revolts in [[Jessore]], [[Bakla, Bangladesh|Bakla]] (present days Barisal) and [[Bhulua]] (present days Noakhali) and brought almost the entire province under the Mughal domain.<ref name=bpedia>Abdul Karim, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/I_0104.HTM Islam Khan Chisti], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-21''</ref> |
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<!--[[File:Rising minaret of Hoseni Dalan.jpeg|left|thumb|160px|Rising minaret of Hussaini Dalan- a shia mosque of the 17th century in old Dhaka]] -->[[Image:ShaistaKhan.png|left|150px|thumb|Shaista Khan, governor of Bengal (1664-1688)]] |
<!-- [[File:Rising minaret of Hoseni Dalan.jpeg|left|thumb|160px|Rising minaret of Hussaini Dalan- a shia mosque of the 17th century in old Dhaka]] -->[[Image:ShaistaKhan.png|left|150px|thumb|Shaista Khan, governor of Bengal (1664-1688)]] |
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As the next governor, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Prince Shuja]] built [[Bara Katra]] between 1644 and 1646 in Dhaka to serve as his official residence. He also patronized building of [[Hussaini Dalan]], a [[Shia]] |
As the next governor, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Prince Shuja]] built [[Bara Katra]] between 1644 and 1646 in Dhaka to serve as his official residence. He also patronized building of [[Hussaini Dalan]], a [[Shia]] shrine in old Dhaka though he himself was a [[Sunni]]. In the late 1640s, for personal and political reasons, he made the temporary move to shift the capital back to Rajmahal. Dhaka became a subordinate station. |
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Due to political turmoil, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] sent [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] to deal with Prince Shuja.<ref name=bpediajumla>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jumla|title=Mir Jumla|author=Abdul Karim|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|accessdate=August 18, 2012}}</ref> He pursued Shuja up to Dhaka and reached the city on 9 May 1660. But Shuja fled to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] region. As Jumla was ordered to become the next Governor of Bengal, Dhaka was again made the capital of the region. He was engaged in construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs - two roads, two bridges and a network of forts. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts which is now known as ''Mymensingh Road''.<ref name=bpediajumla/> He built [[Dhaka Gate|Mir Jumla Gate]] at the northern border to defend the city from the attacks of [[Magh people|Magh]] pirates. Italian traveler [[Niccolao Manucci]] came to Dhaka in 1662-1663.<ref name=manucci>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manucci,_Niccolao|title=Manucci, Niccolao|accessdate=May 29, 2015|publisher=Banglapedia|author=Aniruddha Ray}}</ref> According to him, Dhaka had large number of inhabitants compare to the size of the city. Most of the houses were built of straw. There were only two kuthis - one of the English and the other of the Dutch. Ships were loaded with fine white cotton and silk fabrics. A large number of Christians and white and black Portuguese resided in Dhaka.<ref name=manucci/> |
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| ⚫ | The largest expansion of the city took place under the next Mughal governor [[Shaista Khan]] ( |
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| ⚫ | The largest expansion of the city took place under the next Mughal governor [[Shaista Khan]] (1664–1688). The city then stretched for 12 miles in length and 8 miles in breadth and is believed to have had a population of nearly a million people.<ref name=dsccmughal>[http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/Menu/SiteMap/Sub_menu/2/Category/22/Sub_category/35/Dhaka_Under_The_Mughal Dhaka Under the Mughals - Dhaka South City Corporation]</ref> The [[Chawk Mosque]], Babubazar Mosque, Sat Gumbad Mosque, [[Choto Katra]] were originally built during this period. He also built tombs of Bibi Pari, Bibi Champa and Dara Begum.<ref name=bpedia/> A French traveler, [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]], arrived Dhaka on 13 January 1666 and met Shaista Khan.<ref name=romance144>{{cite book|title=The Romance of an Eastern Capital|first=F. B.|last=Bradley-Birt|year=1906|page=144}}</ref> He referred Shaista Khan as "the uncle of King [[Aurangzeb]] and the cleverest man in all his kingdom".<ref name=romance144/> |
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Prince [[Azim-ush-Shan]] became the Governor of Bengal in 1697. Due to conflict with Diwan [[Murshid Quli Khan]], he shifted his office from Dhaka to Patna in 1703.<ref>Diwans were separate positions for financial and revenue administration and they were directly appointed by the Emperor.</ref><ref name=bpedianaibnazim>KM Karim, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/N_0020.HTM Naib Nazim], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-20''</ref> Murshid Khan also shifted his office to Mauksusabad (later renamed it to [[Murshidabad]]). |
Prince [[Azim-ush-Shan]] became the Governor of Bengal in 1697. Due to conflict with Diwan [[Murshid Quli Khan]], he shifted his office from Dhaka to Patna in 1703.<ref>Diwans were separate positions for financial and revenue administration and they were directly appointed by the Emperor.</ref><ref name=bpedianaibnazim>KM Karim, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/N_0020.HTM Naib Nazim], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-20''</ref> Murshid Khan also shifted his office to Mauksusabad (later renamed it to [[Murshidabad]]). |
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===Portuguese settlements=== |
=== Portuguese settlements === |
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In Bengal region, the Portuguese made the principal trading center in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].<ref name=manrique/> They also made small settlements in Dhaka in about 1580.<ref name=campos>{{cite book|title=History of Portuguese in Bengal|author=J. J. A. Campos|pages= |
[[File:Holy Rosary's Church.JPG|thumb|140px|right|[[Holy Rosary Church (Dhaka)|Holy Rosary Church]] built by Portuguese missionaries in 1677]] |
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In Bengal region, the Portuguese made the principal trading center in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].<ref name=manrique/> They also made small settlements in Dhaka in about 1580.<ref name=campos>{{cite book|title=History of Portuguese in Bengal|author=J. J. A. Campos|pages=88 – 90|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1919}}</ref> [[Ralph Fitch]], an English traveler, recorded in 1586 that Portuguese traders were involved in shipping rice, cotton and silk goods.<ref name=campos/> Tavernier mentioned about churches built in Dhaka by Portuguese Augustinian missionaries. J.J. Campos, an editor of Asiatic Society of Bengal, named several Portuguese churches in Dhaka - [[Holy Rosary Church (Dhaka)|Church of Our Lady of Rosary]], Church of St. Nicholas of Tolentino, Church of the Holy Ghost and Church of our Lady Piety.<ref name=campos2>{{cite book|title=History of Portuguese in Bengal|author=J. J. A. Campos|pages=247 – 250|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1919}}</ref> |
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During the viceroyalty of Shaista Khan, another section of the Portuguese came from [[Sandwip]] and Arakan and settled in Dhaka at a place called ''Feringhi Bazar''.<ref name=campos/> |
During the viceroyalty of Shaista Khan, another section of the Portuguese came from [[Sandwip]] and Arakan and settled in Dhaka at a place called ''Feringhi Bazar''.<ref name=campos/> |
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Sebastien Manrique, a Portuguese missionary and |
Sebastien Manrique, a Portuguese missionary and traveler, visited Dhaka in September 1640 and spent about 27 days around the area.<ref name=manrique>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/M_0144.HTM|title=Banglapedia article on Manrique, Sebastien|author=Sharif Uddin Ahmed|accessdate=2013-03-21|publisher=Banglapedia}}</ref> According to him, the city extended along the Buriganga river for over four and a half miles from Maneswar to Narinda and Fulbaria. Christian communities lived around these suburbs in the west, east and north. He further mentioned "a small but beautiful church with a convent" in Dhaka. In his words, |
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{{cquote|This is the chief city in Bengala and the seat of the principal Nababo or viceroy, appointed by the emperor, who bestowed this viceroyalty, on several occasions, on one of his sons. It stands in a wide and beautiful plain on the banks of the famous and here fructifying Ganges river, beside which the City stretches for over a league and a half.<ref name=manrique/>}} |
{{cquote|This is the chief city in Bengala and the seat of the principal Nababo or viceroy, appointed by the emperor, who bestowed this viceroyalty, on several occasions, on one of his sons. It stands in a wide and beautiful plain on the banks of the famous and here fructifying Ganges river, beside which the City stretches for over a league and a half.<ref name=manrique/>}} |
||
{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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==Nawab era== |
== Nawab era == |
||
In 1716 Murshid Quli Khan was made the Governor of whole Bengal. He became so powerful that he acted as the de facto independent ruler of the region. The era continued through [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan|Shujauddin Khan]] (1729 |
In 1716 Murshid Quli Khan was made the Governor of whole Bengal. He became so powerful that he acted as the de facto independent ruler of the region. The era continued through [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan|Shujauddin Khan]] (1729 – 1739), [[Sarfaraz Khan]] (1739 – 1740), [[Alivardi Khan]] (1740 – 1756) and [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Sirajuddaula]] (1756 – 1757). They were unofficially known as ''Nawabs''.<ref name=bpedianawab/> They ruled the whole region from their offices in Murshidabad. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The position of ''Naib-Nazim'' (Deputy Governor) was created to administer Dhaka Niabat since 1717.<ref name=bpedianawab/> They were appointed by the Governors until Sirajuddaula, the last independent Governor of Bengal, lost control to the British in the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. Here is a partial list of Naib-Nazims of Dhaka:<ref name=bpedianaibnazim/><ref>{{cite book|last=Mamoon|first=Muntassir|authorlink=Muntassir Mamoon|publisher=Anannya|year=2010|pages=143 – 144|title=Dhaka: Smiriti Bismiritir Nogori}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The position of ''Naib-Nazim'' (Deputy Governor) was created to administer Dhaka Niabat since 1717.<ref name=bpedianawab/> They were appointed by the Governors until Sirajuddaula, the last independent Governor of Bengal, lost control to the British in the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. Here is a partial list of Naib-Nazims of Dhaka:<ref name=bpedianaibnazim/><ref>{{cite book|last=Mamoon|first=Muntassir|authorlink=Muntassir Mamoon|publisher=Anannya|year=2010|pages= |
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* Khan Muhammad Ali Khan (1717) |
* Khan Muhammad Ali Khan (1717) |
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* Itisam Khan (1723 |
* Itisam Khan (1723 – 1726) |
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* A son of Itisam Khan (1726 |
* A son of Itisam Khan (1726 – 1727) |
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* Mirza Lutfullah (a grandson-in-law of Murshid Quli Khan) (1728 |
* Mirza Lutfullah (a grandson-in-law of Murshid Quli Khan) (1728 – 1734) |
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* Sarfaraz Khan 1734-1739 |
* Sarfaraz Khan 1734-1739 |
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**Galib Ali Khan (1734-1738) |
** Galib Ali Khan (1734-1738) |
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**Murad Ali Khan (1738-1739) |
** Murad Ali Khan (1738-1739) |
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* Abdul Fattah Khan (1739-1740) |
* Abdul Fattah Khan (1739-1740) |
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* Nowazish Mohammad Khan (1740-1754) |
* Nowazish Mohammad Khan (1740-1754) |
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**Hossain Quli Khan (1740-1754) |
** Hossain Quli Khan (1740-1754) |
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**Murad Dowlat (1754-1755) |
** Murad Dowlat (1754-1755) |
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* Jasarat Khan (1755-1762 and again 1765-1778) |
* Jasarat Khan (1755-1762 and again 1765-1778) |
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* Mohammed Ali (1762-1762) |
* Mohammed Ali (1762-1762) |
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* Mohammed Reza Khan (1763-1765) |
* Mohammed Reza Khan (1763-1765) |
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* Ghaziuddin Haider (1834 |
* Ghaziuddin Haider (1834 – 1843). |
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The office of ''Naib Nazim of Dhaka'' was officially abolished in 1843.<ref name=bpedianawab>Sirajul Islam, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/N_0138.HTM Nawab], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-19''</ref> |
The office of ''Naib Nazim of Dhaka'' was officially abolished in 1843.<ref name=bpedianawab>Sirajul Islam, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/N_0138.HTM Nawab], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-08-19''</ref> |
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===Armenian settlements=== |
=== Armenian settlements === |
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[[Image:Armenian Church in Old Dhaka.JPG|right|180px|thumb|Armenian Church built in 1781]] |
[[Image:Armenian Church in Old Dhaka.JPG|right|180px|thumb|Armenian Church built in 1781]] |
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{{Main|Armenian community of Dhaka}} |
{{Main|Armenian community of Dhaka}} |
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The [[Armenians]] settled in Dhaka in the early 18th century.<ref name=bpediaarmenia>Sushil Chaudhury, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/A_0302.HTM The Armenians], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-09-06''</ref> They established trade ties in jute and leather with Mughals and Nawabs.<ref name=indep>[http://theindependentbd.com/weekly-independent/86097-the-armenian-church-legacy-of-a-bygone-era.html ''The Armenian Church: Legacy of a Bygone Era'' by theindependent]</ref> The [[Armenian Church (Dhaka)|Armenian Church]] (''Church of Holy Resurrection'') built in 1781 in [[Armanitola]] area bears the evidence of their presence. Since the British started ruling Bengal in 1757, Armenians slowly moved out of this area. The [[Pogose School]], the first private school in Dhaka, was founded in 1830s by JG Nicholas Pogose, an Armenian merchant.<ref name=armenianasia/> By 1868, five of the six European zamindars in Dhaka were Armenians - JG Nicholas Pogose, GC Paneati, J Stephan, JT Lucas and W Harney.<ref>{{cite book | last = Clay | first = AL | title = Leaves from a diary in East Bengal | date = 1898 | location = London | pages = |
The [[Armenians]] settled in Dhaka in the early 18th century.<ref name=bpediaarmenia>Sushil Chaudhury, [http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/A_0302.HTM The Armenians], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-09-06''</ref> They established trade ties in jute and leather with Mughals and Nawabs.<ref name=indep>[http://theindependentbd.com/weekly-independent/86097-the-armenian-church-legacy-of-a-bygone-era.html ''The Armenian Church: Legacy of a Bygone Era'' by theindependent]</ref> The [[Armenian Church (Dhaka)|Armenian Church]] (''Church of Holy Resurrection'') built in 1781 in [[Armanitola]] area bears the evidence of their presence. Since the British started ruling Bengal in 1757, Armenians slowly moved out of this area. The [[Pogose School]], the first private school in Dhaka, was founded in 1830s by JG Nicholas Pogose, an Armenian merchant.<ref name=armenianasia/> By 1868, five of the six European zamindars in Dhaka were Armenians - JG Nicholas Pogose, GC Paneati, J Stephan, JT Lucas and W Harney.<ref>{{cite book | last = Clay | first = AL | title = Leaves from a diary in East Bengal | date = 1898 | location = London | pages = 104 – 105}}</ref> As of 2009, Michael Joseph Martin was the last Armenian living in Dhaka.<ref name=armenianasia>{{cite web|url=http://armeniansinasia.org/2009/02/27/bangladeshs-last-armenian-prays-for-unlikely-future/|title=Bangladesh’s Last Armenian Prays For Unlikely Future|publisher=http://armeniansinasia.org/|author=Shafiq Alam|date=27 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2645617.stm|title=The mission of Dhaka's last Armenian|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=10 January 2003|author=Alastair Lawson|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
[[File:014-dhaka during Brtish rule.png|thumb|right|Dhaka in 1859.]] |
[[File:014-dhaka during Brtish rule.png|thumb|right|Dhaka in 1859.]] |
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The [[English people|English]] formally established their factories in Dhaka in 1668.<ref name=romance144/> The English traders were already in the city as early as in 1666 when Tavernier visited.<ref name=romance144/> [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]] was appointed the first head of [[British East India Company]]. He arrived Dhaka on 25 October 1681.<ref name=romance156>{{citation|title=The Romance of an Eastern Capital|first=F. B.|last= Bradley-Birt|year=1906|page=156}}</ref> The city passed under partial control of the British East India Company in 1772 after the [[Battle of Buxar]]. Per the Treaty of Allahabad, East India Company was appointed imperial tax collector of the province Bengal-Bihar-Orissa by the Mughal emperor. East India company was still a subject of the Mughal empire. East India company took complete control in 1793 when Nizamat (Mughal appointed governorship) was abolished. The city then became known by its anglicized name, ''Dacca''. Owing to the war, the city's population shrank dramatically in a short period of time.<ref name="EIC">{{cite web |
The [[English people|English]] formally established their factories in Dhaka in 1668.<ref name=romance144/> The English traders were already in the city as early as in 1666 when Tavernier visited.<ref name=romance144/> [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]] was appointed the first head of [[British East India Company]]. He arrived Dhaka on 25 October 1681.<ref name=romance156>{{citation|title=The Romance of an Eastern Capital|first=F. B.|last= Bradley-Birt|year=1906|page=156}}</ref> The city passed under partial control of the British East India Company in 1772 after the [[Battle of Buxar]]. Per the Treaty of Allahabad, East India Company was appointed imperial tax collector of the province Bengal-Bihar-Orissa by the Mughal emperor. East India company was still a subject of the Mughal empire. East India company took complete control in 1793 when Nizamat (Mughal appointed governorship) was abolished. The city then became known by its anglicized name, ''Dacca''. Owing to the war, the city's population shrank dramatically in a short period of time.<ref name="EIC">{{cite web |
||
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
||
| date = 2006 |
| date = September 5, 2006 |
||
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/36/Dhaka_Under_The_East_India_Company |
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/36/Dhaka_Under_The_East_India_Company |
||
| title = Dhaka Under the East India Company |
| title = Dhaka Under the East India Company |
||
| accessdate=2012 |
| accessdate=October 4, 2012 |
||
}}</ref> Although an important city in the Bengal province, Dhaka remained smaller than Kolkata, which served as the capital of [[British India]] for a long period of time. Under British rule, many modern educational institutions, public works and townships were developed. A modern water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply in 1878.<ref name="BR">{{cite web |
}}</ref> Although an important city in the Bengal province, Dhaka remained smaller than Kolkata, which served as the capital of [[British India]] for a long period of time. Under British rule, many modern educational institutions, public works and townships were developed. A modern water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply in 1878.<ref name="BR">{{cite web |
||
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
||
| date = 2006 |
| date = September 5, 2006 |
||
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/37/Dhaka_Under_The_British |
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/37/Dhaka_Under_The_British |
||
| title = History of Dhaka Under the British |
| title = History of Dhaka Under the British |
||
| accessdate=2012 |
| accessdate=October 4, 2012 |
||
}}</ref> The [[Dhaka Cantonment]] was established near the city, serving as a base for the soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]]. Dhaka served as a strategic link to the frontier of the northeastern states of [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]. |
}}</ref> The [[Dhaka Cantonment]] was established near the city, serving as a base for the soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]]. Dhaka served as a strategic link to the frontier of the northeastern states of [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]. |
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| Line 126: | Line 138: | ||
In 1835 [[Dhaka College]] was established as an English School by the then Civil Surgeon Dr. James Taylor.<ref name=dhakacollege>{{cite web|url=http://dhakacollege.edu.bd/college_history.htm|title=Brief History of Dhaka College|accessdate=December 6, 2013}}</ref> It got the college status in 1841. Local Muslim and Hindu students as well as Armenians and Portuguese were among the first graduates.<ref name=dhakacollege/> |
In 1835 [[Dhaka College]] was established as an English School by the then Civil Surgeon Dr. James Taylor.<ref name=dhakacollege>{{cite web|url=http://dhakacollege.edu.bd/college_history.htm|title=Brief History of Dhaka College|accessdate=December 6, 2013}}</ref> It got the college status in 1841. Local Muslim and Hindu students as well as Armenians and Portuguese were among the first graduates.<ref name=dhakacollege/> |
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===Rise of Dhaka Nawab Estate=== |
=== Rise of Dhaka Nawab Estate === |
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[[File:Ahsan Manzil-Front View.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ahsan Manzil]], was built as a palace for Dhaka Nawabs in 1872]] |
[[File:Ahsan Manzil-Front View.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ahsan Manzil]], was built as a palace for Dhaka Nawabs in 1872]] |
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Under the [[Permanent Settlement|Permanent Settlement of Bengal]] enactment by [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] in 1793, the Company government and the Bengali [[zamindars]] agreed to fix revenues to be raised from land.<ref name=bpediaperm>Sirajul Islam, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/P_0147.HTM Permanent Settlement], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-02''</ref> As a result, Dhaka Nawab Estate grew to become the largest zamindari in Eastern Bengal. It was founded by [[Kashmir]] origin Khwaja Hafizullah and his nephew Khwaja Alimullah.<ref name=bpediadhakanawab>M Ali Akbar, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/D_0165.HTM Dhaka Nawab Estate], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-02''</ref> A French trading center is converted as the residence of the Dhaka Nawabs in 1830.<ref name=bpediamanzil>Mohammad Alamgir, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/A_0124.HTM Ahsan Manzil], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-02''</ref> It was later constructed into a palace and named [[Ahsan Manzil]]. The estate paid Rs 3,20,964 as per agreement to the Company government in 1904.<ref name=bpediadhakanawab/> In 1952 the Estate was abolished according to the ''East Bengal Estate Acquisition and Tenancy Act''.<ref name=bpediadhakanawab/> |
Under the [[Permanent Settlement|Permanent Settlement of Bengal]] enactment by [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] in 1793, the Company government and the Bengali [[zamindars]] agreed to fix revenues to be raised from land.<ref name=bpediaperm>Sirajul Islam, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/P_0147.HTM Permanent Settlement], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-02''</ref> As a result, Dhaka Nawab Estate grew to become the largest zamindari in Eastern Bengal. It was founded by [[Kashmir]] origin Khwaja Hafizullah and his nephew Khwaja Alimullah.<ref name=bpediadhakanawab>M Ali Akbar, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/D_0165.HTM Dhaka Nawab Estate], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-02''</ref> A French trading center is converted as the residence of the Dhaka Nawabs in 1830.<ref name=bpediamanzil>Mohammad Alamgir, [http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/A_0124.HTM Ahsan Manzil], [[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]], ''Retrieved: 2012-10-02''</ref> It was later constructed into a palace and named [[Ahsan Manzil]]. The estate paid Rs 3,20,964 as per agreement to the Company government in 1904.<ref name=bpediadhakanawab/> In 1952 the Estate was abolished according to the ''East Bengal Estate Acquisition and Tenancy Act''.<ref name=bpediadhakanawab/> |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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==British Raj rule ( |
== British Raj rule (1858—1947) == |
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[[Image:Fulbaria Railway Station 1904.jpg|thumb|left|Lord and Lady Curzon arrived in Fulbaria Railway Station in 1904]] |
[[Image:Fulbaria Railway Station 1904.jpg|thumb|left|Lord and Lady Curzon arrived in Fulbaria Railway Station in 1904]] |
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[[Image:Dacca1924.jpg|thumb|Map of Dhaka in 1924]] |
[[Image:Dacca1924.jpg|thumb|Map of Dhaka in 1924]] |
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Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], British East India Company's ruling ended and the [[British Crown]] took direct control of the region in 1858. |
Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], British East India Company's ruling ended and the [[British Crown]] took direct control of the region in 1858. |
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Dacca Municipality (later [[Dhaka City Corporation]]) was established on August 1, 1864.<ref name=sum>{{cite news|title=Don’t split Dhaka, Khoka urges govt|url=http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-64245|accessdate=2012-09-12|newspaper=UNBConnect|date=12 November 2011}}</ref> At that time the area of Dhaka was 20.72 square kilometers with a population of around 52,000.<ref name=star052015/> |
Dacca Municipality (later [[Dhaka City Corporation]]) was established on August 1, 1864.<ref name=sum>{{cite news|title=Don’t split Dhaka, Khoka urges govt|url=http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-64245|accessdate=2012-09-12|newspaper=UNBConnect|date=12 November 2011}}</ref> At that time the area of Dhaka was 20.72 square kilometers with a population of around 52,000.<ref name=star052015/> |
||
In 1885 railway line between Dhaka and [[Narayanganj]] was built. [[Mymensingh]] was connected to Dhaka in 1889.<ref name=muntassir/> |
In 1885 railway line between Dhaka and [[Narayanganj]] was built. [[Mymensingh]] was connected to Dhaka in 1889.<ref name=muntassir/> |
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[[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] arrived Dhaka in 1904 and established [[Curzon Hall]]. In July 1905 he decided to take effect the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]. Dhaka became the capital of the new province, [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], on October 16, 1905.<ref name=dani>{{citation |
[[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] arrived Dhaka in 1904 and established [[Curzon Hall]]. In July 1905 he decided to take effect the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]. Dhaka became the capital of the new province, [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], on October 16, 1905.<ref name=dani>{{citation |
||
|title=Dacca - A record of its changing fortunes |
| title=Dacca - A record of its changing fortunes |
||
|first=Ahmad |
| first=Ahmad |
||
|last=Dani |
| last=Dani |
||
|publisher= Mrs. Safiya S Dani |
| publisher= Mrs. Safiya S Dani |
||
|year=1962 |
| year=1962 |
||
|page=119 |
| page=119 |
||
|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/22374453/Dacca-by-Ahmad-Hasan-Dani |
| url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/22374453/Dacca-by-Ahmad-Hasan-Dani |
||
}}</ref> [[Joseph Bampfylde Fuller]] entered on his office in Dhaka as the first lieutenant-governor of the region in January 1906.<ref>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/DRO_ECG/EASTERN_BENGAL_AND_ASSAM.html Online Encyclopedia]</ref> But the partition was revoked in 1911 and Dhaka became a district town on April 1, 1912.<ref name=dani/> |
}}</ref> [[Joseph Bampfylde Fuller]] entered on his office in Dhaka as the first lieutenant-governor of the region in January 1906.<ref>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/DRO_ECG/EASTERN_BENGAL_AND_ASSAM.html Online Encyclopedia]</ref> But the partition was revoked in 1911 and Dhaka became a district town on April 1, 1912.<ref name=dani/> |
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[[Eden Girls' College, Bangladesh|Eden College]] was founded in 1880. Narendra Narayan Roy Choudhury, landlord of the Baldah Estate, built [[Baldha Garden]] in 1909. [[University of Dhaka]] was established in 1921.<ref name=muntassir/> [[Philip Hartog]] became the first vice-chancellor of the university. Ahsanullah School of Engineering (now [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]) was established in 1912 under the substantial grants and patronage from [[Dhaka Nawab Family]].<ref name=Worldh>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlifeline.com/khwaja-salimullah/|title=Khwaja Salimullah|publisher=World History|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> |
[[Eden Girls' College, Bangladesh|Eden College]] was founded in 1880. Narendra Narayan Roy Choudhury, landlord of the Baldah Estate, built [[Baldha Garden]] in 1909. [[University of Dhaka]] was established in 1921.<ref name=muntassir/> [[Philip Hartog]] became the first vice-chancellor of the university. Ahsanullah School of Engineering (now [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]) was established in 1912 under the substantial grants and patronage from [[Dhaka Nawab Family]].<ref name=Worldh>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlifeline.com/khwaja-salimullah/|title=Khwaja Salimullah|publisher=World History|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> |
||
==East Bengal's (later East Pakistan's) capital ( |
== East Bengal's (later East Pakistan's) capital (1947—1971) == |
||
{{Historical populations |
{{Historical populations |
||
|1801|200000 |
| 1801|200000 |
||
|1840|51636 |
| 1840|51636 |
||
|1872|69212 |
| 1872|69212 |
||
|1881|79076 |
| 1881|79076 |
||
|1911|125000 |
| 1911|125000 |
||
|1941|239000 |
| 1941|239000 |
||
|1951|336000 |
| 1951|336000 |
||
|1961|556000 |
| 1961|556000 |
||
|1974|1680000 |
| 1974|1680000 |
||
|1981|3440000 |
| 1981|3440000 |
||
|1991|6150000 |
| 1991|6150000 |
||
|2013|14399000 |
| 2013|14399000 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
Following the [[Partition of India]] on August 1947, Dhaka became the capital of [[East Bengal]] under the Dominion of [[Pakistan]]. The city witnessed serious communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's [[Hindu]] population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], Assam and [[Bihar]]. Population increased from 335,925 in 1951 to 556,712 in 1961 registering an increase of 65.7 percent.<ref>{{citation|title=Census of Pakistan, bulletin no. 2|page=18|year=1961}}</ref><ref name="EP">{{cite web |
Following the [[Partition of India]] on August 1947, Dhaka became the capital of [[East Bengal]] under the Dominion of [[Pakistan]]. The city witnessed serious communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's [[Hindu]] population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], Assam and [[Bihar]]. Population increased from 335,925 in 1951 to 556,712 in 1961 registering an increase of 65.7 percent.<ref>{{citation|title=Census of Pakistan, bulletin no. 2|page=18|year=1961}}</ref><ref name="EP">{{cite web |
||
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
| author = Dhaka City Corporation |
||
| date = 2006 |
| date = September 5, 2006 |
||
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/38/Dhaka_as_the_Provincial_Capital_of_East_Pakistan |
| url = http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/SiteMap/Link_1/2/List_id_1/22/Subid_1/38/Dhaka_as_the_Provincial_Capital_of_East_Pakistan |
||
| title = History |
| title = History |
||
| accessdate = 2012 |
| accessdate = October 4, 2012 |
||
}}</ref> As the centre of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The proposal to adopt [[Urdu]] as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches and strikes involving hundreds of thousands of people in [[Bengali Language Movement]]. The protests soon degenerated into widespread violence after police firing killed students who were demonstrating peacefully. Martial law was be imposed throughout the city for a long period of time. |
}}</ref> As the centre of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The proposal to adopt [[Urdu]] as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches and strikes involving hundreds of thousands of people in [[Bengali Language Movement]]. The protests soon degenerated into widespread violence after police firing killed students who were demonstrating peacefully. Martial law was be imposed throughout the city for a long period of time. |
||
[[Image:Shaheed minar Roehl.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The ''Shaheed Minar'', located near Dhaka Medical College, commemorates the [[Language Movement]] of 1952.]] |
[[Image:Shaheed minar Roehl.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The ''Shaheed Minar'', located near Dhaka Medical College, commemorates the [[Language Movement]] of 1952.]] |
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The arrest of the Bengali politician [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1968 would also spark intensive political protests and violence against the military regime of [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]. The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] devastated much of the region, killing numerous people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and waterlogged, with millions of people marooned. The same year, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a landslide victory in general election. He was elected as the next president of Pakistan. However, the West Pakistan's military rulers and even the largest opposition party's (PPP) leader Zulfiker Ali Bhutto refused to hand over the presidency to East Pakistan leadership. The following year saw Sheikh Mujib hold a massive nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971 at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Race Course Ground]] that attracted an estimated one million people. Galvanising public anger against ethnic and regional discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, the gathering preceded near total consensus among East Pakistan population for independent movement. In response, on March 25, 1971 in the middle of the night, the [[Pakistan Army]] launched [[Operation Searchlight]], which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people - just in the that night alone. As a result, on behalf of East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali army Major named [[Ziaur Rahman]] (later General and President) declared Bangladesh's independence on March 26, 1971. This resulted in further mass genocide of approximately 3 million people. Citizens and intellectuals from Dhaka was the largest victim of this mass genocide. The fall of the city to the [[Indian Army]] on December 16, 1971 marked the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh. Dhaka became the capital of Bangladesh. |
The arrest of the Bengali politician [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1968 would also spark intensive political protests and violence against the military regime of [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]. The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] devastated much of the region, killing numerous people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and waterlogged, with millions of people marooned. The same year, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a landslide victory in general election. He was elected as the next president of Pakistan. However, the West Pakistan's military rulers and even the largest opposition party's (PPP) leader Zulfiker Ali Bhutto refused to hand over the presidency to East Pakistan leadership. The following year saw Sheikh Mujib hold a massive nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971 at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Race Course Ground]] that attracted an estimated one million people. Galvanising public anger against ethnic and regional discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, the gathering preceded near total consensus among East Pakistan population for independent movement. In response, on March 25, 1971 in the middle of the night, the [[Pakistan Army]] launched [[Operation Searchlight]], which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people - just in the that night alone. As a result, on behalf of East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali army Major named [[Ziaur Rahman]] (later General and President) declared Bangladesh's independence on March 26, 1971. This resulted in further mass genocide of approximately 3 million people. Citizens and intellectuals from Dhaka was the largest victim of this mass genocide. The fall of the city to the [[Indian Army]] on December 16, 1971 marked the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh. Dhaka became the capital of Bangladesh. |
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Despite independence, political turmoil continued to plague the people of Dhaka. The Pakistan Army's operations had killed or displaced millions of people, and the new state struggled to cope with the humanitarian challenges. The year 1975 saw the killing of Sheikh Mujib and three military coups. The city would see the restoration of order under military rule, but political disorder would heighten in the mid-1980s with the pro-[[democracy]] movement led by the [[Awami League]] and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. Political and student strikes and protests routinely disrupted the lives of Dhaka's people. However, the post-independence period has also seen a massive growth of the population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh. A real estate boom has followed the development of new settlements such as [[Gulshan, Dhaka|Gulshan]], [[Banani]] and [[Motijheel]]. In 1985, Dhaka hosted the inaugural summit of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]. It has also hosted the summits of the [[Developing 8 Countries|D8]] group and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]. |
Despite independence, political turmoil continued to plague the people of Dhaka. The Pakistan Army's operations had killed or displaced millions of people, and the new state struggled to cope with the humanitarian challenges. The year 1975 saw the killing of Sheikh Mujib and three military coups. The city would see the restoration of order under military rule, but political disorder would heighten in the mid-1980s with the pro-[[democracy]] movement led by the [[Awami League]] and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. Political and student strikes and protests routinely disrupted the lives of Dhaka's people. However, the post-independence period has also seen a massive growth of the population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh. A real estate boom has followed the development of new settlements such as [[Gulshan, Dhaka|Gulshan]], [[Banani]] and [[Motijheel]]. In 1985, Dhaka hosted the inaugural summit of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]. It has also hosted the summits of the [[Developing 8 Countries|D8]] group and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of the Islamic Conference]]. |
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In 1983 City Corporation was created to govern Dhaka and its population reached 3,440,147 and it covered an area of 400 square kilometers.<ref name=star052015>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/reminiscing-dhakas-legacy-80994|title= |
In 1983 City Corporation was created to govern Dhaka and its population reached 3,440,147 and it covered an area of 400 square kilometers.<ref name=star052015>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/reminiscing-dhakas-legacy-80994|title=Reminiscing Dhaka's Legacy|publisher=The Daily Star|date=May 8, 2015|author=Md Shahnawaz Khan Chandan}}</ref> The city was divided into 75 wards. Under new act in 1993 the first election was held in 1994 and [[Mohammad Hanif (mayor)|Mohammad Hanif]] became the first elected Mayor of Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=163943|title=Mayor Hanif's death anniversary today|date=November 28, 2010|accessdate=February 12, 2015|publisher=[[The Daily Star]]}}</ref> In 2011 Dhaka City Corporation was split into two separate corporations - [[Dhaka North City Corporation|DCC North]] and [[Dhaka South City Corporation|DCC South]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=206982|title=Dhaka set to split into two|publisher=[[The Daily Star]]|date=October 18, 2011|accessdate=February 12, 2015|author=Hasan Jahid Tusher}}</ref> and in 2015 election [[Annisul Huq]] and [[Sayeed Khokon]] were elected as the mayors of the respective corporations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/?option=details&news_id=2410481&date=2015-05-07|title=3 new mayors renew pledges to make cities livable|date=May 7, 2015|publisher=The News Today}}</ref> |
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As of 2015, Dhaka has an estimated population of more than 15 million people, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and the [[List of agglomerations by population|16th largest city in the world]].<ref>World Bank (30 July 2010). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BANGLADESHEXTN/Resources/295759-1271081222839/BDCAS.pdf Country Assistance Strategy for the People's Republic of Bangladesh for the Period FY11-14], page 4.</ref> |
As of 2015, Dhaka has an estimated population of more than 15 million people, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and the [[List of agglomerations by population|16th largest city in the world]].<ref>World Bank (30 July 2010). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BANGLADESHEXTN/Resources/295759-1271081222839/BDCAS.pdf Country Assistance Strategy for the People's Republic of Bangladesh for the Period FY11-14], page 4.</ref> |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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* [[Timeline of Dhaka history]] |
* [[Timeline of Dhaka history]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist|33em}} |
{{reflist|33em}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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*[http://www.dhakacity.org/ Dhaka City Corporation] |
* [http://www.dhakacity.org/ Dhaka City Corporation] |
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{{Dhaka}} |
{{Dhaka}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Dhaka}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Dhaka}} |
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[[Category:History of Dhaka| ]] |
[[Category:History of Dhaka| ]] |
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[[Category:History of Bangladesh]] |
[[Category:History of Bangladesh]] |
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Revision as of 23:19, 29 May 2015
Dhaka, formerly spelled as Dacca in English, is the capital and one of the oldest cities of Bangladesh. The history of Dhaka begins with the existence of urbanised settlements in the area that is now Dhaka dating from the 7th century CE. The city area was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa before passing to the control of the Sena dynasty in the 9th century CE.[2] After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Turkic and Afghan governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608. After Mughals, British ruled the region for over 150 years until the independence of India. In 1947, Dhaka became the capital of the East Bengal province under the dominion of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Dhaka became the capital of the new state.
Etymology
There are several myths on the origin of the name Dhaka. One is that the name came following the establishment of Dhakeshwari temple by Raja Ballal Sena in the 12th century and Dhakeswari is the name of a Goddess. While others say that Dhakeshwari stands the meaning of Goddess of Dhaka; so the temple must have been named after the region. Another myths says that the Dhak (a membranophone instrument) is used as part of the Durga Puja festival in this temple and hence the name Dhaka. Yet another one says it came from the plant named Dhak (Buttea Frondosa) which was widely found in that area.[3]
The more credible theory comes from the source of Rajatarangini written by a Kashmiri Brahman, Kalhana.[3] It says the region was originally known as Dhakka. The word Dhakka means watchtower. Bikrampur and Sonargaon—the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby. So Dhaka was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose.[3]
Kamarupa kingdom
Kamarupa kingdom, also known as Pragjyotisa, existed between 350 and 1140 CE.[4] According to the chronicle of Yogini Tantra, the southern boundary of the kingdom stretched up to the junction of Brahmaputra River and Shitalakshya River which covered the Dhaka region.[5] Pala Empire was the last dynasty to rule the whole Kamarupa region. During their reign between the 8th century until the late 11th century, Vikrampur, a region 12 miles from Dhaka, was their capital. The Pala rulers were Buddhists, but majority of their subjects were Hindus.[6]
Hindu kingdom
Sena dynasty's founder, Hemanta Sen, was part of the Pala dynasty until their empire began to weaken.[7] He usurped power and styled himself king in 1095 AD. Then largely Hindu community populated the lower Dhaka region. Still existent localities like Laksmibazar, Banglabazar, Sutrapur, Jaluanagar, Banianagar, Goalnagar, Tantibazar, Shakhari Bazar, Sutarnagar, Kamarnagar, Patuatuli and Kumartuli are the examples of settlements of Hindu craftsmen and professionals in that era.[8] According to popular legend, Dhakeshwari Temple was built by Ballal Sena, the second Sena ruler.[9] Another tradition says, there were fifty two bazaars and fifty three streets and the region acquired the name of "Baunno Bazaar O Teppun Gulli".[10]
Sultanate Period
Upon arrival of Islam in this region, Turkish and Afghan rulers reigned the area from the early 14th century until the late 16th century. An Afghan fort (also known as Old Fort of Dhaka) was built at that time which was later converted to the present-form of Dhaka Central Jail in 1820 by the British.[11] A 17th century historian, Mirza Nathan, described the fort in his book Baharistan-i-Ghaibi as "surrounded by mud walls and the largest and strongest in pre-Mughal era".[11]
In 1412 Shah Ali Baghdadi, a saint arrived in Delhi and then came to Dhaka where he became a disciple of Shah Bahar of the Chistia order.[12] His tomb is still at Mirpur on the outskirts of Dhaka.
Binat Bibi Mosque was built in 1454 at Narinda area of Dhaka during the reign of the Sultan of Bengal, Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (r. 1435 – 1459).[13] It is the oldest brick structure that still exists in the city.[14]
According to the inscription found near the present-day Central Jail area, the gate of Naswallagali Mosque was renoveated in 1459 AD.[8][15]
Around 1550 a Portuguese historian, João de Barros, first inserted Dhaka into the map in his book Décadas da Ásia (Decades of Asia).[8]
Mughal rule and rise as the capital of Bengal
Dhaka came into the domain of Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar after the Battle of Tukaroi which was fought in 1575 near the village of Tukaroi now in Balasore District, Odisha between the Mughals and the Karrani Sultanate of Bengal and Bihar. [16]
However, during this reign of Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605), Dhaka was referred as a Thana (a military outpost).[17] Dhaka was situated in Bhati region which hosted several rebel forces led by Bara-Bhuiyans from mid to late 16th century. After the leader of Bara-Bhuiyans, Musa Khan, was subdued by Mughal General Islam Khan Chisti in 1608, Dhaka again went directly under control of Mughals.
The newly appointed Governor of Bengal, Islam Khan transferred the Bengal capital from Rajmahal to Dhaka in order to crush further rebel uprisings.[8] This initiated a new era of the history of Dhaka as the capital city of Mughol province of Bengal. He also renamed Dhaka as Jahangirnagar (City of Jahangir) after the Emperor Jahangir. Due to its location right beside some main river routes, Dhaka was an important center for business. The Muslin fabric was produced and traded in this area. He successfully crushed the regional revolts in Jessore, Bakla (present days Barisal) and Bhulua (present days Noakhali) and brought almost the entire province under the Mughal domain.[8]
As the next governor, Prince Shuja built Bara Katra between 1644 and 1646 in Dhaka to serve as his official residence. He also patronized building of Hussaini Dalan, a Shia shrine in old Dhaka though he himself was a Sunni. In the late 1640s, for personal and political reasons, he made the temporary move to shift the capital back to Rajmahal. Dhaka became a subordinate station.
Due to political turmoil, Emperor Aurangzeb sent Mir Jumla to deal with Prince Shuja.[18] He pursued Shuja up to Dhaka and reached the city on 9 May 1660. But Shuja fled to Arakan region. As Jumla was ordered to become the next Governor of Bengal, Dhaka was again made the capital of the region. He was engaged in construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs - two roads, two bridges and a network of forts. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts which is now known as Mymensingh Road.[18] He built Mir Jumla Gate at the northern border to defend the city from the attacks of Magh pirates. Italian traveler Niccolao Manucci came to Dhaka in 1662-1663.[19] According to him, Dhaka had large number of inhabitants compare to the size of the city. Most of the houses were built of straw. There were only two kuthis - one of the English and the other of the Dutch. Ships were loaded with fine white cotton and silk fabrics. A large number of Christians and white and black Portuguese resided in Dhaka.[19]
Construction of Lalbagh Fort was commenced in 1678 by Prince Muhammad Azam during his 15-month-long governorship of Bengal, but before the work could complete, he was recalled by Emperor Aurangzeb.
The largest expansion of the city took place under the next Mughal governor Shaista Khan (1664–1688). The city then stretched for 12 miles in length and 8 miles in breadth and is believed to have had a population of nearly a million people.[20] The Chawk Mosque, Babubazar Mosque, Sat Gumbad Mosque, Choto Katra were originally built during this period. He also built tombs of Bibi Pari, Bibi Champa and Dara Begum.[8] A French traveler, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, arrived Dhaka on 13 January 1666 and met Shaista Khan.[21] He referred Shaista Khan as "the uncle of King Aurangzeb and the cleverest man in all his kingdom".[21]
Prince Azim-ush-Shan became the Governor of Bengal in 1697. Due to conflict with Diwan Murshid Quli Khan, he shifted his office from Dhaka to Patna in 1703.[22][23] Murshid Khan also shifted his office to Mauksusabad (later renamed it to Murshidabad).
Portuguese settlements
In Bengal region, the Portuguese made the principal trading center in Hooghly.[24] They also made small settlements in Dhaka in about 1580.[25] Ralph Fitch, an English traveler, recorded in 1586 that Portuguese traders were involved in shipping rice, cotton and silk goods.[25] Tavernier mentioned about churches built in Dhaka by Portuguese Augustinian missionaries. J.J. Campos, an editor of Asiatic Society of Bengal, named several Portuguese churches in Dhaka - Church of Our Lady of Rosary, Church of St. Nicholas of Tolentino, Church of the Holy Ghost and Church of our Lady Piety.[26]
During the viceroyalty of Shaista Khan, another section of the Portuguese came from Sandwip and Arakan and settled in Dhaka at a place called Feringhi Bazar.[25]
Sebastien Manrique, a Portuguese missionary and traveler, visited Dhaka in September 1640 and spent about 27 days around the area.[24] According to him, the city extended along the Buriganga river for over four and a half miles from Maneswar to Narinda and Fulbaria. Christian communities lived around these suburbs in the west, east and north. He further mentioned "a small but beautiful church with a convent" in Dhaka. In his words,
This is the chief city in Bengala and the seat of the principal Nababo or viceroy, appointed by the emperor, who bestowed this viceroyalty, on several occasions, on one of his sons. It stands in a wide and beautiful plain on the banks of the famous and here fructifying Ganges river, beside which the City stretches for over a league and a half.[24]
Nawab era
In 1716 Murshid Quli Khan was made the Governor of whole Bengal. He became so powerful that he acted as the de facto independent ruler of the region. The era continued through Shujauddin Khan (1729 – 1739), Sarfaraz Khan (1739 – 1740), Alivardi Khan (1740 – 1756) and Sirajuddaula (1756 – 1757). They were unofficially known as Nawabs.[27] They ruled the whole region from their offices in Murshidabad.
Naib-Nazim of Dhaka
The position of Naib-Nazim (Deputy Governor) was created to administer Dhaka Niabat since 1717.[27] They were appointed by the Governors until Sirajuddaula, the last independent Governor of Bengal, lost control to the British in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Here is a partial list of Naib-Nazims of Dhaka:[23][28]
- Khan Muhammad Ali Khan (1717)
- Itisam Khan (1723 – 1726)
- A son of Itisam Khan (1726 – 1727)
- Mirza Lutfullah (a grandson-in-law of Murshid Quli Khan) (1728 – 1734)
- Sarfaraz Khan 1734-1739
- Galib Ali Khan (1734-1738)
- Murad Ali Khan (1738-1739)
- Abdul Fattah Khan (1739-1740)
- Nowazish Mohammad Khan (1740-1754)
- Hossain Quli Khan (1740-1754)
- Murad Dowlat (1754-1755)
- Jasarat Khan (1755-1762 and again 1765-1778)
- Mohammed Ali (1762-1762)
- Mohammed Reza Khan (1763-1765)
- Ghaziuddin Haider (1834 – 1843).
The office of Naib Nazim of Dhaka was officially abolished in 1843.[27]
Armenian settlements
The Armenians settled in Dhaka in the early 18th century.[29] They established trade ties in jute and leather with Mughals and Nawabs.[30] The Armenian Church (Church of Holy Resurrection) built in 1781 in Armanitola area bears the evidence of their presence. Since the British started ruling Bengal in 1757, Armenians slowly moved out of this area. The Pogose School, the first private school in Dhaka, was founded in 1830s by JG Nicholas Pogose, an Armenian merchant.[31] By 1868, five of the six European zamindars in Dhaka were Armenians - JG Nicholas Pogose, GC Paneati, J Stephan, JT Lucas and W Harney.[32] As of 2009, Michael Joseph Martin was the last Armenian living in Dhaka.[31][33]
British East India Company rule (1772—1857)
The English formally established their factories in Dhaka in 1668.[21] The English traders were already in the city as early as in 1666 when Tavernier visited.[21] William Hedges was appointed the first head of British East India Company. He arrived Dhaka on 25 October 1681.[34] The city passed under partial control of the British East India Company in 1772 after the Battle of Buxar. Per the Treaty of Allahabad, East India Company was appointed imperial tax collector of the province Bengal-Bihar-Orissa by the Mughal emperor. East India company was still a subject of the Mughal empire. East India company took complete control in 1793 when Nizamat (Mughal appointed governorship) was abolished. The city then became known by its anglicized name, Dacca. Owing to the war, the city's population shrank dramatically in a short period of time.[35] Although an important city in the Bengal province, Dhaka remained smaller than Kolkata, which served as the capital of British India for a long period of time. Under British rule, many modern educational institutions, public works and townships were developed. A modern water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply in 1878.[36] The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for the soldiers of the British Indian Army. Dhaka served as a strategic link to the frontier of the northeastern states of Tripura and Assam.
Charles D'Oyly was the Collector of Dhaka from 1808 to 1811. He made a good collection of painting folios of Dhaka in Antiquities of Dacca.[37] These paintings exhibited much of the ruins of Dhaka from the Mughal era. A short historical account of the paintings was also appended to each book. James Atkinson wrote these accounts, accompanied by engravings done by Landseer.
In 1835 Dhaka College was established as an English School by the then Civil Surgeon Dr. James Taylor.[38] It got the college status in 1841. Local Muslim and Hindu students as well as Armenians and Portuguese were among the first graduates.[38]
Rise of Dhaka Nawab Estate
Under the Permanent Settlement of Bengal enactment by Charles Cornwallis in 1793, the Company government and the Bengali zamindars agreed to fix revenues to be raised from land.[39] As a result, Dhaka Nawab Estate grew to become the largest zamindari in Eastern Bengal. It was founded by Kashmir origin Khwaja Hafizullah and his nephew Khwaja Alimullah.[40] A French trading center is converted as the residence of the Dhaka Nawabs in 1830.[41] It was later constructed into a palace and named Ahsan Manzil. The estate paid Rs 3,20,964 as per agreement to the Company government in 1904.[40] In 1952 the Estate was abolished according to the East Bengal Estate Acquisition and Tenancy Act.[40]
British Raj rule (1858—1947)
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, British East India Company's ruling ended and the British Crown took direct control of the region in 1858. Dacca Municipality (later Dhaka City Corporation) was established on August 1, 1864.[42] At that time the area of Dhaka was 20.72 square kilometers with a population of around 52,000.[43]
In 1885 railway line between Dhaka and Narayanganj was built. Mymensingh was connected to Dhaka in 1889.[15]
Lord Curzon arrived Dhaka in 1904 and established Curzon Hall. In July 1905 he decided to take effect the Partition of Bengal. Dhaka became the capital of the new province, Eastern Bengal and Assam, on October 16, 1905.[44] Joseph Bampfylde Fuller entered on his office in Dhaka as the first lieutenant-governor of the region in January 1906.[45] But the partition was revoked in 1911 and Dhaka became a district town on April 1, 1912.[44]
Eden College was founded in 1880. Narendra Narayan Roy Choudhury, landlord of the Baldah Estate, built Baldha Garden in 1909. University of Dhaka was established in 1921.[15] Philip Hartog became the first vice-chancellor of the university. Ahsanullah School of Engineering (now Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology) was established in 1912 under the substantial grants and patronage from Dhaka Nawab Family.[46]
East Bengal's (later East Pakistan's) capital (1947—1971)
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 200,000 | — |
| 1840 | 51,636 | −74.2% |
| 1872 | 69,212 | +34.0% |
| 1881 | 79,076 | +14.3% |
| 1911 | 125,000 | +58.1% |
| 1941 | 239,000 | +91.2% |
| 1951 | 336,000 | +40.6% |
| 1961 | 556,000 | +65.5% |
| 1974 | 1,680,000 | +202.2% |
| 1981 | 3,440,000 | +104.8% |
| 1991 | 6,150,000 | +78.8% |
| 2013 | 14,399,000 | +134.1% |
Following the Partition of India on August 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Bengal under the Dominion of Pakistan. The city witnessed serious communal violence that left thousands of people dead. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam and Bihar. Population increased from 335,925 in 1951 to 556,712 in 1961 registering an increase of 65.7 percent.[47][48] As the centre of regional politics, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The proposal to adopt Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches and strikes involving hundreds of thousands of people in Bengali Language Movement. The protests soon degenerated into widespread violence after police firing killed students who were demonstrating peacefully. Martial law was be imposed throughout the city for a long period of time.
The arrest of the Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1968 would also spark intensive political protests and violence against the military regime of Ayub Khan. The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing numerous people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and waterlogged, with millions of people marooned. The same year, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won a landslide victory in general election. He was elected as the next president of Pakistan. However, the West Pakistan's military rulers and even the largest opposition party's (PPP) leader Zulfiker Ali Bhutto refused to hand over the presidency to East Pakistan leadership. The following year saw Sheikh Mujib hold a massive nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971 at the Race Course Ground that attracted an estimated one million people. Galvanising public anger against ethnic and regional discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, the gathering preceded near total consensus among East Pakistan population for independent movement. In response, on March 25, 1971 in the middle of the night, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of hundreds of thousands of people - just in the that night alone. As a result, on behalf of East Pakistan leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali army Major named Ziaur Rahman (later General and President) declared Bangladesh's independence on March 26, 1971. This resulted in further mass genocide of approximately 3 million people. Citizens and intellectuals from Dhaka was the largest victim of this mass genocide. The fall of the city to the Indian Army on December 16, 1971 marked the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh. Dhaka became the capital of Bangladesh.
Several prominent architectural development took place in Dhaka during this period. Holy Family Hospital was built in March 1953.[44] New Market was established in Azimpur in 1954.[44] Dhaka College was moved to Dhanmondi in July 1956.[44] Kamalapur railway station was established in 1969.[49]
Post-independence of Bangladesh (1971—present)
Despite independence, political turmoil continued to plague the people of Dhaka. The Pakistan Army's operations had killed or displaced millions of people, and the new state struggled to cope with the humanitarian challenges. The year 1975 saw the killing of Sheikh Mujib and three military coups. The city would see the restoration of order under military rule, but political disorder would heighten in the mid-1980s with the pro-democracy movement led by the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Political and student strikes and protests routinely disrupted the lives of Dhaka's people. However, the post-independence period has also seen a massive growth of the population, attracting migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh. A real estate boom has followed the development of new settlements such as Gulshan, Banani and Motijheel. In 1985, Dhaka hosted the inaugural summit of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It has also hosted the summits of the D8 group and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. In 1983 City Corporation was created to govern Dhaka and its population reached 3,440,147 and it covered an area of 400 square kilometers.[43] The city was divided into 75 wards. Under new act in 1993 the first election was held in 1994 and Mohammad Hanif became the first elected Mayor of Dhaka.[50] In 2011 Dhaka City Corporation was split into two separate corporations - DCC North and DCC South[51] and in 2015 election Annisul Huq and Sayeed Khokon were elected as the mayors of the respective corporations.[52]
As of 2015, Dhaka has an estimated population of more than 15 million people, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and the 16th largest city in the world.[53]
See also
References
- ^ The city of Dacca viewed painting by De Fabeck Frederick
- ^ Dhaka City Corporation (September 5, 2006). "Pre-Mughal History of Dhaka". Retrieved October 4, 2012.
- ^ a b c Mamoon, Muntassir (2010). Dhaka: Smiriti Bismiritir Nogori. Anannya. p. 94.
- ^ "Banglapedia article on Kamarupa". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ Allen, B.C. Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers - Dhaka. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7268-194-4. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Banglapedia article on Pala Dynasty". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ "Banglapedia article on Sena Dynasty". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ a b c d e f AM Chowdhury. "Dhaka". Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved May 26, 2015. Cite error: The named reference "bpedia" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ M Muktadir Arif Mozammel, Dhakeshwari Temple, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Retrieved: 2012-08-24
- ^ Bradley-Birt, F. B. (1906). The Romance of an Eastern Capital. p. 94.
- ^ a b An Architect's Dhaka - Daily Star
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{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ Clay, AL (1898). Leaves from a diary in East Bengal. London. pp. 104–105.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Alastair Lawson (10 January 2003). "The mission of Dhaka's last Armenian". BBC. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ Bradley-Birt, F. B. (1906), The Romance of an Eastern Capital, p. 156
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