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It has been listed in the flora of [[vascular plants]] in the Chilgapsan Provincial Park of Korea.<ref name=chilgapsan>{{cite journal |last=Leea |first=Ro-Young |last2=Jangb |first2=Ro-Young |last3=Kimb |first3=Yoon-Young |last4=Yangb |first4= Sun-Gyu |last5=Choic |first5= Hyeok-Jae |last6=Jid |first6=Sung-Jin |last7=Ohb |first7= Byoung-Un |date=30 September 2014 |title=Flora of vascular plants in the Chilgapsan Provincial Park, Korea |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2287884X14000399 |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity |publisher= |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.1016/j.japb.2014.07.001 |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>
It has been listed in the flora of [[vascular plants]] in the Chilgapsan Provincial Park of Korea.<ref name=chilgapsan>{{cite journal |last=Leea |first=Ro-Young |last2=Jangb |first2=Ro-Young |last3=Kimb |first3=Yoon-Young |last4=Yangb |first4= Sun-Gyu |last5=Choic |first5= Hyeok-Jae |last6=Jid |first6=Sung-Jin |last7=Ohb |first7= Byoung-Un |date=30 September 2014 |title=Flora of vascular plants in the Chilgapsan Provincial Park, Korea |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2287884X14000399 |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity |publisher= |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=237–247 |doi=10.1016/j.japb.2014.07.001 |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>
It was listed as 'least concern' on the [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] of vascular plants according to [[IUCN]] on Mt. Gilsangsan in Korea.<ref name=redlist>{{cite journal |last=Kim |first= Jung-Hyun |last2=Kim |first2=Sun-Yu |date=9 April 2013 |title=The Vascular Plants in Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa‐Isl.), Korea |url=http://www.envecojournal.org/index.php?document_srl=9268&mid=ContentofPastissues |journal=Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology |publisher=Division of Plant Resources |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> Also listed as 'least concern' on the list of [[Jeju Province|Jeju Island]] in Korea.<ref name=jeju>{{cite journal |last=Chan-Soo |first=Kim |date=2009 |title=Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island, Korea |url=http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/prsk/JOSMBA/2009/v22n6/JOSMBA_2009_v22n6_558.pdf |journal=Korean Journal Plant Res |format=PDF |publisher= |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=558–570 |doi= |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> It has also been listed as growing on [[Deokjeokdo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jung-Hyun |last2=Yun |first2=Jong-Hak |last3=Nam |first3=Gi-Heum |last4=Lee |first4=Jung-Hyun |last5=Choi |first5=Byoung-Hee |last6=Lee |first6=Byoung-Yoon |year=2011 |title=A Study on Vascular Plants of Uninhabited Islands in the Deokjeok Archipelago |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/263627726_A_Study_on_Vascular_Plants_of_Uninhabited_Islands_in_the_Deokjeok_Archipelago |journal=Journal of Environmental Science International |publisher= |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.5322/JES.2011.20.1.1 |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>
It was listed as 'least concern' on the [[IUCN Red List|Red List]] of vascular plants according to [[IUCN]] on Mt. Gilsangsan in Korea.<ref name=redlist>{{cite journal |last=Kim |first= Jung-Hyun |last2=Kim |first2=Sun-Yu |date=9 April 2013 |title=The Vascular Plants in Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa‐Isl.), Korea |url=http://www.envecojournal.org/index.php?document_srl=9268&mid=ContentofPastissues |journal=Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology |publisher=Division of Plant Resources |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> Also listed as 'least concern' on the list of [[Jeju Province|Jeju Island]] in Korea.<ref name=jeju>{{cite journal |last=Chan-Soo |first=Kim |date=2009 |title=Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island, Korea |url=http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/prsk/JOSMBA/2009/v22n6/JOSMBA_2009_v22n6_558.pdf |journal=Korean Journal Plant Res |format=PDF |publisher= |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=558–570 |doi= |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> It has also been listed as growing on [[Deokjeokdo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jung-Hyun |last2=Yun |first2=Jong-Hak |last3=Nam |first3=Gi-Heum |last4=Lee |first4=Jung-Hyun |last5=Choi |first5=Byoung-Hee |last6=Lee |first6=Byoung-Yoon |year=2011 |title=A Study on Vascular Plants of Uninhabited Islands in the Deokjeok Archipelago |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/263627726_A_Study_on_Vascular_Plants_of_Uninhabited_Islands_in_the_Deokjeok_Archipelago |journal=Journal of Environmental Science International |publisher= |volume=20 |issue=1 |doi=10.5322/JES.2011.20.1.1 |accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref>

In [[Liaoning]], China, it was listed as an endemic [[vascular]] species, along with ''[[Acontium faurieri]]'', ''[[Artemisia chienshanica]]'', ''[[Betula ceratoptera]]'', ''[[Caragana litwiniwii]]'', ''[[Iris kobayashii]]'', ''[[Phragmites hirsuta]]'' and others.<ref name=forest> Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor){{Google books|VmtPnUbH-uIC|Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia| page=80}}</ref>


The effect of forcing date and temperature on growth and flowering of ''[[Iris koreana]]'' and ''Iris minutoaurea'' has been examined.
The effect of forcing date and temperature on growth and flowering of ''[[Iris koreana]]'' and ''Iris minutoaurea'' has been examined.

Revision as of 15:51, 24 January 2015

Iris minutoaurea
File:Iris minutoaurea.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Limniris
Series:
Iris series Chinenses
Species:
I. minutoaurea
Binomial name
Iris minutoaurea
Synonyms
  • Iris minuta Franch. & Sav. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris savatieri Nakai [Illegitimate]
  • Limniris minutoaurea (Makino) Rodion.[1]

Iris minutoaurea is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Chinenses series of the species. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial.

It is written as 小黄花鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as xiao huang hua yuan wei in China.[2][3]

It has the common names of small yellow-flower iris in Chinese English.[3]

The Latin specific epithet minutoaurea refers to the combination of 2 Latin names, minuto refers to very small (or minute) and aurea refers to yellow.[4] Making 'Small yellow blossoms'.[5]

It was originally published as Iris minuta by Franchet and Savatier in 'Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium' 2: Vol.42 page521 in 1877.[2][6][7]

It was later illustrated as Iris minute in Curtis Botanical Magazine Issue 8293 in 1910.[8]

Later, Iris minuta was regarded as a synonym of 'Iris minutoaurea and first published and described by Tomitaro Makino in the 'Journal of Japanese Botany', (Shokubutsu Kenkyu Zasshi) from Tokyo Vol.17 in 1928.[9]

Iris minutoaurea is an accepted name by the RHS.[10]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003.[3]

It has been listed in the flora of vascular plants in the Chilgapsan Provincial Park of Korea.[11] It was listed as 'least concern' on the Red List of vascular plants according to IUCN on Mt. Gilsangsan in Korea.[12] Also listed as 'least concern' on the list of Jeju Island in Korea.[13] It has also been listed as growing on Deokjeokdo.[14]

In Liaoning, China, it was listed as an endemic vascular species, along with Acontium faurieri, Artemisia chienshanica, Betula ceratoptera, Caragana litwiniwii, Iris kobayashii, Phragmites hirsuta and others.[15]

The effect of forcing date and temperature on growth and flowering of Iris koreana and Iris minutoaurea has been examined. [16]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[17] It is has been counted several times,2n=22, Simonet, 1934; syn. Iris savatieri Nakai, 2n=26, Lee 1970.[6] It is normally listed as 2n=22.[2][18]

Iris minuta (synonym of Iris minutoaurea), published in the Curtis Botanical Magazine in 1910.

Cultivation

Iris minutoaurea has been cultivated in UK, but is rare[19] and considered difficult to grow.[20] It is also rare in Europe.[21] It has also, been cultivated in the US but is thought difficult to get it to bloom.[22] It is much easier to grow in Japan, where it has been cultivated for many centuries.[10][21][23][24]

It is hardy to Zone H2 (which means hardy to -15 to-20oC (5 to -4oF [25]), in Europe.[8][26] Although, it has survived in temperatures as low as -29 °C in France.[21] It will be difficult to get to flower in areas of cool summers.[24]

It can be grown in a bulb frame to survive a cold winter or over-watering.[20][21]

It likes to grow in humus-rich, well-drained, neutral to acidic soils.[21][24][27]

It prefers positions in full sun but may tolerate part shade.[21][28]

It doe not like positions that get a lot of water.[20][21] Preferring well drained, rock gardens and scree-like slopes.[21][27][28]

It can be propagated by division.[21] They need to be divided when ever the clumps of plants get congested and it stops blooming.[29]

It is best planted in September or March.[27]

The iris is untouched or undamaged by slugs.[21]

Description

Iris minutoaurea can sometimes be mistaken for Iris henryi (another yellow flowering Chinese iris). But they differ is sizes of pedicel (flower stalk) and perianth tube. Iris henryi has a short perianth tube and long pedicel, while with Iris minutoaurea it is the other way around.[30]

It has a yellowish brown, slender, wiry, rhizome,[8][24] measuring about 2 cm (1 in) long and 0.5 cm (0 in) wide.[21] that produces many branches and stolons.[2][31] This branching habit forms clumps of plants.[6][24][28] In autumn, the roots (under the rhizomes), produce small nodules.[27] These are used to fix nitrogen, from the soil.[32]

It has grassy, linear, ribbed, 5–16 cm (2–6 in) long and 0.2–0.7 cm (0–0 in) wide leaves.[2][8][21][24][27][28][31] They appear in early March, they then elongate after flowering up to 40 cm (16 in) long, reaching a maximum height by June.[8][21][31] This elongating leaf habit is also shared by Iris koreana.[33]

It has a very short, slender flowering stem, only 7–10 cm (3–4 in) long.[2][6][8][20][21][24][27][28] It has one terminal (at the top of the stem) flower,[8] in spring to early summer,[6][24] in April or May.[2][21][27]

It has 2 lanceolate (lance-like) 4–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 0.5–0.1 cm (0–0 in) wide, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are acuminate (ending in a point).[2]

The small flowers come in yellow shades. Between bright yellow and pale yellow.[2][6][8][20][21][22][23][24][28][29][30] The flowers are 2.5–3 cm (1–1 in) in diameter.[2][8][21][24] Which can be compared to the size of a quarter.[29]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[17] The drooping obovate (egg-like) falls, measuring 2.2 cm (1 in) long and 0.8 cm (0 in) wide, have brown or purple marks (dots or lines) on the hafts and in the centre of the petal.[2][8][20][21][24][27][28][30] The smaller, paler (in colour) narrow, upright standards are between 1.5 cm (1 in) long and 0.3–0.4 cm (0–0 in) wide,[2] with brown/purple petal stalks.[2][8][21][24][27][28][30]

It has a slender, 1.5–2.5 cm (1–1 in) long perianth tube.[2][8] It has slender 1.5-2.5 cm pedicel (flower stalk), 1 cm long stamens and yellow-brown anthers. It has 1 cm (0 in) long 0.2–0.3 cm (0–0 in) ovary and 1.5 cm (1 in) long 0.3 cm (0 in) wide, style branches similar in colour to the standards.[2]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a globose (spherical) seed capsule between June and July.[2][21]

Native

Iris minutoaurea is native to the temperate regions of eastern Asia.[3][28] It has a wider geographical area than Iris odaesanensis.[21]

Range

It can be found in China (Liaoning)[28][34] and Korea.[2][3][8][10][11][12][13][21][23][24][31]

It has been naturalized in Japan.[2][3][21][24]

Habitat

It grows on forest margins and grassy hillsides.[2]

References

  1. ^ "Iris minutoaurea Makino is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "FOC Vol. 24 Page 302". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Taxon: Iris minutoaurea Makino". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  4. ^ Stearn, William (1972). A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names. London: Cassell. pp. 50/218. ISBN 0304937215. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ Gin, Emma. "Korean Flower Names". gardenguides.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Laurin, Terry (20 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris minutoaurea Makino". irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  7. ^ "Iris minuta Franch. & Sav. is a synonym of Iris minutoaurea Makino". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stuart Max Walters (Editor)The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated In Europe, Vol. 1 (2001), p. 343, at Google Books Cite error: The named reference "european" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ "Iridaceae Iris minutoaurea Makino". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  10. ^ a b c "Iris minutoaurea". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b Leea, Ro-Young; Jangb, Ro-Young; Kimb, Yoon-Young; Yangb, Sun-Gyu; Choic, Hyeok-Jae; Jid, Sung-Jin; Ohb, Byoung-Un (30 September 2014). "Flora of vascular plants in the Chilgapsan Provincial Park, Korea". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 7 (3): 237–247. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2014.07.001. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  12. ^ a b Kim, Jung-Hyun; Kim, Sun-Yu (9 April 2013). "The Vascular Plants in Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa‐Isl.), Korea". Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology. Division of Plant Resources. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  13. ^ a b Chan-Soo, Kim (2009). "Vascular Plant Diversity of Jeju Island, Korea" (PDF). Korean Journal Plant Res. 22 (6): 558–570. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  14. ^ Kim, Jung-Hyun; Yun, Jong-Hak; Nam, Gi-Heum; Lee, Jung-Hyun; Choi, Byoung-Hee; Lee, Byoung-Yoon (2011). "A Study on Vascular Plants of Uninhabited Islands in the Deokjeok Archipelago". Journal of Environmental Science International. 20 (1). doi:10.5322/JES.2011.20.1.1. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  15. ^ Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor)Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia, p. 80, at Google Books
  16. ^ Lee, Jeong Ho; Lee, Chung Hee; Park, Gwang Woo; Song, Cheon Young (2007). "Effect of Forcing Date and Temperature on Growth and Flowering of Iris koreana and Iris minutoaurea". Korean Forest Society. 96 (6): 699–704. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ^ a b Austin, Claire. "Irises A Garden Encyclopedia" (pdf). worldtracker.org. pp. 274–275. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Iris summary" (pdf). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  19. ^ Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 17. ISBN 0715305395.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie1)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  22. ^ a b Elizabeth Lawrence A Rock Garden in the South, p. PA75, at Google Books
  23. ^ a b c "Beardless Irises Two". pacificbulbsociety.org. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Iris minutoaurea". alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  25. ^ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  26. ^ James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated In Europe, Vol. 1 (2011) , p. 343, at Google Books
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (pdf). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Iris minutoaurea". wrightmanalpines.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  29. ^ a b c "SPRING NEWSLETTER, APRIL 2007" (PDF). glcnargs.com (GREAT LAKES CHAPTER, North American Rock Garden Society). April 2007. p. 6. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  31. ^ a b c d British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 122, at Google Books
  32. ^ "The Planzengattung Iris". orchideenkultur.net. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  33. ^ McDonough, Mark (24 February 2011). "Iris cristata and small woodland Iris". nargs.org. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  34. ^ Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek, Elgene E. O. Box (Editor)Vegetation of Northeast Asia&pg=PA80 VmtPnUbH-uIC, p. 80, at Google Books
Wikimedia Commons has media related to iris koreana.

Other Sources

  • Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. ["minutaurea"].
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 79–80.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

Other sources

Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 79.

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