Leszek II the Black: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name =Leszek II the Black |
| name =Leszek II the Black |
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| image = |
| image =Leszek Czarny.jpg |
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| caption =19th century portrait by [[Jan Matejko]] |
| caption =19th century portrait by [[Jan Matejko]]. |
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| succession =[[List of Polish monarchs|High Duke of Poland]] |
| succession =[[List of Polish monarchs|High Duke of Poland]] |
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| predecessor =[[Bolesław V the Chaste]] |
| predecessor =[[Bolesław V the Chaste]] |
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| successor1 =[[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] |
| successor1 =[[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] |
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| reign1 =1261–1288 |
| reign1 =1261–1288 |
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| succession2 =[[ |
| succession2 =[[Inowrocław|Duke of Inowrocław]] |
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| predecessor2 =[[Bolesław the Pious]] |
| predecessor2 =[[Bolesław the Pious]] |
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| successor2 =[[Ziemomysł of Kuyavia|Ziemomysł]] |
| successor2 =[[Ziemomysł of Kuyavia|Ziemomysł]] |
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| place of burial = |
| place of burial = |
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|}} |
|}} |
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'''Leszek II the Black''' ({{Lang-pl|'''Leszek Czarny'''}} |
'''Leszek II the Black''' ({{Lang-pl|'''Leszek Czarny'''}}; c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince member of the [[House of Piast]], Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of [[Łęczyca]] since 1267, Duke of [[Inowrocław]] during 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and [[List of Polish monarchs|High Duke]] of Poland since 1279. |
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== Life == |
== Life == |
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| ⚫ | Leszek |
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| ⚫ | |||
In 1261, Leszek's father, stuck in an ongoing conflict with Duke [[Bolesław the Pious]] of [[Duchy of Greater Poland|Greater Poland]], had to cede the [[Duchy of Sieradz]] to Leszek. Though he was the eldest son, the Duchy of [[Kuyavia]] proper passed to his younger brother [[Ziemomysł of Kuyavia|Ziemomysł]] after their father's death in 1267. Leszek himself was designated to succeed [[Bolesław V the Chaste]], cousin of his father, as High Duke in the [[Seniorate Province]] of [[Kraków]]. After Ziemomysł was expelled by Bolesław the Pious due to his alliance with the [[Pomerelia]]n duke [[Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania|Sambor II]], Leszek also became Duke of Kuyavia in 1273, but allowed his brother to return five years later. |
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===Birth and nickname. Early Years=== |
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Leszek assumed the throne of Kraków in 1279. During his reign, [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] forces led by [[Nogai Khan]] invaded Poland for the third time in 1287. |
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| ⚫ | Leszek II was the eldest son of [[Casimir I of Kuyavia|Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia]] and his second wife [[Constance of Wrocław|Constance]], daughter of [[Henry II the Pious]] from the [[Silesian Piasts|Silesian]] branch of the Piast dynasty. His nickname, ''Black'' (Latin: ''Niger'') appears for the first time in the 14th century ''Kronika Dzierzwy'', and was probably given to him for his dark hair. |
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He married [[Gryfina, High Duchess consort of Poland|Gryfina]], daughter of the [[Rurik Dynasty|Rurikid]] prince [[Rostislav Mikhailovich]], who was received at the court of King [[Béla IV of Hungary]]. The monarch later gave one of his daughters as wife to Rostislav and entrusted to him the administration of the region of Slavonia in the Hungarian Medieval Kingdom. The marriage of Leszek and Gryfina turned out to be an unhappy one, as she publicly accused her husband of never having consummated it. The couple had no children, and eventually were forced to escape to Hungary during a Tatar invasion. |
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In 1257 his mother died, and shortly after his father married for the third time with [[Euphrosyne of Opole|Euphrosyne]], daughter of [[Casimir I of Opole]]. Leszek's stepmother soon caused conflicts in the family with her attempts to obtain territorial benefits for her own children (the eldest of them was the future Polish king [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]]) in detriment of Leszek and his young full-brother [[Ziemomysł of Kuyavia|Ziemomysł]]; some chronicles even accused Euphrosyne of attempting to poisoning both princes, however this wasn't proved. |
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===Rebellion against his father=== |
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Leszek II and Ziemomysł rebelled against their father and stepmother in 1261 (although the participation of Ziemomysł is debated in historiography). The revolt initially failed because the local nobility, dissatisfied with their adventurous policy, retired their support; however, thanks to the help of the coalition formed with [[Bolesław V the Chaste]], [[Siemowit I of Masovia]] and [[Bolesław the Pious]], Leszek II eventually forced his father to gave him the district of [[Sieradz]] as a separate Duchy. |
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===Duke of Sieradz=== |
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Leszek II rule as Duke of Sieradz lasted from 1261 until 1279. His new duchy was formed with one of the less populated lands in the country. Only the colonization policy whom he pursued (including the foundation of cities like [[Nowa Brzeźnica]], [[Lutomiersk]], [[Wolbórz]] and [[Radomsko]]) and the close cooperation with the Church, slowly changed the image of the district. |
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In 1267 Casimir I died, leaving his domains to his five sons. Leszek II, as the oldest son and already in possession of Sieradz, only took [[Łęczyca]]. One year later, the citizens of [[Inowrocław]] rebelled against the pro-German policy of Ziemomysł and called Bolesław the Pious be their new ruler; however Ziemomysł managed to kept the government until 1271, when Bolesław finally invaded the Duchy, forcing Ziemomysł to escape. He kept the district for two years, until 1273, when Bolesław gave the district to Leszek II, who unexpectedly became also in Duke of Inowrocław. His government over this land lasted until 1278, when after a meeting at [[Ląd, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Ląd]] on 24 August, and thanks to the mediation of [[Przemysł II]] of Greater Poland, Leszek II returned the Duchy to his brother. |
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===Adoption by Bolesław V the Chaste. Marital conflicts=== |
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After Leszek II obtained his political independence in 1261, he rapidly established good relations with Bolesław V the Chaste, ruler of Kraków and Sandomierz. The two princes meet for the first time in 1260, on occasion of the expedition against the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], which is part of a broader action during the Hungarian-Bohemian War for the [[House of Babenberg|Babenberg]] inheritance. Leszek II's participation in the war against Bohemia and his allies ([[HenryK IV Probus]] and [[Władysław Opolski]]) continued in later year, with particular intensity during 1271-1273. |
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The childleness of Bolesław V and close cooperation with Leszek II resulted in the latter expectation to become his heir. The document of adoption was issued in 1265; eight years later, Władysław Opolski organized a military expedition to Kraków, because he refused to accept the adoption. On 4 June 1273 took place the Battle of [[Bogucin Mały]], where the Opole-Racibórz army was defeated. At the end of October, Bolesław V made a retaliatory expedition against Opole-Racibórz; however, the forces were limited only to destroy specific areas of the duchy. In 1274 Władysław and Bolesław V the Chaste decided to conclude a peace, under which the Duke of Opole-Racibórz gave up his claims over the throne of Kraków in exchange of some territory adjacent to his Duchy, and stretching as far as the [[Skawinka]] river. |
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| ⚫ | |||
In 1265 Leszek II married with [[Gryfina of Halych|Gryfina]] (also named Agrippina), daughter of the [[Rurik Dynasty|Rurikid]] prince [[Rostislav Mikhailovich]], [[Ban of Slavonia]] and [[Banate of Macsó|Duke of Macsó]]. The union was completely unhappy; in 1271 erupted the scandal when she fled to Kraków and publicly accussed her husband of impotence, and for this their marriage was never consummated. |
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The reconciliation of the couple took place only four years later, due to the intervention of Bolesław V the Chaste and his wife [[Kinga of Poland|Kinga]]; Gryfina returned with her husband on 6 August 1275. Leszek II then decided to follow a treatment of the well-known doctor Mikołaj of Kraków. His prescription included ate frogs and snakes, because of which -as was stated on the ''Rocznik Traski''- "the lack of offspring caused into a great abomination in the nation". Ultimately, Leszek II and Gryfina never had children. |
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==Ancestry== |
==Ancestry== |
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| Leszek II the Black | |
|---|---|
 19th century portrait by Jan Matejko. | |
| High Duke of Poland | |
| Reign | 1279–1288 |
| Predecessor | Bolesław V the Chaste |
| Successor | Henryk IV Probus |
| Duke of Sieradz | |
| Reign | 1261–1288 |
| Predecessor | Casimir I of Kuyavia |
| Successor | Władysław I the Elbow-high |
| Duke of Inowrocław | |
| Reign | 1273–1278 |
| Predecessor | Bolesław the Pious |
| Successor | Ziemomysł |
| Born | c. 1241 Brześć Kujawski |
| Died | 30 September 1288 Kraków |
| Spouse | Gryfina |
| House | House of Piast |
| Father | Casimir I of Kuyavia |
| Mother | Constance of Wrocław |
Leszek II the Black (Polish: Leszek Czarny; c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1267, Duke of Inowrocław during 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland since 1279.
Life
Birth and nickname. Early Years
Leszek II was the eldest son of Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia and his second wife Constance, daughter of Henry II the Pious from the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty. His nickname, Black (Latin: Niger) appears for the first time in the 14th century Kronika Dzierzwy, and was probably given to him for his dark hair.
In 1257 his mother died, and shortly after his father married for the third time with Euphrosyne, daughter of Casimir I of Opole. Leszek's stepmother soon caused conflicts in the family with her attempts to obtain territorial benefits for her own children (the eldest of them was the future Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high) in detriment of Leszek and his young full-brother Ziemomysł; some chronicles even accused Euphrosyne of attempting to poisoning both princes, however this wasn't proved.
Rebellion against his father
Leszek II and Ziemomysł rebelled against their father and stepmother in 1261 (although the participation of Ziemomysł is debated in historiography). The revolt initially failed because the local nobility, dissatisfied with their adventurous policy, retired their support; however, thanks to the help of the coalition formed with Bolesław V the Chaste, Siemowit I of Masovia and Bolesław the Pious, Leszek II eventually forced his father to gave him the district of Sieradz as a separate Duchy.
Duke of Sieradz
Leszek II rule as Duke of Sieradz lasted from 1261 until 1279. His new duchy was formed with one of the less populated lands in the country. Only the colonization policy whom he pursued (including the foundation of cities like Nowa Brzeźnica, Lutomiersk, Wolbórz and Radomsko) and the close cooperation with the Church, slowly changed the image of the district.
In 1267 Casimir I died, leaving his domains to his five sons. Leszek II, as the oldest son and already in possession of Sieradz, only took Łęczyca. One year later, the citizens of Inowrocław rebelled against the pro-German policy of Ziemomysł and called Bolesław the Pious be their new ruler; however Ziemomysł managed to kept the government until 1271, when Bolesław finally invaded the Duchy, forcing Ziemomysł to escape. He kept the district for two years, until 1273, when Bolesław gave the district to Leszek II, who unexpectedly became also in Duke of Inowrocław. His government over this land lasted until 1278, when after a meeting at Ląd on 24 August, and thanks to the mediation of Przemysł II of Greater Poland, Leszek II returned the Duchy to his brother.
Adoption by Bolesław V the Chaste. Marital conflicts
After Leszek II obtained his political independence in 1261, he rapidly established good relations with Bolesław V the Chaste, ruler of Kraków and Sandomierz. The two princes meet for the first time in 1260, on occasion of the expedition against the Kingdom of Bohemia, which is part of a broader action during the Hungarian-Bohemian War for the Babenberg inheritance. Leszek II's participation in the war against Bohemia and his allies (HenryK IV Probus and Władysław Opolski) continued in later year, with particular intensity during 1271-1273.
The childleness of Bolesław V and close cooperation with Leszek II resulted in the latter expectation to become his heir. The document of adoption was issued in 1265; eight years later, Władysław Opolski organized a military expedition to Kraków, because he refused to accept the adoption. On 4 June 1273 took place the Battle of Bogucin Mały, where the Opole-Racibórz army was defeated. At the end of October, Bolesław V made a retaliatory expedition against Opole-Racibórz; however, the forces were limited only to destroy specific areas of the duchy. In 1274 Władysław and Bolesław V the Chaste decided to conclude a peace, under which the Duke of Opole-Racibórz gave up his claims over the throne of Kraków in exchange of some territory adjacent to his Duchy, and stretching as far as the Skawinka river.
In 1265 Leszek II married with Gryfina (also named Agrippina), daughter of the Rurikid prince Rostislav Mikhailovich, Ban of Slavonia and Duke of Macsó. The union was completely unhappy; in 1271 erupted the scandal when she fled to Kraków and publicly accussed her husband of impotence, and for this their marriage was never consummated.
The reconciliation of the couple took place only four years later, due to the intervention of Bolesław V the Chaste and his wife Kinga; Gryfina returned with her husband on 6 August 1275. Leszek II then decided to follow a treatment of the well-known doctor Mikołaj of Kraków. His prescription included ate frogs and snakes, because of which -as was stated on the Rocznik Traski- "the lack of offspring caused into a great abomination in the nation". Ultimately, Leszek II and Gryfina never had children.