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| Xyridion orientalis |(Mill.) Rodion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis Mill. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322196 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]])|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref>}}
| Xyridion orientalis |(Mill.) Rodion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis Mill. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322196 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]])|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref>}}
}}
}}
'''''Iris orientalis''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in ''[[Iris ser. Spuriae|Series Spuriae]]''. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant]], from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as ''Iris ochroleuca'' for a long time. It is commonly known as ''yellow banded Iris'' in USA and ''turkish Iris'' in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries.
It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions.

==Description==
It has short, branching, stout, woody rhizomes.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FNA Vol. 26 Page 374, 394 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101712 |publisher=efloras (Flora of North America) |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lynch> Richard Lynch {{Google books|grvYTul5CSUC|The Book of the Iris|page=85}}</ref><ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapter II iris clump and other (part3) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie3-106518511.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref> They can be up to 1.5cm in diameter.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=bonaerense>{{cite web |title=White lily (Iris orientalis) |date=25 April 2014 |url=http://florabonaerense.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/lirio-blanco-iris-orientalis.html |publisher=florabonaerense.blogspot.co.uk |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> Underneath, they have fleshy roots.<ref name=efloras/>

Over a long period, they can form large clumps of plants.<ref name=Beardless>{{cite web |title=Beardless Irises Two |date=18 December 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/BeardlessIrisesTwo |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=beardless2>{{cite web |first=Angelo |last=Porcelli |title=Beardless Irises Two |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/BeardlessIrisesTwo |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=herbs>{{cite web |title=Spuria Irises |url=http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_ispuria.htm |publisher=herbs2000 |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=seasonal>{{cite web |title=Turkish Iris |url=http://www.seasonalwildflowers.com/may/turkish-iris.html |publisher=seasonalwildflowers.com |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

It has basal leaves,<ref name=perennials>{{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=Phillips |first2=Martyn |last2=Rix |title=Perennials Vol. 1 |page=188 |year=1991 |publisher=Pan Books Ltd. |isbn=9780330327749}}</ref><ref name=efloras/><ref name=spuria>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Mathew |authorlink=Brian Mathew |title=I. orientalis Miller (Syn. I. ochroleuca) |date=1989 |url=http://www.spuriairis.com/i_orientalis.htm |publisher=spuriairis.com |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=bonaerense/> that are erect, between deep green and dark green, stiff and (lanceolate) sword-like.<ref name=american>{{cite web|first=Terry |last=Laurin | title=(SPEC) Iris orientalis Miller |date=20 October 2014 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecOrientalis |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=seasonal/>
They can grow up to {{convert|60|-|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1-2cm wide.<ref name=perennials><ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=herbs/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=European>Stuart Max Walters (Editors) {{Google books|1dd5M-ToXAcC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2003) |page=348}}</ref><ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=spuria/>
The leaves are not usually as long as the flowering stems.<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |edition=Revised | title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref><ref name=herbs/>

The flower stalk begins to grows in April and then reaches maturity in May.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

The solid, slightly flattened stems,<ref name=efloras/> about 1-cm wide,<ref name=american/> can generally grow up to between {{convert|40|-|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=american/><ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=D |last=Kramb |title=Iris orientalis |date=9 November 2003 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-orientalis |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=European/> <ref name=Lynch/><ref name=Bricknell> Christopher Brickell (Editor) {{Google books|SrKI3yLz4ZQC RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (5th Edition 2010)|page=612}}</ref><ref name=spuria/><ref name=stebbings>{{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url= |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=61 |isbn=0715305395 }}</ref><ref name=perennials/><ref name=efloras/>

Although, larger forms are known to be much bigger, growing up to between {{convert|90|-|170|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=herbs/><ref name=Beardless/><ref name=daves>{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Spuria Iris Iris orientalis |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55294/#b |publisher=davesgarden.com |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=beardless2/><ref name=legacy>{{cite web |title=Legacy Bulbs Six |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/LegacyBulbsSix |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=kirkegaard>John Kirkegaard {{Google books| F5M2Jsv2i0MC| A Practical Handbook of Trees, Shrubs, Vines, and Herbaceous Perennials (1912)|page=218}}</ref><ref name=seasonal/><ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web|first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf| format=pdf| publisher=worldtracker.org |accessdate=21 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=cassidy/>
It has normally 1 or more short branches.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=European/><ref name=kirkegaard/><ref name=spuria/><ref name=Bricknell/>

The stems have 2-3 [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud),<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=american/><ref name=bonaerense/> which are papery (in form) and {{convert|9|-12|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=american/><ref name=spuria/><ref name=European/><ref name=efloras/>

The stems (and branches) hold 2-5 terminal (top of stem) flowers, which open in succession, blooming in late spring,<ref name=Bricknell/> or summer,<ref name=European/><ref name=legacy/> between May and July.<ref name=perennials/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=legacy/><ref name=kirkegaard/><ref name=seasonal/><ref name=ClaireAustin/>

The large flowers are {{convert|8|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=spuria/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=american/><ref name=European/><ref name=Bricknell/> and are white or near-white.<ref name=daves/><ref name=spuria/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=signa/><ref name=herbs/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=European/><ref name=legacy/><ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=Bricknell/><ref name=seasonal/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=cassidy/>

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are spreading, arching downwards, with a large egg-yolk yellow central area.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=spuria/><ref name=american/><ref name=signa/><ref name=herbs/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=European/><ref name=legacy/><ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=Bricknell/><ref name=seasonal/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=cassidy/> They are {{convert|8|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 3-6cm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=spuria/><ref name=american/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=European/><ref name=bonaerense/>
The standards are erect, spatulate (spoon-like), with a yellow centre section surrounded in white.<ref name=spuria/><ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=bonaerense/> They are {{convert|4|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1-1.5cm wide.<ref name=american/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=European/>

The flowers are pollinated by insects.<ref name=bonaerense/>

It has 1-2.5cm long, white, funnel-form or cup shaped perianth tube,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=Lynch/> {{convert|4|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, white style branches,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=american/><ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=spuria/> and 2 lobed stigmas.<ref name=efloras/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid to oblong-elliptic, triangular in cross section, seed capsule, {{convert|4|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2-2.5cm wide, with a beaked top.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=bonaerense/> The brown seed capsule has 2 ribs.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=bonaerense/>

Inside the seed capsule, are 2 rows of papery, wrinkled, white, flattened or wedged-shaped seeds, that are 4-5mm across.<ref name=efloras/>

===Biochemistry===
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>
It has been counted several times.2n=39-40, Simonet in 1932 and 2n-40 by Lenz in 1963.<ref name=american/>

It has been listed as 2n=39,<ref name=irisbotanique/> or 2n=40.<ref name=efloras/>

In 2012, five Iris species (''[[Iris pseudacorus]]'', ''[[Iris crocea]]'', ''[[Iris spuria]]'', ''Iris orientalis'' and ''[[Iris ensata]]'') were studied, to measure the [[flavonoid]]s and [[Phenols|phenolics]] content with the rhizomes. ''Iris pseudacorus'' had the highest content and ''Iris crocea'' had the lowest content.
<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaššak |first=Pavol |date=13 September 2012 |title=Total Flavonoids And Phenolics Content Of The Chosen Genus Iris Species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260080119 |journal=Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis |publisher= |volume=60 |issue= |pages=119–126 |doi= |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (''Iris crocea'', ''Iris ensata'', ''Iris orientalis'', ''Iris pseudacorus'', ''[[Iris setosa]]'', ''[[Iris sibirica]]'' with its cultivars ´Supernatural´ and ´Whiskey White´, ''[[Iris spuria]]'' and ''[[Iris versicolor]]'') were studied to find 12 chemical compounds (flavonoids, phenols, [[quinone]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[saponin]]s, [[cardiac glycoside]]s, [[terpenoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[steroid]]s, [[glycoside]]s and [[proteins]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Pavol |last=Kaššák |date=2014 |title=Screening of the chemical content of several Limniris group Irises |url=http://www.phytojournal.com/vol3Issue2/Issue_jul_2014/7.1.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |publisher= |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=11–14 |doi= |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

== Taxonomy==
''Iris orientalis'' is pronounced as 'EYE-ris (Iris) or-ee-en-TAY-liss (Orientalis).<ref name=daves/>

It has several common names including; ''yellow band iris'' (in America),<ref name=legacy/><ref name=bonaerense/><ref name=kirkegaard/><ref>{{cite web |first=Billy |last=Goodnick |title=Alice By Morning Light: Rays of Optimism |date=16 April 2011 |url=http://www.edhat.com/site/tidbit.cfm?nid=53147 |publisher=edhat.com |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> ''oriental iris'',<ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=title=Taxon: Iris orientalis Mill. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20375 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=wild>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis |url=http://www.wildstaudenzauber.de/Stauden/iris_orientalis.htm |publisher=wildstaudenzauber.de |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> ''turkish Iris'' in the UK,<ref name=grin/><ref name=bonaerense/><ref>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis Mill. |url=http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Iris+orientalis&flags=col1:&res=320 |publisher=discoverlife.org |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=seasonal/><ref name=rhs>{{cite web|title=Iris orientalis Mill. |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9324/Iris-orientalis-Mill/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> ''eastern iris'',<ref name=bonaerense/> and ''russian beauty iris''.<ref name=wild/>

It is also known as ''gullbandsiris'' in [[Sweden]].<ref name=grin/>

It was first published and described by [[Philip Miller]] in [[The Gardeners Dictionary]], ed.8. no9. on the 16 April 1768.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iridaceae Iris orientalis Mill. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438932-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/>

In 1788, [[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]], table 61, described ''Iris orientalis'' using the name ''Iris ochroleuca''.<ref name=american/> This was the start of the confusion between the 2 irises.<ref name=Lynch/><ref name=beardless2/><ref name=ClaireAustin/> Because ''Iris ochroleuce'' was published later (by [[Linnaeus]] in 1771<ref name=cassidy/>), it is deemed unacceptable under the International Rules of Nomenclature.<ref name=spuria/> Later, ''Iris ochroleuca'' was classified as a synonym of ''Iris orientalis''.<ref name=plantlist/>

An illustration of ''Iris orientalis'' was in Botanical Mag.61 in 1793.<ref name=European/>

It has been mistakenly thought to be a Japanese Iris, due to the name 'orientalis'.<ref>Benjamin Yoe Morrison {{Google books| Es_Cv3u8HbEC|Garden irises (1926)|page=32}}</ref>

The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''orientalis'' refers to 'eastern' but sometimes is also translated as 'from the Orient'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3310 nzpcn.org.nz |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | page=236 | isbn=0304937215}}</ref>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003.<ref name=grin/>

''Iris orientalis'' is an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=rhs/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Iris orientalis'' is [[native plant|native]] to [[Asia Minor]].<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=wild/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=bonaerense/>

===Range===
It is found in Turkey,<ref name=grin/><ref name=signa/><ref name=Beardless/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=European/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=beardless2/><ref name=legacy/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=ClaireAustin/> and within south-eastern [[Europe]], in [[Greece]],<ref name=grin/><ref name=signa/><ref name=Beardless/><ref name=European/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=beardless2/><ref name=legacy/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=spuria/><ref name=bonaerense/> and [[Aegean Islands]],<ref name=grin/><ref name=signa/> ([[Lesbos]] and [[Samos]]).<ref name=perennials/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=spuria/>

It is found in Greece near [[Alexandropoulos]] and within Turkey, east to [[Kayseri]].<ref name=perennials/>
It was once found by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in the marshes to the west of [[Smyrna]], in Greece.<ref name=Lynch/>

One reference mentions [[Syria]], but this may mean a cultivated region not native.<ref name=Lynch/>

It has been [[naturalized]] in California, Connecticut, Missouri (in the USA), along roadsides,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=legacy/> and in old farms in Southern [[Italy]],<ref name=beardless2>
and in [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name=spuria/>
It has also naturalized in the UK, found on the edges of woodlands and in grasslands of the [[New Forest]] and around [[Abbotsbury]] in [[Dorset]].<ref name=seasonal/>
The rivers of the [[Balkans]] are known for a diverse range of plants including ''Iris orientalis'' in [[Maritsa|Evros River delta]].<ref>Klement Tockner, Urs Uehlinger, Christopher T. Robinson {{Google books|GDmX5XKkQCcC |Rivers of Europe|page=468}}</ref>

===Habitat===
''Iris orientalis'' grows on [[saline]] marshy lands,<ref name=herbs/><ref name=Lynch/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=spuria/> including damp meadows,<ref name=perennials/><ref name=irisbotanique/> and ditches<ref name=perennials/> or irrigation channels.<ref name=spuria/>

It grows at altitudes of between l50-1400 metres above sea level.<ref name=perennials/><ref name=spuria/>

==Cultivation==
It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to between [[USDA]] Zone 4a and 9b. Between (-34.4 °C (-30 °F) to -3.8 °C (25 °F)).<ref name=daves/>
It is also hardy to WHZ 4-9,<ref name=legacy/> and within Europe H2.<ref name=European/> The leaves often survive the winter.<ref name=Bricknell/>
Due to this hardiness it is assumed fairly 'easy' to grow.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=spuria/>

Although native to saline soils, it is tolerant of many garden soils.<ref name=spuria/><ref name=daves/>

It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade.<ref name=spuria/><ref name=daves/>

Sometimes [[slug]]s can be a pest, and can nibble on the young shoots.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

It sometimes can take several years to start flowering again after being moved.<ref name=perennials/>
But once it is 'settled', it can develop into a large round clump.<ref name=beardless2/>

It is very widely grown and cultivated in gardens, parks and plazas.<ref name=bonaerense/>

It also could be grown within an [[orchard]] and is also good for use within a [[cutting garden]].<ref name=cassidy/>

==Propagation==
It can also be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing, after allowing the capsules to mature and then break to release the seeds.<ref name=daves/>

==Toxicity==
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref name=daves/>

==Uses==
It has been listed with ''[[Iris paradoxa]]'' and ''[[Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica]]'' as a suitable [[halophyte]] crop.<ref>M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors){{Google books|99csBAAAQBAJ|Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 |page=124}}</ref>

==Hybrids and Cultivars==
''Iris orientalis'' has been extensively used in creating various hardy cultivars, due to its 'tough' nature.<ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=irisbotanique/>

A well known cultivar is 'Shelford Giant',<ref name=beardless2/> an extra large clone,<ref name=stebbings/><ref name=perennials/> which was found near [[Ephesus]] (in Greece).<ref name=perennials/>
Published by Foster in 1913.<ref name=shelford>{{cite web| title=PlantFiles: Spuria Iris Iris spuria 'Shelford Giant' |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/33397/#b |publisher=davesgarden.com |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>It has long, erect, strap-like leaves that are evergreen and can survive the winter.<ref name=plantadvise>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis ‘Shelford Giant’ |url=http://www.plantadvice.co.uk/plants/perennials/iris-orientalis-shelford-giant/122 |publisher=plantadvice.co.uk |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> It has stems that grow up to 2m tall.<ref name=perennials/><ref name=shelford/> In early summer,<ref name=shelford/><ref name=plantadvise/> it produces yellow and white flowers,<ref name=plantadvise/> that are 6-8cm in width.<ref name=shelford/> The falls have a deeper yellow central patch.<ref name=shelford/>
It has gained the RHS's [[Award of Garden Merit]] (RHS AGM)<ref name=rhsaccepted/>

Another cultivar is 'Frigia', introduced in 1990 by [[Rodionenko]] from [[St. Petersburg]].<ref name=wild/> It has tall stems with up to 5 pure white flowers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris orientalis 'FRIGIA' - Quilting Sword lily |url=http://www.allgaeustauden.de/ |publisher=allgaeustauden.de |accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref> It is vigorous and hardy but should not be transplanted too often.<ref name=wild/>

Iris orientalis has had the following registered American cultivars: 'Canari', 'Copa D'ora', 'Ochroleuca Double', 'Ochroleuca Ephesus', 'Ochroleuca Gigantea', 'Ochroleuca Innocence', 'Ochroleuca Queen Victoria', 'Ochroleuca Reflex', 'Ochroleuca Snowflake', 'Ochroleuca Sulphurea', 'Ochroleucha Warei', 'Rocky Mountain Park', 'Yellow Crest'.<ref name=american/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
*Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
*Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
*Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
*Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
*Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 114–115.

{{Commons category-inline|Iris orientalis}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris orientalis}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|orientalis]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1768]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkey]]
[[Category:Flora of Greece]]

Revision as of 10:34, 20 February 2015

Iris orientalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Scorpiris
Series:
series Spuriae
Species:
Iris orientalis
Binomial name
Iris orientalis
Synonyms
  • Chamaeiris longipedicellata (Czeczott) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris monnieri (DC.) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris orientalis (Mill.) M.B.Crespo
  • Iris albida Davidov
  • Iris gigantea Carrière
  • Iris longipedicellata Czeczott
  • Iris monnieri DC.
  • Iris ochroleuca L.
  • Iris spuria subsp. monnieri (DC.) Dykes
  • Iris spuria var. ochroleuca (L.) Sims
  • Iris spuria subsp. ochroleuca (L.) Dykes
  • Xiphion monnieri (DC.) Alef.
  • Xiphion ochroleucum (L.) Alef. [Illegitimate]
  • Xyridion monnieri (DC.) Klatt
  • Xyridion ochroleucum (L.) Klatt
  • Xyridion orientalis (Mill.) Rodion.[1]

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in Series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded Iris in USA and turkish Iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It has short, branching, stout, woody rhizomes.[2][3][4] They can be up to 1.5cm in diameter.[2][5] Underneath, they have fleshy roots.[2]

Over a long period, they can form large clumps of plants.[6][4][7][8][9]

It has basal leaves,[10][2][11][5] that are erect, between deep green and dark green, stiff and (lanceolate) sword-like.[12][2][4][5][9] They can grow up to 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long and 1-2cm wide.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[5][11] The leaves are not usually as long as the flowering stems.[13][8]

The flower stalk begins to grows in April and then reaches maturity in May.[4]

The solid, slightly flattened stems,[2] about 1-cm wide,[12] can generally grow up to between 40–90 cm (16–35 in) long.[12][14][15][16] [3][17][11][18][10][2]

Although, larger forms are known to be much bigger, growing up to between 90–170 cm (35–67 in) long.[2][8][6][19][7][20][21][9][22][13] It has normally 1 or more short branches.[2][16][21][11][17]

The stems have 2-3 spathes (leaves of the flower bud),[3][12][5] which are papery (in form) and 9 -12[convert: unknown unit] long.[5][12][11][16][2]

The stems (and branches) hold 2-5 terminal (top of stem) flowers, which open in succession, blooming in late spring,[17] or summer,[16][20] between May and July.[10][2][4][20][21][9][22]

The large flowers are 8–10 cm (3–4 in) in diameter,[11][10][12][16][17] and are white or near-white.[19][11][2][14][8][15][3][4][16][20][5][17][9][18][22][13]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[22] The falls are spreading, arching downwards, with a large egg-yolk yellow central area.[2][11][12][14][8][15][3][4][16][20][5][17][9][18][22][13] They are 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long and 3-6cm wide.[2][11][12][3][16][5] The standards are erect, spatulate (spoon-like), with a yellow centre section surrounded in white.[11][12][2][3][5] They are 4–8 cm (2–3 in) long and 1-1.5cm wide.[12][2][3][16]

The flowers are pollinated by insects.[5]

It has 1-2.5cm long, white, funnel-form or cup shaped perianth tube,[2][3] 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long, white style branches,[2][12][5][3][11] and 2 lobed stigmas.[2]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid to oblong-elliptic, triangular in cross section, seed capsule, 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 2-2.5cm wide, with a beaked top.[2][3][5] The brown seed capsule has 2 ribs.[2][3][5]

Inside the seed capsule, are 2 rows of papery, wrinkled, white, flattened or wedged-shaped seeds, that are 4-5mm across.[2]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[22] It has been counted several times.2n=39-40, Simonet in 1932 and 2n-40 by Lenz in 1963.[12]

It has been listed as 2n=39,[4] or 2n=40.[2]

In 2012, five Iris species (Iris pseudacorus, Iris crocea, Iris spuria, Iris orientalis and Iris ensata) were studied, to measure the flavonoids and phenolics content with the rhizomes. Iris pseudacorus had the highest content and Iris crocea had the lowest content. [23]

In 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris orientalis, Iris pseudacorus, Iris setosa, Iris sibirica with its cultivars ´Supernatural´ and ´Whiskey White´, Iris spuria and Iris versicolor) were studied to find 12 chemical compounds (flavonoids, phenols, quinones, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and proteins.[24]

Taxonomy

Iris orientalis is pronounced as 'EYE-ris (Iris) or-ee-en-TAY-liss (Orientalis).[19]

It has several common names including; yellow band iris (in America),[20][5][21][25] oriental iris,[26][27] turkish Iris in the UK,[26][5][28][9][29] eastern iris,[5] and russian beauty iris.[27]

It is also known as gullbandsiris in Sweden.[26]

It was first published and described by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary, ed.8. no9. on the 16 April 1768.[30][2][26]

In 1788, Curtis's Botanical Magazine, table 61, described Iris orientalis using the name Iris ochroleuca.[12] This was the start of the confusion between the 2 irises.[3][7][22] Because Iris ochroleuce was published later (by Linnaeus in 1771[13]), it is deemed unacceptable under the International Rules of Nomenclature.[11] Later, Iris ochroleuca was classified as a synonym of Iris orientalis.[31]

An illustration of Iris orientalis was in Botanical Mag.61 in 1793.[16]

It has been mistakenly thought to be a Japanese Iris, due to the name 'orientalis'.[32]

The Latin specific epithet orientalis refers to 'eastern' but sometimes is also translated as 'from the Orient'.[33][34]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.[26]

Iris orientalis is an accepted name by the RHS.[29]

Distribution and habitat

Iris orientalis is native to Asia Minor.[4][27][3][5]

Range

It is found in Turkey,[26][14][6][10][16][2][7][20][29][13][22] and within south-eastern Europe, in Greece,[26][14][6][16][2][7][20][29][22][11][5] and Aegean Islands,[26][14] (Lesbos and Samos).[10][22][11]

It is found in Greece near Alexandropoulos and within Turkey, east to Kayseri.[10] It was once found by Pierre Edmond Boissier in the marshes to the west of Smyrna, in Greece.[3]

One reference mentions Syria, but this may mean a cultivated region not native.[3]

It has been naturalized in California, Connecticut, Missouri (in the USA), along roadsides,[2][20] and in old farms in Southern Italy,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Habitat

Iris orientalis grows on saline marshy lands,[8][3][18][11] including damp meadows,[10][4] and ditches[10] or irrigation channels.[11]

It grows at altitudes of between l50-1400 metres above sea level.[10][11]

Cultivation

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4a and 9b. Between (-34.4 °C (-30 °F) to -3.8 °C (25 °F)).[19] It is also hardy to WHZ 4-9,[20] and within Europe H2.[16] The leaves often survive the winter.[17] Due to this hardiness it is assumed fairly 'easy' to grow.[4][11]

Although native to saline soils, it is tolerant of many garden soils.[11][19]

It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade.[11][19]

Sometimes slugs can be a pest, and can nibble on the young shoots.[4]

It sometimes can take several years to start flowering again after being moved.[10] But once it is 'settled', it can develop into a large round clump.[7]

It is very widely grown and cultivated in gardens, parks and plazas.[5]

It also could be grown within an orchard and is also good for use within a cutting garden.[13]

Propagation

It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing, after allowing the capsules to mature and then break to release the seeds.[19]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[19]

Uses

It has been listed with Iris paradoxa and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica as a suitable halophyte crop.[35]

Hybrids and Cultivars

Iris orientalis has been extensively used in creating various hardy cultivars, due to its 'tough' nature.[22][4]

A well known cultivar is 'Shelford Giant',[7] an extra large clone,[18][10] which was found near Ephesus (in Greece).[10] Published by Foster in 1913.[36]It has long, erect, strap-like leaves that are evergreen and can survive the winter.[37] It has stems that grow up to 2m tall.[10][36] In early summer,[36][37] it produces yellow and white flowers,[37] that are 6-8cm in width.[36] The falls have a deeper yellow central patch.[36] It has gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit (RHS AGM)[38]

Another cultivar is 'Frigia', introduced in 1990 by Rodionenko from St. Petersburg.[27] It has tall stems with up to 5 pure white flowers.[39] It is vigorous and hardy but should not be transplanted too often.[27]

Iris orientalis has had the following registered American cultivars: 'Canari', 'Copa D'ora', 'Ochroleuca Double', 'Ochroleuca Ephesus', 'Ochroleuca Gigantea', 'Ochroleuca Innocence', 'Ochroleuca Queen Victoria', 'Ochroleuca Reflex', 'Ochroleuca Snowflake', 'Ochroleuca Sulphurea', 'Ochroleucha Warei', 'Rocky Mountain Park', 'Yellow Crest'.[12]

References

  1. ^ "Iris orientalis Mill. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "FNA Vol. 26 Page 374, 394". efloras (Flora of North America). Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris, p. 85, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "White lily (Iris orientalis)". florabonaerense.blogspot.co.uk. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d "Beardless Irises Two". pacificbulbsociety.org. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |date= at position 3 (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Porcelli, Angelo. "Beardless Irises Two". pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Spuria Irises". herbs2000. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Turkish Iris". seasonalwildflowers.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 188. ISBN 9780330327749.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Mathew, Brian (1989). "I. orientalis Miller (Syn. I. ochroleuca)". spuriairis.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Laurin, Terry (20 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris orientalis Miller". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Kramb, D (9 November 2003). "Iris orientalis". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  15. ^ a b c "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cite error: The named reference European was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Christopher Brickell (Editor) RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (5th Edition 2010)&pg=PA612 Iris orientalis, p. 612, at Google Books
  18. ^ a b c d e Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 61. ISBN 0715305395.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h "PlantFiles: Spuria Iris Iris orientalis". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Legacy Bulbs Six". pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  21. ^ a b c d John Kirkegaard A Practical Handbook of Trees, Shrubs, Vines, and Herbaceous Perennials (1912), p. 218, at Google Books
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Austin, Claire. "Irises A Garden Encyclopedia" (pdf). worldtracker.org. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  23. ^ Kaššak, Pavol (13 September 2012). "Total Flavonoids And Phenolics Content Of The Chosen Genus Iris Species". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 60: 119–126. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  24. ^ Kaššák, Pavol (2014). "Screening of the chemical content of several Limniris group Irises" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3 (2): 11–14. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  25. ^ Goodnick, Billy (16 April 2011). "Alice By Morning Light: Rays of Optimism". edhat.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h "title=Taxon: Iris orientalis Mill". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  27. ^ a b c d e "Iris orientalis". wildstaudenzauber.de. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Iris orientalis Mill". discoverlife.org. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  29. ^ a b c d "Iris orientalis Mill". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  30. ^ "Iridaceae Iris orientalis Mill". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 12 February 2015. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 10 (help)
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference plantlist was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Benjamin Yoe Morrison Garden irises (1926), p. 32, at Google Books
  33. ^ "Iris orientalis url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3310 nzpcn.org.nz". {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  34. ^ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). p. 236. ISBN 0304937215.
  35. ^ M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors)Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 , p. 124, at Google Books
  36. ^ a b c d e "PlantFiles: Spuria Iris Iris spuria 'Shelford Giant'". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 24 (help)
  37. ^ a b c "Iris orientalis 'Shelford Giant'". plantadvice.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference rhsaccepted was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ "Iris orientalis 'FRIGIA' - Quilting Sword lily". allgaeustauden.de. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

Other sources

  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
  • Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  • Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 114–115.

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