Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film): Difference between revisions
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== Production == |
== Production == |
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The idea to adapt the life of [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] into a film occurred to many producers in the late 1940s, just after [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom]] from the [[British Raj]].{{sfn|Guy|1997|pp=281-282}} In 1947, soon after the British left India, a production company announced its intention to produce ''Kattabommu'' (named after the rebel's real name), a "mammoth production" which was to star [[P. U. Chinnappa]]; it did not materialise.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=282}} |
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| ⚫ | The concept of ''Veerapandiya Kattabomman'' began when Sivaji Ganesan and [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]] were travelling via [[Kayatharu]],{{efn|The author of the article, [[Mohan V. Raman]], does not name the place where Ganesan and Krishnasamy were going to.<ref name="Kattabomman"/>}} the place where |
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| ⚫ | The concept of ''Veerapandiya Kattabomman'' began when Sivaji Ganesan and [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]] were travelling via [[Kayatharu]],{{efn|The author of the article, [[Mohan V. Raman]], does not name the place where Ganesan and Krishnasamy were going to.<ref name="Kattabomman"/>}} the place where Kattabomman was hanged.<ref name="Kattabomman">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-power-of-the-pen/article4594630.ece | title=The power of the pen | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 April 2013 | accessdate=20 February 2015 | author=Mohan V. Raman | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150220142438/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-power-of-the-pen/article4594630.ece | archivedate=20 February 2015 | deadurl=no}}</ref> While catching a glimpse of the place, Ganesan expressed a desire of doing a [[Play (theatre)|play]] based on Kattabomman's life, to which Krishnasamy immediately gave his consent and started to write the play. Coincidentally, Sivaji’s first exposure to the world of acting was when he saw a [[Street theatre|street play]] on Kattabomman’s life titled ''Kambalaththaar Kooththu''.<ref name="Kattabomman"/> Krishnasamy completed writing the script for the play in a month's time and the play was launched in Salem on 29 August 1957. Ganesan had invested close to {{INR}}{{formatnum:50000}}{{efn|The exchange rate in 1958 was 4.79 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="value">{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand | title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=24 August 2013 | accessdate=23 March 2015 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130829085318/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand | archivedate=29 August 2013}}</ref>|name = exchange1958}} for the play's sets and costume designing. On seeing the play, producer [[B. R. Panthulu]] decided to adapt it into a feature film and hired Krishnasamy to write the dialogues.<ref name="Kattabomman"/> G. Dharmarajan, who was the play's set designer, was selected to be the film's set designer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/art-grand-and-eloquent/article2834203.ece | title=Art grand and eloquent | work=The Hindu | date=26 January 2012 | accessdate=20 February 2015 | author=S. Shivapprasadh | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150220144643/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/art-grand-and-eloquent/article2834203.ece | archivedate=20 February 2015 | deadurl=no}}</ref> For the purpose of making the popular play as a film, a "History-Film Format Research Group" was formed under the leadership of Ma. Po. Sivagnanam with Sakthi Krishnasamy, Panthulu, Ganesan, P. A. Kumar, K. Singamuthu and S. Krishnaswamy as members.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=183}} |
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Ganesan originally offered the role of the character Vellaiyathevan to [[S. S. Rajendran]], but he declined it due to his commitment with the film ''[[Sivagangai Seemai]]'' (1959).{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswami|2007|pages=120-121}} He later requested actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] to ask her husband [[Gemini Ganesan]] to play the role, which she willingly agreed to do despite being pregnant at that time.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswami|2007|pages=120-121}} [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], O. A. K. Thevar and [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] were chosen to play Vellaiyammal, [[Oomaithurai]] and [[Ettappan]] respectively.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=182}} S. Varalakshmi was chosen to play Kattabomman's wife Jakkamma, and also worked as a playback singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/S-Varalakshmi-passes-away/articleshow/5048475.cms|title=S Varalakshmi passes away|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> C. R. Parthiban played the role of Jackson Durai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fans-keep-the-legend-alive/article6467476.ece|title=Fans keep the legend alive|author=Udhav Naig|work=The Hindu|date=2 October 2014|accessdate=25 March 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150325141759/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fans-keep-the-legend-alive/article6467476.ece|archivedate=25 March 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="mohanmuses">{{cite web | url=http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/07/kattabomman.html | title=Kattabomman | publisher=mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=20 February 2015 | author=Mohan V. Raman |authorlink=Mohan V. Raman | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150220145840/http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/07/kattabomman.html | archivedate=20 February 2015 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Kattabomman's daughter in the film, Meena, was a fictional character created by Krishnasamy. The character was based on Krishnasamy's own daughter, Mynavathi, who died when she was five years old.<ref name="Kattabomman"/> Krishnasamy initially refused to include the scene involving Meena's death as it reminded him of his daughter, but finally did so reluctantly.<ref name="Kattabomman"/> The character was played by Baby Kanchana.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=182}} |
Ganesan originally offered the role of the character Vellaiyathevan to [[S. S. Rajendran]], but he declined it due to his commitment with the film ''[[Sivagangai Seemai]]'' (1959).{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswami|2007|pages=120-121}} He later requested actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] to ask her husband [[Gemini Ganesan]] to play the role, which she willingly agreed to do despite being pregnant at that time.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayanaswami|2007|pages=120-121}} [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], O. A. K. Thevar and [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] were chosen to play Vellaiyammal, [[Oomaithurai]] and [[Ettappan]] respectively.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=182}} S. Varalakshmi was chosen to play Kattabomman's wife Jakkamma, and also worked as a playback singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/S-Varalakshmi-passes-away/articleshow/5048475.cms|title=S Varalakshmi passes away|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> C. R. Parthiban played the role of Jackson Durai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fans-keep-the-legend-alive/article6467476.ece|title=Fans keep the legend alive|author=Udhav Naig|work=The Hindu|date=2 October 2014|accessdate=25 March 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150325141759/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fans-keep-the-legend-alive/article6467476.ece|archivedate=25 March 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="mohanmuses">{{cite web | url=http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/07/kattabomman.html | title=Kattabomman | publisher=mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in | date=19 July 2009 | accessdate=20 February 2015 | author=Mohan V. Raman |authorlink=Mohan V. Raman | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150220145840/http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/07/kattabomman.html | archivedate=20 February 2015 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Kattabomman's daughter in the film, Meena, was a fictional character created by Krishnasamy. The character was based on Krishnasamy's own daughter, Mynavathi, who died when she was five years old.<ref name="Kattabomman"/> Krishnasamy initially refused to include the scene involving Meena's death as it reminded him of his daughter, but finally did so reluctantly.<ref name="Kattabomman"/> The character was played by Baby Kanchana.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=182}} |
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Revision as of 05:32, 26 March 2015
| Veerapandiya Kuttabomman | |
|---|---|
| File:Veerapandiya Kattabomman Poster.jpg Promotional Poster | |
| Directed by | B. R. Panthulu |
| Written by | Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy |
| Screenplay by | Ma. Po. Sivagnanam |
| Story by | Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy |
| Produced by | B. R. Panthulu |
| Starring | Sivaji Ganesan Gemini Ganesan Padmini S. Varalakshmi V. K. Ramasamy |
| Cinematography | W. R. Subbarao Karnan |
| Edited by | R. Devarajan |
| Music by | G. Ramanathan |
Production company | Padmini Pictures |
| Distributed by | Padmini Pictures |
Release date | May 1959[a] |
Running time | 166 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |
Veerapandiya Kattabomman ([Kattabomman, the Brave Warrior] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a 1959 Indian Tamil historical film written by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy and directed by B. R. Panthulu. The cast includes Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Padmini, S. Varalakshmi, and V. K. Ramasamy. Veerapandiya Kattabomman is based on the story of the eponymous South Indian chieftain who rose in rebellion against the East India Company and fought with alien combination. One of the earliest freedom fighters of India, he laid his life in sacrifice at the altar of freedom of his motherland. This film was dubbed in Telugu as Veerapandya Kattabrahmana in 1959, and Hindi as Amar Shaheed in 1960. Ganesan's performance won him an international award at the Egypt Film Festival. Veerapandiya Kattabomman is notable for being the first Tamil film to be shot in Technicolor. This film ran 100 days in 28 theatres. It was the first Indian film to receive international awards for Best Film, Best Actor and Best Music Director at the Afro Asian Film Festival in Cairo in 1960.
Plot
Veerapandiya Kattabomman is the Rajah of Panchalankurichi in the extreme south of India — a brave fighter and a devotee of his family deity, Lord Subrahmaniya of Tiruchendur. On receiving the news of loot and arson in his territory, he himself sets out in disguise to encounter the robbers. The robbers are captured and they confess that they had been hired by the British to create unrest in his domain. They also tell him that the British had enticed the neighbouring chieftain Ettayappan to help their endeavour to annex Panchalankurichi.
Ettayappan is promised by the British an addition of two villages to his land as a price for his betrayal. Ettayappan goes in disguise to Kattabomman's court and tries to frighten him with his account of the omnipotence of the British. Kattabomman is indignant and tears out the mask of Ettayappan but spares him because he had come to his court as an ambassador. At Chayalkudi, a village near Panchalamkurichi, lives Vellaiammal, who would marry the man who tames her bull, a proud pet. She takes her bull for participation in the games to be held at Panchalamkurichi under the patronage of the king. No-one dare touch Vellaiammal's bull. At Kattabomman's call, his Commander-in-chief Vellaiathevan, comes forward, subdues the bull and wins Vellaiamma'ls love.
Kattabomman is delivered a message from the collector Jackson that he should meet him on an appointed day, following which he would be deprived of his kingdom. Davison, a British friend of Kattabomman advises him to go and see the collector. Jackson, finding that Kattabomman has come to see him with his troops, changes his camp from place to place and finally meets him at Ramnad. In the interview, Jackson insults him and orders his arrest. Though surrounded by the British troops, Kattabomman fights his way out and joins his troops. But his Minister is captured by the British.
Some time after, the Minister is released. He brings the news that Jackson has been transferred home on the advice of Davison. Life in Panchalamkurichi goes on with the usual gaiety. At Kattabomman's court, a British messenger comes and reports that the Minister and his men have looted their granaries and killed their men at Srivaikuntam. The Minister justifies his act, by saying that he instructed his men to do it as there was a shortage of food grains due to the British amassing all rice in their granary.
The king accuses him of injustice and he is ashamed of his Minister's acts. The Minister apologises and offers himself as a fugitive to the messenger, whose soldiers are about to handcuff the Minister. But Kattabomman is infuriated and cries that he will never betray his Minister and fail in his duty as a king. The messenger hangs down head in shame and walks out. The king's brother Oomaithurai says that the British will start attacking them. A spy is sent by Kattabomman to the enemy camp and discloses the plans which Ettayappan has drawn up for the British forces for launching an attack on Panchalamkurichi on the day of the festival at Tiruchendur when Kattabomman and most of the people would be away from the capital. Kattabomman gets prepared to meet the enemy.
On the day of the battle, Vellaiammal pleads Vellaiathevan not to go for fighting because the previous night she has had bad dream and seen evil omens in those dreams. Notwithstanding her entreaties, Vellaiathevan sets out for the battle, and so does Kattabomman. The British win because of their brutal strength. Vellaiathevan is killed, and Vellaiammal kills the man who killed her husband and avenges her husband's death. She falls dead on her husband's corpse.
Kattabomman is wounded in the neck. He is, however saved by his devoted followers, who take him to the adjoining kingdom of Kovilapatti. The old woman who protects the royal brothers, sends the prying soldiers away with a clever ruse. Minister Thanapati misleads the British soldiers who are on the trial of Kattabomman by dressing himself as the chief. From Kovilapatti, Kattabomman and his brother flee to Pudhukottai. Rajah of Pudhukottai, afraid of the British, instructs his men to capture Kattabomman. Kattabomman is captured and taken to the British. The undaunted Kattabomman faces a trial by the British and is hanged.
Cast
- Sivaji Ganesan as Veerapandiya Kattabomman
- Gemini Ganesan as Vellaiyathevan
- Padmini as Vellaiyammal
- S. Varalakshmi as Jakkamma
- O. A. K. Thevar as Oomaithurai
- Ragini as Sundaravadivu
- C. R. Parthibhan as Jackson Durai (Lord Jackson)
- M. R. Santhanam as Thaanapathi Pillai
- A. Karunanidhi as Sundaralingam
- T. P. Muthulakshmi as Kamakshi
- V. K. Ramasamy as Ettappan
- V. R. Rajagopal as Kariappan
- Tambaram Lalitha as Valli
- Javar Seetharaman as Bannerman
- Baby Kanchana as Meena
- S. A. Kannan as Captain Davison
Production
The idea to adapt the life of Veerapandiya Kattabomman into a film occurred to many producers in the late 1940s, just after India's freedom from the British Raj.[3] In 1947, soon after the British left India, a production company announced its intention to produce Kattabommu (named after the rebel's real name), a "mammoth production" which was to star P. U. Chinnappa; it did not materialise.[4]
The concept of Veerapandiya Kattabomman began when Sivaji Ganesan and Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy were travelling via Kayatharu,[b] the place where Kattabomman was hanged.[5] While catching a glimpse of the place, Ganesan expressed a desire of doing a play based on Kattabomman's life, to which Krishnasamy immediately gave his consent and started to write the play. Coincidentally, Sivaji’s first exposure to the world of acting was when he saw a street play on Kattabomman’s life titled Kambalaththaar Kooththu.[5] Krishnasamy completed writing the script for the play in a month's time and the play was launched in Salem on 29 August 1957. Ganesan had invested close to ₹50,000[c] for the play's sets and costume designing. On seeing the play, producer B. R. Panthulu decided to adapt it into a feature film and hired Krishnasamy to write the dialogues.[5] G. Dharmarajan, who was the play's set designer, was selected to be the film's set designer.[7] For the purpose of making the popular play as a film, a "History-Film Format Research Group" was formed under the leadership of Ma. Po. Sivagnanam with Sakthi Krishnasamy, Panthulu, Ganesan, P. A. Kumar, K. Singamuthu and S. Krishnaswamy as members.[8]
Ganesan originally offered the role of the character Vellaiyathevan to S. S. Rajendran, but he declined it due to his commitment with the film Sivagangai Seemai (1959).[9] He later requested actress Savitri to ask her husband Gemini Ganesan to play the role, which she willingly agreed to do despite being pregnant at that time.[9] Padmini, O. A. K. Thevar and V. K. Ramasamy were chosen to play Vellaiyammal, Oomaithurai and Ettappan respectively.[1] S. Varalakshmi was chosen to play Kattabomman's wife Jakkamma, and also worked as a playback singer.[10] C. R. Parthiban played the role of Jackson Durai.[11][2] Kattabomman's daughter in the film, Meena, was a fictional character created by Krishnasamy. The character was based on Krishnasamy's own daughter, Mynavathi, who died when she was five years old.[5] Krishnasamy initially refused to include the scene involving Meena's death as it reminded him of his daughter, but finally did so reluctantly.[5] The character was played by Baby Kanchana.[1]
Shooting for the film took place at Jaipur. With help from Janakaraja – the man in charge of the cavalry division, the production unit of Veerapandiya Kattabomman managed to get hold of the cavalry and soldiers for the shot.[12] Veerapandiya Kattabomman is notable for being the first Tamil film to be shot in Technicolor.[13][14][d] According to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, authors of the book, Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Panthulu introduces the film by adopting director Cecil B. DeMille's tactic of personally introducing the film on camera.[16] During the making of the film, producer S. S. Vasan was also planning to make a film on Kattabomman and was writing a series in his magazine Ananda Vikatan. Ganesan had to personally meet him and request him to drop the plan.[8]
Soundtrack
| Untitled | |
|---|---|
Veerapandiya Kattabomman's original soundtrack album was composed by G. Ramanathan, while the lyrics were written by Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam.[18] The soundtrack album was released on 1 December 1959 under the label of Saregama.[17] The album became a major breakthrough for P. B. Srinivas, then a struggling playback singer, who was recruited by Ramanathan to sing the track "Inbam Pongum Vennila", which was picturised on Gemini Ganesan and Padmini, with P. Susheela.[19] The song "Pogaathe Pogaathe" is based on the Mukhari Raga.[20] Theatre actor K. B. Chellamuthu was the violinist for the songs.[21] "Inbam Pongum Vennila" was remixed by Hiphop Tamizha in the film, Aambala (2015).[22]
According to S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu, "Manam Kanintharul" and "Singara Kanne", both of which were sung by Varalakshmi, "remained all time favourites."[23] On the song, "Pogaathe Pogaathe", singer Charulatha Mani said that it was "a meandering, melancholic Mukhari."[e] She also labelled Ratnamala's singing as "expressive".[20] G. Dhananjayan, in his book, The Best of Tamil Cinema, called the songs "memorable", further stating that they contributed to the film's success.[8]
- Tracklist[17]
All lyrics are written by Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Inbam Pongum Vennila" | P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela | 4:42 |
| 2. | "Maattuvandi Pootikittu" | T. M. Soundararajan, T. V. Rathinam | 2:53 |
| 3. | "Seermevum" | Chorus | 0:42 |
| 4. | "Anjatha Singam" | P. Susheela | 3:26 |
| 5. | "Aathukkulle" | Tiruchi Loganathan, K. Jamuna Rani, V. T. Rajagopal | 3:14 |
| 6. | "Singara Kanne" | S. Varalakshmi | 3:10 |
| 7. | "Karantha Palaiyum" | T. M. Soundararajan | 2:45 |
| 8. | "Takku Takku" | S. Varalakshmi, P. Susheela, A. P. Komala | 3:23 |
| 9. | "Manam Kanintharul (Vetrivadivelane)" | V. N. Sundharam, S. Varalakshmi | 3:21 |
| 10. | "Jakkamma" | Seerkazhi Govindarajan | 3:16 |
| 11. | "Veerathin Chinname" | Seerkazhi Govindarajan | 1:04 |
| 12. | "Pogaathe Pogaathe" | A. G. Ratnamala | 2:40 |
| Total length: | 34:36 | ||
Release
Veerapandiya Kattabomman was released in May 1959, with a final length of 5,512 metres (18,084 ft).[1] It was a commercial success and became a silver jubilee film.[f] The film was dubbed in Hindi as Amar Shaheed in 1960.[16]
Critical reception
Veerapandiya Kattabomman received positive reviews upon release.[25] Ananda Vikatan, in its original review date 24 May 1959, wrote, "[Veerapandiya] Kattabomman will not leave the hearts of the people who have seen it... Sivaji Ganesan has acted so well. This film adds pride to every person born as a Tamilian".[24] L. K. Advani, one of the current senior leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, said, "I have seen the Tamil movie of Veerapandia Kattabomman [sic], acted by Shivaji Ganesan, many times. It is fresh in my memory."[26] Janani Karthik of The Times of India wrote, "Watch this [film] for the legendary actor's performance, something that old-timers remember even today".[27] IndiaGlitz praised Ganesan's performance and mentioned his scene with Parthiban as one of the film's highlights before concluding, "This movie is sure to give you the Goosebumps with Shivaji's powerful acting and a sense of what rebellion and freedom fighting is."[28]
Awards
- 1959: Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Tamil[29]
- For the title role Veerapandiya Kattabomman at the Afro-Asian Festival
- Best Film at Cairo Festival[30]
- G. Ramanathan also won the best music director award in Cairo festival[31]
Historical inaccuracies
Veerapandiya Kattabomman has often been criticised by film historians because of its historical inaccuracies.[32] In 2011, S. Theodore Baskaran said, "Kattabomman was not even a king. His arsenal had just about three to four guns. All this is well-documented, but the film showed just the opposite".[33] Poet Kannadasan said that Kattabomman was not a freedom fighter but a thief, and that he was a Telugu. He also stated that the Maruthu Pandiyars were the real freedom fighters.[8] In his 1997 book Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema, Randor Guy noted that according to East India Company records, Kattabomman (whose "correct name" was Kattabommu) was of Telugu ancestry, and that he was a strong and silent man, not of dash and daring as depicted in the film. Guy also noted that Ganesan portrayed Kattabomman as a "larger-than-life-character, haranguing audiences in a high-flown Tamil replete with literary flourishes", as opposed to the real Kattabomman, who was not fluent in Tamil.[4]
Re-release
In 2012, Raj Television Network announced that they would re-release Veerapandiya Kattabomman as a 3D film in early 2013,[34][35] but that did not materialise.[36] However, in March 2015, they announced that they would release a digital 5.1 surround version of the film, on an unspecified date.[37]
Legacy
The Hindu wrote: "It is no exaggeration to say that Sivaji's heroic outpouring as Veerapandiya Kattabomman is an integral part of the Tamil cultural psyche".[38] Actor Sivakumar stated that "You can’t reproduce movies like ‘Parasakthi,’ ‘Pasamalar,’ ‘Devadas,’ ‘Veerapandiya Kattabomman’ or ‘Ratha Kanneer.[39] Suhasini listed Veerapandiya Kattabomman as her favourite period films in Tamil.[40] An elephant called Vellaiyammal was named after the character from the film.[41]
Notes
- ^ G. Dhananjayan's The Best of Tamil Cinema gives its release date as 6 May 1959,[1] while Mohan V. Raman said that it released on 16 May 1959.[2]
- ^ The author of the article, Mohan V. Raman, does not name the place where Ganesan and Krishnasamy were going to.[5]
- ^ The exchange rate in 1958 was 4.79 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[6]
- ^ Some portions of the film were made in Gevacolor and then converted into Technicolor at London to offer superior quality film prints.[8][15]
- ^ Mukhari here refers to the Raga on which the song is based.[20]
- ^ A Silver Jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 175 days (25 weeks).[24]
References
- ^ a b c d Dhananjayan 2011, p. 182.
- ^ a b Mohan V. Raman (19 July 2009). "Kattabomman". mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Guy 1997, pp. 281–282.
- ^ a b Guy 1997, p. 282.
- ^ a b c d e f Mohan V. Raman (8 April 2013). "The power of the pen". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar". The Economic Times. 24 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ S. Shivapprasadh (26 January 2012). "Art grand and eloquent". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Dhananjayan 2011, p. 183.
- ^ a b Ganesan & Narayanaswami 2007, pp. 120–121.
- ^ "S Varalakshmi passes away". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ Udhav Naig (2 October 2014). "Fans keep the legend alive". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ganesan & Narayanaswami 2007, p. 121.
- ^ Sharadha Narayanan (24 October 2010). "One hundred years of superstardom". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Stories of Indian freedom struggle told through Tamil films". Zee News. IANS. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Malathi Rangarajan (2 February 2012). "A 100 goes unsung". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
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Bibliography
- Dhananjayan, G. (2011). "Veerapandiya Kattabomman". The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976. Galatta Media.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ganesan, Sivaji; Narayana Swamy, T.S. (2007). Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001. Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Guy, Randor (1997). Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema. Amra Pubs.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-5795-8146-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
