Jump to content

Iris sibirica: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Yobot (talk | contribs)
Bots
4,733,870 edits
m Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes, replaced: → (4) using AWB (10691)
added more refs, added description section, native section and expanded hybrid section
Line 80: Line 80:
It will tolerate temperatures down to -20&nbsp;°C (-30&nbsp;°F).<ref name=daves/><ref name=cold/><ref name=dyingpotential/><ref name=perennials>{{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=Phillips |first2=Martyn |last2=Rix |title=Perennials Vol. 1 |page=223 |year=1991 |publisher=Pan Books Ltd. |isbn=9780330327749}}</ref> It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to [[USDA]] Zone 2-8,<ref name=daves/><ref name=eflora/><ref name=eflora/> and Zone H1 (which means hardy to -20oC and below (-4oF) <ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co.uk |accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref>), in Europe.<ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification|page=252}}</ref> It is hardy in the UK.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=rhs/> If the plants are mulched in winter they can withstand colder temperatures.<ref name=dyingpotential/>
It will tolerate temperatures down to -20&nbsp;°C (-30&nbsp;°F).<ref name=daves/><ref name=cold/><ref name=dyingpotential/><ref name=perennials>{{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=Phillips |first2=Martyn |last2=Rix |title=Perennials Vol. 1 |page=223 |year=1991 |publisher=Pan Books Ltd. |isbn=9780330327749}}</ref> It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to [[USDA]] Zone 2-8,<ref name=daves/><ref name=eflora/><ref name=eflora/> and Zone H1 (which means hardy to -20oC and below (-4oF) <ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co.uk |accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref>), in Europe.<ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification|page=252}}</ref> It is hardy in the UK.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=rhs/> If the plants are mulched in winter they can withstand colder temperatures.<ref name=dyingpotential/>


The iris should be grown in well-drained,<ref name=bbc/><ref name=perennials/> fertile,<ref name=landscape/> neutral to slightly acidic soils (the [[pH level]] should be more than 5.6).<ref name=daves/><ref name=bbc/><ref name=parkes>{{cite web |first=Pat |last=Parkes |title=Siberian Iris |url=http://bc-iris.org/iris%20articles/Article-Siberian%20Iris. |publisher=htmbc-iris.org |accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref>
The iris should be grown in well-drained,<ref name=bbc/><ref name=perennials/> fertile,<ref name=landscape/> neutral to slightly acidic soils (the [[pH level]] should be more than 5.6).<ref name=daves/><ref name=bbc/><ref name=parkes>{{cite web |first=Pat |last=Parkes |title=Siberian Iris |url=http://bc-iris.org/iris%20articles/Article-Siberian%20Iris. |publisher=htmbc-iris.org |accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=growing>{{cite web |first=John |last=Coble |title=Growing Siberian Iris |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.cdn-iris.ca/pdfs/growingsiberianiris.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=cdn-iris.ca |accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>


If the soil has a high sand or clay content, large amounts of organic material (such as compost or well rotted manure) should be incorporated at planting time.<ref name=parkes/>
If the soil has a high sand or clay content, large amounts of organic material (such as compost or well rotted manure) should be incorporated at planting time.<ref name=parkes/><ref name=dailymail>{{cite news |first=Constance |last=Craig Smith |title=Russian revolution: Savvy gardeners are switching to Siberian irises for guaranteed late spring colour whatever the weather |date=13 April 2012 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/gardening/article-2128779/Russian-revolution-Savvy-gardeners-switching-Siberian-irises-guaranteed-late-spring-colour-weather.html |publisher=dailymail.co.uk ([[Daily Mail]]) |accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>


It prefers positions in full sun,<ref name=daves/><ref name=bbc/> but can tolerate part shade (with some hours of sunlight).<ref name=daves/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=bbc/><ref name="sissinghurst"/><ref name=parkes/> In very hot, arid regions, they will need some shade, as well as watering and mulching.<ref name=parkes/>
It prefers positions in full sun,<ref name=daves/><ref name=bbc/> but can tolerate part shade (with some hours of sunlight).<ref name=daves/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=bbc/><ref name="sissinghurst"/><ref name=parkes/><ref name=dailymail/><ref name=growing/> In very hot, arid regions, they will need some shade, as well as watering and mulching.<ref name=parkes/><ref name=growing/>


The plant needs moisture during the growing season (in spring and early summer) to create the best blooms.<ref name=daves/><ref name=bbc/> But they don't grow in the water. Although they will tolerate occasional flooding.<ref name=landscape/><ref name=dyingpotential/><ref name=sissinghurst/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=parkes/>
The plant needs moisture during the growing season (in spring and early summer) to create the best blooms.<ref name=daves/><ref name=bbc/> But they don't grow in the water. Although they will tolerate occasional flooding.<ref name=landscape/><ref name=dyingpotential/><ref name=sissinghurst/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=parkes/>
Line 90: Line 90:
As [[Vita Sackville West]] noted ‘…it will do well by the waterside in a fairly damp bed, although it does not like being drowned underwater all year round.’<ref name=sissinghurst/>
As [[Vita Sackville West]] noted ‘…it will do well by the waterside in a fairly damp bed, although it does not like being drowned underwater all year round.’<ref name=sissinghurst/>


They can be used in various positions within gardens, at waterside locations beside pools, ponds or streams.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=sissinghurst/> Also known as ideal [[bog garden]] plants.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=dyingpotential/><ref name=sissinghurst/> They can also be used within a [[Herbaceous border]].<ref name=bbc/> The iris can also be used in mixed plantings with grasses and other perennials to create naturalized gardens and meadows.<ref name=parkes/>
They can be used in various positions within gardens, at waterside locations beside pools, ponds or streams.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=sissinghurst/> Also known as ideal [[bog garden]] plants.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=dyingpotential/><ref name=sissinghurst/><ref name=dailymail/> They can also be used within a [[Herbaceous border]].<ref name=bbc/><ref name=dailymail/> The iris can also be used in mixed plantings with grasses and other perennials to create naturalized gardens and meadows.<ref name=parkes/>


They are sturdy plants and do not need to be staked.<ref name=landscape/>
They are sturdy plants and do not need to be staked.<ref name=landscape/>


==Propagation==
==Propagation==
They are best propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]].<ref name=daves/> The best time to divide plants is mid-summer to early autumn.<ref name=bbc/> They do not like root disturbance and should only be divided when the center of the clump dies out.<ref name=landscape/> When preparing divisions for transplanting, store them in a bucket of water to stop them drying out.<ref name=parkes/>
They are best propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]].<ref name=daves/><ref name=dailymail/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Beardless Irises Three |date=April 13, 2013 |url=http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/BeardlessIrisesThree |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> The best time to divide plants is mid-summer to early autumn.<ref name=bbc/> They do not like root disturbance and should only be divided when the center of the clump dies out.<ref name=landscape/> When preparing divisions for transplanting, store them in a bucket of water to stop them drying out.<ref name=parkes/>


The new plants are easy to grow but are slow to form flower producing plants, they can take up to 2 years to get big enough to produce flowering stems.<ref name=landscape/>
The new plants are easy to grow but are slow to form flower producing plants, they can take up to 2 years to get big enough to produce flowering stems.<ref name=landscape/><ref name=dailymail/>


The iris can also be grown from seed, allow the mature pods to dry on the plant. Then break open to collect seeds and the direct sow outdoors in fall or autumn.<ref name=daves/>
The iris can also be grown from seed, allow the mature pods to dry on the plant. Then break open to collect seeds and the direct sow outdoors in fall or autumn.<ref name=daves/><ref name=pacific/>


The new plants are planted with the top of the rhizome, 3–5&nbsp;cm 1-2 inches below the soil surface.<ref name=landscape/> The plant position must be prepared before hand with plenty of compost (or manure) added to the soil to improve the fertility. After planting, the iris must be well watered. Seedlings are also susceptible to transplant shock, this can be lessened if a small plastic pot is placed over the newly planted plant. This protects the plant for the next 3–5 days.<ref name=parkes/>
The new plants are planted with the top of the rhizome, 3–5&nbsp;cm 1-2 inches below the soil surface.<ref name=landscape/> The plant position must be prepared before hand with plenty of compost (or manure) added to the soil to improve the fertility. After planting, the iris must be well watered.<ref name=dailymail/><ref name=knowhow>{{cite web |first=Becca |last=Badgett |title=Siberian Iris Care: Information On When To Plant Siberian Iris And Its Care |url=http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/iris/growing-siberian-iris.htm |publisher=gardeningknowhow.com |accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> Seedlings are also susceptible to transplant shock, this can be lessened if a small plastic pot is placed over the newly planted plant. This protects the plant for the next 3–5 days.<ref name=parkes/> In some regions (especially warm areas), the transplants should be kept moist for the following 6-8 weeks.<ref name=growing/>


In spring, a hand full of [[fertilizer]] can be added to the plant to improve flowering or an organic mulch can be added.<ref name=parkes/>
In spring, a hand full of [[fertilizer]] can be added to the plant to improve flowering or an organic mulch can be added.<ref name=parkes/><ref name=knowhow/>


==Description==
==Description==
Iris sibirica was often confused with ''Iris sanguinea'', another blue flowering Asian iris.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web| first=William | last=Dykes| title=Handbook of Garden Irises | year=2009| url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=pdf | publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) | accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> But sanguinea has unbranched stems, while sibirica has branched stems.<ref name=stebbings/>
Iris sibirica was often confused with ''Iris sanguinea'', another blue flowering Asian iris.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web| first=William | last=Dykes| title=Handbook of Garden Irises | year=2009| url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=pdf | publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) | accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> But sanguinea has unbranched stems, while sibirica has branched stems.<ref name=stebbings/>


It has creeping rhizome (approximately {{convert|0.9|–|1.2|cm|0|abbr=on}} diameter), forming a dense clumping plant.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=Lynch> Richard Lynch {{Google books|grvYTul5CSUC|The Book of the Iris|page=70}}</ref><ref name=perennials/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=russia>{{cite web|first=V.L. | last=Komarov | year=1935 | title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV | publisher=archive.org | url=http://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> The rhizomes are covered with the brown remnants of old leaves, from previous seasons.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=russia/>
It is [[native plant|native]] to north east Turkey, Russia, eastern and central Europe. Growing {{convert|50|-|120|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall, it is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are glaucous green, narrow and fairly rigid, blade-shaped, {{convert|40|-|80|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2–4&nbsp;cm broad. The [[flower]]s are typical of an iris, borne in late spring or early summer on unbranched or sparsely branched stems held above the leaves, each flower 4–7&nbsp;cm in diameter, mid- to purple-blue, often with a paler whitish or yellowish centre.
[[File:Iris sibirica MHNT.BOT.2009.7.17.jpg|thumb|''Iris sibirica'' - [[MHNT]]]]


It has green grass-like leaves,<ref name=handbook/><ref name=cold/><ref name=rhs/> which are ribbed and can sometimes have a pink tinge at the base of the leaf.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=perennials/>
⚫
==Hybrids==
They can grow to between {{convert|25|-|80|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|0.4|-|0.6|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, normally shorter then the flowering stems.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=European/><ref name=russia/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=stebbings/>
''I. sibirica'' is classed in the beardless Siberian section of rhizomatous irises, and is the parent of many [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]], used because of its attractive foliage and ability to flourish in a wide range of climates; the hybrids vary widely in flower colour.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
In Autumn, the foliage turns yellow and then dies back (in winter), to re-emerge in the spring.<ref name=pacific/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=eflora/>


It has a hollow,<ref name=Lynch/> slender, 1–3 branched stem, that grows up to between {{convert|50|-|120|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=american/><ref name=signa/><ref name=natural/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=European/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=pacificsummary/><ref name=cold/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=bbc/><ref name=russia/>
⚫
The following [[cultivars]] of ''I. sibirica'' have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:-
The stems bear 2-5 (normally three) flowers, at the terminal ends between late spring and early summer, between May and June.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=natural/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=bbc/><ref name=dailymail/><ref name=russia/><ref name=cassidy/>

It has 3 brown paper-like [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud), that are reddish at the base, measuring between {{convert|3|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=russia/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=European/>

The flowers come in a range of blue shades.<ref name=handbook/> From violet-blue,<ref name=eflora/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=signa/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=European/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=pacificsummary/><ref name=cold/><ref name=bbc/> to blue,<ref name=american/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=European/><ref name=landscape/> and occasionally white.<ref name=perennials/><ref name=signa/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=pacificsummary/><ref name=landscape/> The flowers are {{convert|6|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=rhs/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=European/><ref name=stebbings/>

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=growing/>
The drooping obovate falls, measuring 5-7.5cm long and 2–2.5 cm wide, have a wide (or flaring) white blade or signal (central part of the petal) with dark-blue to violet veining.<ref name=rhs/><ref name=eflora/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=European/><ref name=ClaireAustin/> The white forms of the iris have a tinge of lavender and dark veining.<ref name=handbook/>

The smaller narrow upright standards are between 4.5–5.5 cm long and 1.5–1.8 cm wide.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=European/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=russia/>

It has a light to dark blue-violet, circular perianth tube, about 1cm long, pale blue style (about 4-5cm long), a pedicel between 1–15 cm long and a 1.5–2 cm roundly triangular, ovary.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=handbook/><ref name=russia/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces a short stubby seed capsule,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=stebbings/> which is roundly triangular with low ridges at angles, measuring 3-4.5 cm by 1-1.3 cm.<ref name=eflora/><ref name=russia/><ref name=handbook/> Inside the capsule, are 2 rows of seeds, which are thin, flat, shaped like a capital D and dark brown seeds, measuring about 5 mm by 3 mm.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=eflora/>

==Native==
Iris sibirica is [[native plant|native]] to [[temperate]] areas between [[Europe]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=eflora/><ref name=growing/> It has the widest distribution range of all the siberian iris series.<ref name=stebbings/>

===Range===
Within Europe,<ref name=landscape/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=signa/><ref name=countryfile/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=European/><ref name=ClaireAustin/> it is found in west [[France]],<ref name=perennials/> [[Italy]],<ref name=pacific/><ref name=signa/> [[Switzerland]],<ref name=perennials/><ref name=russia/> [[Austria]],<ref name=russia/> [[Czechoslovakia]],<ref name=kew/> [[Germany]], [[Hungary]],<ref name=kew/> Poland, [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]],<ref name=perennials/> Former [[Yugoslavia]],<ref name=perennials/> [[Belarus]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]]<ref name=kew/> and northern [[Turkey]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=signa/><ref name=countryfile/><ref name=ClaireAustin/>

It is found in the [[Caucasus]] regions of [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Siberia]] (of the [[Russia|Russia Federation]]).<ref name=grin/> East to [[Lake Baikal]] (in Siberia).<ref name=perennials/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=landscape/><ref name=signa/><ref name=European/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=countryfile/><ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=russia/>
It has been also [[Naturalisation (biology)|Naturalized]] in various states of North America. Including [[Ontario]] (in Canada), [[Connecticut]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New York]], [[Pennsylvania]],
[[Virginia]] and [[California]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=eflora/>

===Habitat===
It is found growing in damp woodland,<ref name=kew/><ref name=natural/><ref name=russia/><ref name=parkes/> wet meadows, grasslands or pastures,<ref name=kew/><ref name=natural/><ref name=russia/><ref name=parkes/><ref name=growing/> reed swamps by lakes, and beside streams.<ref name=perennials/><ref name=countryfile/> They generally gain a lot of moisture from snow-melt of mountains, flooding streams and soaking areas beside them.<ref name=growing/>

Within North Amercia, it is found in the damp ditches beside roadsides.<ref name=eflora/>

===Status===
According to [[IUCN Red List]] criteria, it is 'Vulnerable' (VU) (in Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine) and it has become 'Extinct' in the Wild (EW) ([[Slovakia]]). It is considered to be rare and endangered in Poland and not considered threatened in Romania.<ref name=kew/>

⚫
==Hybrids and cultivars==
Since the 1970s, hybridizers and plant breeders have been cross-pollinating the various species in the Siberian group with ''Iris sibirica'' to create many [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref><ref name=cold/> Whose parentage is now so complicated that the cultivars, are no longer listed with a species name. Several hundred Siberian iris cultivars are registered with the American Iris Society.<ref name=dyingpotential/>
The flowers of the cultivars varying in colour from white to shades of blue or deep violet-blue.<ref name=European/>.<ref name=knowhow/>
Pale blue forms were originally obtained by crossing the white and the blue varieties of ''Iris sibirica'' , it also combines readily with ''Iris sanguinea'' to produce hybrids with the taller stems.<ref name=handbook/>
The flowers of hybrids can have arched, semi-flaring, flaring or overlapped falls; some of them even have ruffled or extra falls. The newer Japanese hybrids, have six pendant falls, which make them similar in appearance to the Japanese Iris or ''[[Iris ensata]]''.<ref name=parkes/>

Known Iris sibirica cultivars include;
'Acuta' ; 'Alba Grandiflora' ; 'Band of Angels';<ref name=cold/> 'Butter and Sugar' (white petals on top with yellow falls);<ref name=sissinghurst/><ref name=cold/><ref name=knowhow/><ref name=dailymail/> 'Caesar's Brother';<ref name=cold/> 'Caesar's Ghost' ; 'Cambridge' (created in 1964<ref name=dyingpotential/>);<ref name=perennials/> 'Coronation Anthem';<ref name=cold/> 'Dancing Nanou';<ref name=cold/> 'Dewful';<ref name=cold/> 'Dreaming Spires' (created in 1964<ref name=dyingpotential/>);<ref name=cold/> 'Ego' (a rich blue);<ref name=cold/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=dailymail/> 'Elmeney' ; 'Enid Burgoyne' ; 'Ewen';<ref name=cold/><ref name=perennials/> 'Flight Of Butterflies';<ref name=sissinghurst/><ref name=cold/><ref name=perennials/> 'Forward And Back' ; 'Grandis' ; 'Heavenly Blue';<ref name=pacific/> ‘King of Kings’ (white blossoms);<ref name=knowhow/> 'Lactea' ; 'Leucantha'; 'Little Blue Sparkler' ; 'Mongolius' ; ‘Mysterious Monique’;<ref name=sissinghurst/> 'Navy Blue';<ref name=pacific/> 'Nigrescens'; 'Niklasse'; 'Papillon' (pale blue);<ref name=countryfile/> 'Perry's Blue' (pale blue);<ref name=perennials/><ref name=dailymail/> ‘Placid Waters’ (with lavender blue flowers);<ref name=sissinghurst/> 'Prairie In Bloom' ; 'Pritiazheniye' ; 'Royal Blue';<ref name=perennials/> 'Ruffled Violet';<ref name=perennials/> 'Ruffles Plus';<ref name=dailymail/> ‘Savoir Faire’ (many deep blue flowers held above the dense narrow foliage);<ref name=bristol/><ref name=perennials/> 'Shaker's Prayer' ; 'Sibirica Alba'; 'Sibirica Albescens'; 'Sibirica Angustifolia' ; 'Sibirica Atropurpurea' ; 'Sibirica Baxteri' ; 'Sibirica Blue Bird' ; 'Sibirica 'Compacta' ; 'Sibirica Cristata' ; 'Sibirica Flore Pleno' ; 'Sibirica Gracilis' ; 'Sibirica Mrs. Perry' ; 'Sibirica Nana' ; 'Sibirica Nana Alba' ; 'Sibirica Papillon' ; 'Sibirica Snowdrift' ; 'Silver Edge';<ref name=perennials/> 'Sky Wings';<ref name=perennials/> 'Snow Prince' ; ‘Snow White’:(white tinged with yellow)<ref name=dailymail/> ‘Southcombe White’;<ref name=sissinghurst/> ‘Sultan’s Ruby’ (deep magenta blooms);<ref name=knowhow/> 'Summer Sky';<ref name=gworld>{{cite web |title=Iris sibirica Summer Sky |url=http://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/iris-sibirica-summer-sky/869.html publisher=gardenersworld.com |accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> ‘Super Ego’; <ref name=germanica/> 'Swank';<ref name=parkes/> 'U.S.O.'; ‘Violet Flare’;<ref name=germanica/> ‘Wing on Wing’ (white);<ref name=knowhow/> and 'Wisley White'.<ref name=american/>


One of the most popular is ‘Butter and Sugar’, a mixture of soft yellow and cream. ‘Ego’ is a lovely rich blue, or for a paler shade try ‘Perry’s Blue’.
‘Snow White’ is white tinged with yellow,<ref name=dailymail/> while ‘Claret Cup’ has violet blue flowers. For a darker purple try ‘Ruffles Plus’ or go for the pretty pink ‘Sparkling Rose’. Clumps of Siberian irises will get bigger over time, and after four or five years they can be dug up and divided, giving you more plants. <ref name=dailymail/>

⚫
The following [[cultivars]] of ''I. sibirica'' have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (in the UK):-
*'Butter and Sugar'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Butter and Sugar'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3252|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Butter and Sugar'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Butter and Sugar'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3252|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Cambridge'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Cambridge'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3253|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Cambridge'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Cambridge'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3253|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Ruffled Velvet'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Ruffled Velvet'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5402|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Ruffled Velvet'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Ruffled Velvet'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5402|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Silver Edge'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Silver Edge'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3274|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>
*'Silver Edge'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Iris'' 'Silver Edge'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3274|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>

Known Iris sibirica crosses;
'Abitibi' ; 'Aindling Goldauge' ; 'Aindling Libelle' ; 'Aindling Morgenstimmung' ; 'Aindling Rohrsaenger' ; 'Banish Misfortune' ; 'Butterfly Fountain' ; 'Chaudiere' ; 'Chrysobirica' ; 'Chrysobirica Gloriosa' ; 'Chrysobirica Purpurea' ; 'Common Denominator' ; 'Cookley Blue' ; 'Foretell' ; 'Gatineau' ; 'Helicon' ; 'Hohe Warte' ; 'Kootenay' ; 'Lichterfeldius' ; 'Madawaska' ; 'Matane' ; 'Mauve Snowtop' ; 'Moonscape' ; 'Neidenstein' ; 'Ottawa' ; 'Rideau' ; 'Rimouski' ; 'Royal Californian' ; 'Pausback Sibtosa' ; 'Pembina' ; 'Pennywhistle' ; 'Pickanock' ; 'Salamander Crossing' ; 'Sarah Tiffney' ; 'Sibulleyanna' ; 'Soothsayer' ; 'Sporting Chance' ; 'Starsteps' ; 'Stilles Wasser' ; 'True Blue'; 'Vidtinky Nochi' ; 'Violet Wave' ; 'Weber's Spring Blues' and 'Zeta'.<ref name=american/>


<gallery>
<gallery>

Revision as of 15:09, 6 January 2015

Iris sibirica
Iris sibirica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Limniris
Series:
Iris series Sibiricae
Species:
I. sibirica
Binomial name
Iris sibirica
Synonyms
  • Iris acuta Willd.
  • Iris angustifolia Gilib. [Invalid]
  • Iris bicolor Mill.
  • Iris erirrhiza Posp.
  • Iris flexuosa Murray
  • Iris mandraliscae Tineo ex Tornab. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris maritima Mill.
  • Iris pratensis Lam. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris pseudosibirica Schur
  • Iris sibirica var. acuta (Willd.) Trevir.
  • Iris sibirica f. albiflora Makino
  • Iris sibirica var. flexuosa (Murray) Baker
  • Iris sibirica f. stellata Makino
  • Iris spathulata Cav. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris stricta Moench
  • Limnirion sibiricum (L.) Opiz
  • Limniris sibirica (L.) Fuss
  • Xiphion flexuosum (Murray) Alef.
  • Xiphion pratense Parl.
  • Xiphion sibiricum (L.) Schrank
  • Xyridion flexuosum (Murray) Klatt
  • Xyridion sibiricum (L.) Klatt [1]

Iris sibirica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and series of Iris series Sibiricae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial.

Iris sibirica is pronounced as EYE-ris sy-BEER-ah-kuh.[2]

It has the common names of Siberian Iris,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] or Siberian Flag (mainly in the UK).[10][11]

It is known as iris de Sibérie (in French), sibirische Schwertlilie or Wiesen-Schwertlilie (in German) and strandiris (in Swedish).[6]

It has been around before the 1500s and was first called Iris augustifolia media by Carolus Clusius.[12] It was first collected in Siberia by monks in the Middle Ages and grown in monasteries, later it was distributed around Europe,where there are now many cultivars.[13] It has been cultivated in Britain since 1596.[14]

It was then first described and published by Carl Linnaeus in his book, Species Plantarum 1 39 on 1 May 1753.[15][16] Who renamed the iris, Iris sibirica.[12]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 20 April 1998.[6]

The National Collection (of Siberian Irises in UK) is held at Lingen Nursery, on the Welsh border.[17]

An illustration of iris sibirica has been used as a Postage stamp in Poland.[18]

Johan Peter Falk noted that the Tara Tartars of Russia (West Siberia) coloured cloth yellow with Iris sibirica flowers and the Votyaks, Mordvins and Kalmyks derived red dye from Galium species.[19] In 2014, it was tested for its potential to be used for dying.[20]

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[2][4] Although an edible starch has been extracted from the plant in China, similar to Iris ensata.[21] The root has also been used to create an insecticide and an expectorant.[22]

An old traditional usage before the wedding night, Polish girls eat the cooked fruit (seeds) of Iris sibirica to help improve contraception.[23][24]

It has also been used to create a drug to be used as an emetic and laxative.[25]

It has been studied various times.[26][27][28][29]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[30] It has been count various times; 2n=28, Sim. 1928; 2n=28, Skalinska, 1961; 2n=28, Wcislo, 1964; 2n=28 Baerji, 1970; 2n=28, Sharma, 1970; 2n=28; Lovka & Sus. 1971; 2n=28, Pop.& Cesch. 1975,1976; 2n=28, Wetschnig, 1988; 2n=28, Malakhova & Markova, 1994.[31] 2n=28 is the most common listed count.[7][8][32]

This means it is similar to Iris sanguinea and Iris typhifolia.[30]

Cultivation

Generally the 28 chromosome hybrids are easier to grow than the Sino-Siberians.[5][30][33]

It will tolerate temperatures down to -20 °C (-30 °F).[2][9][20][34] It is hardy to USDA Zone 2-8,[2][8][8] and Zone H1 (which means hardy to -20oC and below (-4oF) [35]), in Europe.[36] It is hardy in the UK.[5][10] If the plants are mulched in winter they can withstand colder temperatures.[20]

The iris should be grown in well-drained,[5][34] fertile,[3] neutral to slightly acidic soils (the pH level should be more than 5.6).[2][5][37][38]

If the soil has a high sand or clay content, large amounts of organic material (such as compost or well rotted manure) should be incorporated at planting time.[37][39]

It prefers positions in full sun,[2][5] but can tolerate part shade (with some hours of sunlight).[2][3][5][33][37][39][38] In very hot, arid regions, they will need some shade, as well as watering and mulching.[37][38]

The plant needs moisture during the growing season (in spring and early summer) to create the best blooms.[2][5] But they don't grow in the water. Although they will tolerate occasional flooding.[3][20][33][34][37]

As Vita Sackville West noted ‘…it will do well by the waterside in a fairly damp bed, although it does not like being drowned underwater all year round.’[33]

They can be used in various positions within gardens, at waterside locations beside pools, ponds or streams.[5][33] Also known as ideal bog garden plants.[5][20][33][39] They can also be used within a Herbaceous border.[5][39] The iris can also be used in mixed plantings with grasses and other perennials to create naturalized gardens and meadows.[37]

They are sturdy plants and do not need to be staked.[3]

Propagation

They are best propagated by division.[2][39][40] The best time to divide plants is mid-summer to early autumn.[5] They do not like root disturbance and should only be divided when the center of the clump dies out.[3] When preparing divisions for transplanting, store them in a bucket of water to stop them drying out.[37]

The new plants are easy to grow but are slow to form flower producing plants, they can take up to 2 years to get big enough to produce flowering stems.[3][39]

The iris can also be grown from seed, allow the mature pods to dry on the plant. Then break open to collect seeds and the direct sow outdoors in fall or autumn.[2][40]

The new plants are planted with the top of the rhizome, 3–5 cm 1-2 inches below the soil surface.[3] The plant position must be prepared before hand with plenty of compost (or manure) added to the soil to improve the fertility. After planting, the iris must be well watered.[39][41] Seedlings are also susceptible to transplant shock, this can be lessened if a small plastic pot is placed over the newly planted plant. This protects the plant for the next 3–5 days.[37] In some regions (especially warm areas), the transplants should be kept moist for the following 6-8 weeks.[38]

In spring, a hand full of fertilizer can be added to the plant to improve flowering or an organic mulch can be added.[37][41]

Description

Iris sibirica was often confused with Iris sanguinea, another blue flowering Asian iris.[42] But sanguinea has unbranched stems, while sibirica has branched stems.[12]

It has creeping rhizome (approximately 0.9–1.2 cm (0–0 in) diameter), forming a dense clumping plant.[8][43][34][3][44] The rhizomes are covered with the brown remnants of old leaves, from previous seasons.[8][44]

It has green grass-like leaves,[42][9][10] which are ribbed and can sometimes have a pink tinge at the base of the leaf.[8][34] They can grow to between 25–80 cm (10–31 in) long and 0.4–0.6 cm (0–0 in) wide, normally shorter then the flowering stems.[8][34][36][44][3][12] In Autumn, the foliage turns yellow and then dies back (in winter), to re-emerge in the spring.[40][3][8]

It has a hollow,[43] slender, 1–3 branched stem, that grows up to between 50–120 cm (20–47 in) long.[8][10][34][31][7][22][25][30][12][36][40][32][9][3][5][44] The stems bear 2-5 (normally three) flowers, at the terminal ends between late spring and early summer, between May and June.[8][10][34][22][30][12][40][3][5][39][44][25]

It has 3 brown paper-like spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are reddish at the base, measuring between 3–5 cm (1–2 in) long.[8][44][42][36]

The flowers come in a range of blue shades.[42] From violet-blue,[8][10][34][7][25][12][36][40][32][9][5] to blue,[31][30][36][3] and occasionally white.[34][7][25][42][30][12][40][32][3] The flowers are 6–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter.[10][3][36][12]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[38] The drooping obovate falls, measuring 5-7.5cm long and 2–2.5 cm wide, have a wide (or flaring) white blade or signal (central part of the petal) with dark-blue to violet veining.[10][8][25][42][12][36][30] The white forms of the iris have a tinge of lavender and dark veining.[42]

The smaller narrow upright standards are between 4.5–5.5 cm long and 1.5–1.8 cm wide.[8][36][30][44]

It has a light to dark blue-violet, circular perianth tube, about 1cm long, pale blue style (about 4-5cm long), a pedicel between 1–15 cm long and a 1.5–2 cm roundly triangular, ovary.[8][42][44]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a short stubby seed capsule,[25][12] which is roundly triangular with low ridges at angles, measuring 3-4.5 cm by 1-1.3 cm.[8][44][42] Inside the capsule, are 2 rows of seeds, which are thin, flat, shaped like a capital D and dark brown seeds, measuring about 5 mm by 3 mm.[42][8]

Native

Iris sibirica is native to temperate areas between Europe and Central Asia.[6][10][8][38] It has the widest distribution range of all the siberian iris series.[12]

Range

Within Europe,[3][25][7][17][12][36][30] it is found in west France,[34] Italy,[40][7] Switzerland,[34][44] Austria,[44] Czechoslovakia,[4] Germany, Hungary,[4] Poland, Romania, Bulgaria,[34] Former Yugoslavia,[34] Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine[4] and northern Turkey.[6][34][25][7][17][30]

It is found in the Caucasus regions of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Siberia (of the Russia Federation).[6] East to Lake Baikal (in Siberia).[34][40][3][7][36][25][17][30][44]

It has been also Naturalized in various states of North America. Including Ontario (in Canada), Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and California.[6][8]

Habitat

It is found growing in damp woodland,[4][22][44][37] wet meadows, grasslands or pastures,[4][22][44][37][38] reed swamps by lakes, and beside streams.[34][17] They generally gain a lot of moisture from snow-melt of mountains, flooding streams and soaking areas beside them.[38]

Within North Amercia, it is found in the damp ditches beside roadsides.[8]

Status

According to IUCN Red List criteria, it is 'Vulnerable' (VU) (in Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine) and it has become 'Extinct' in the Wild (EW) (Slovakia). It is considered to be rare and endangered in Poland and not considered threatened in Romania.[4]

Hybrids and cultivars

Since the 1970s, hybridizers and plant breeders have been cross-pollinating the various species in the Siberian group with Iris sibirica to create many hybrids.[45][9] Whose parentage is now so complicated that the cultivars, are no longer listed with a species name. Several hundred Siberian iris cultivars are registered with the American Iris Society.[20] The flowers of the cultivars varying in colour from white to shades of blue or deep violet-blue.[36].[41] Pale blue forms were originally obtained by crossing the white and the blue varieties of Iris sibirica , it also combines readily with Iris sanguinea to produce hybrids with the taller stems.[42] The flowers of hybrids can have arched, semi-flaring, flaring or overlapped falls; some of them even have ruffled or extra falls. The newer Japanese hybrids, have six pendant falls, which make them similar in appearance to the Japanese Iris or Iris ensata.[37]

Known Iris sibirica cultivars include; 'Acuta' ; 'Alba Grandiflora' ; 'Band of Angels';[9] 'Butter and Sugar' (white petals on top with yellow falls);[33][9][41][39] 'Caesar's Brother';[9] 'Caesar's Ghost' ; 'Cambridge' (created in 1964[20]);[34] 'Coronation Anthem';[9] 'Dancing Nanou';[9] 'Dewful';[9] 'Dreaming Spires' (created in 1964[20]);[9] 'Ego' (a rich blue);[9][34][39] 'Elmeney' ; 'Enid Burgoyne' ; 'Ewen';[9][34] 'Flight Of Butterflies';[33][9][34] 'Forward And Back' ; 'Grandis' ; 'Heavenly Blue';[40] ‘King of Kings’ (white blossoms);[41] 'Lactea' ; 'Leucantha'; 'Little Blue Sparkler' ; 'Mongolius' ; ‘Mysterious Monique’;[33] 'Navy Blue';[40] 'Nigrescens'; 'Niklasse'; 'Papillon' (pale blue);[17] 'Perry's Blue' (pale blue);[34][39] ‘Placid Waters’ (with lavender blue flowers);[33] 'Prairie In Bloom' ; 'Pritiazheniye' ; 'Royal Blue';[34] 'Ruffled Violet';[34] 'Ruffles Plus';[39] ‘Savoir Faire’ (many deep blue flowers held above the dense narrow foliage);[13][34] 'Shaker's Prayer' ; 'Sibirica Alba'; 'Sibirica Albescens'; 'Sibirica Angustifolia' ; 'Sibirica Atropurpurea' ; 'Sibirica Baxteri' ; 'Sibirica Blue Bird' ; 'Sibirica 'Compacta' ; 'Sibirica Cristata' ; 'Sibirica Flore Pleno' ; 'Sibirica Gracilis' ; 'Sibirica Mrs. Perry' ; 'Sibirica Nana' ; 'Sibirica Nana Alba' ; 'Sibirica Papillon' ; 'Sibirica Snowdrift' ; 'Silver Edge';[34] 'Sky Wings';[34] 'Snow Prince' ; ‘Snow White’:(white tinged with yellow)[39] ‘Southcombe White’;[33] ‘Sultan’s Ruby’ (deep magenta blooms);[41] 'Summer Sky';[46] ‘Super Ego’; [28] 'Swank';[37] 'U.S.O.'; ‘Violet Flare’;[28] ‘Wing on Wing’ (white);[41] and 'Wisley White'.[31]


One of the most popular is ‘Butter and Sugar’, a mixture of soft yellow and cream. ‘Ego’ is a lovely rich blue, or for a paler shade try ‘Perry’s Blue’. ‘Snow White’ is white tinged with yellow,[39] while ‘Claret Cup’ has violet blue flowers. For a darker purple try ‘Ruffles Plus’ or go for the pretty pink ‘Sparkling Rose’. Clumps of Siberian irises will get bigger over time, and after four or five years they can be dug up and divided, giving you more plants. [39]

The following cultivars of I. sibirica have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (in the UK):-

Known Iris sibirica crosses; 'Abitibi' ; 'Aindling Goldauge' ; 'Aindling Libelle' ; 'Aindling Morgenstimmung' ; 'Aindling Rohrsaenger' ; 'Banish Misfortune' ; 'Butterfly Fountain' ; 'Chaudiere' ; 'Chrysobirica' ; 'Chrysobirica Gloriosa' ; 'Chrysobirica Purpurea' ; 'Common Denominator' ; 'Cookley Blue' ; 'Foretell' ; 'Gatineau' ; 'Helicon' ; 'Hohe Warte' ; 'Kootenay' ; 'Lichterfeldius' ; 'Madawaska' ; 'Matane' ; 'Mauve Snowtop' ; 'Moonscape' ; 'Neidenstein' ; 'Ottawa' ; 'Rideau' ; 'Rimouski' ; 'Royal Californian' ; 'Pausback Sibtosa' ; 'Pembina' ; 'Pennywhistle' ; 'Pickanock' ; 'Salamander Crossing' ; 'Sarah Tiffney' ; 'Sibulleyanna' ; 'Soothsayer' ; 'Sporting Chance' ; 'Starsteps' ; 'Stilles Wasser' ; 'True Blue'; 'Vidtinky Nochi' ; 'Violet Wave' ; 'Weber's Spring Blues' and 'Zeta'.[31]

Iris sibirica Cultivars

  • An unopened flower
    An unopened flower
  • Flower
    Flower
  • Flower closeup
    Flower closeup
  • Flower in visible light, UV (showing nectar guides), and IR
    Flower in visible light, UV (showing nectar guides), and IR

References

  1. ^ "Iris sibirica L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "PlantFiles: Siberian Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Iris". rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris sibirica (Siberian iris)". kew.org. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Siberian iris". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Taxon: Iris sibirica L." ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). 1 December 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kramb, D. (2 October 2004). "Iris sibirica". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "FNA Vol. 26 Page 373, 382". efloras.org (Flora of North America). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mike Heger, John Whitman and Debbie Lonnee Perennials in Cold Climates&pg=PA227 l_Ftvdh539MC, p. 227, at Google Books
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Iris sibirica". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Siberian Flag Iris sibirica - 1L Pot". primrose.co.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 45. ISBN 0715305395.
  13. ^ a b publisher=bristol.ac.uk "Summer picks up the pace!". 11 June 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  14. ^ "Iris sibirica (Siberian Iris)". brc.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  15. ^ "Iridaceae Iris sibirica L." ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  16. ^ "Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differ". biodiversitylibrary.org. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e f "Splendours of Iris sibirica". countrylife.co.uk. 25 May 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  18. ^ "Postage stamp Poland 1967 Iris Sibirica, Medical Plant". bigstockphoto.com. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  19. ^ David Philip Miller and Peter Hanns Reill (Editors)of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representations of Nature (1996)&pg=PA130 y6SJia-cSnQC, p. 130, at Google Books
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Kaššák, Pavol; Kuli, Magdalena (September 2014). "DYEING POTENTIAL OF THE IRIS SIBIRICA L. FLOWERS". European Scientific Journal. 2: 372–380. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  21. ^ Hedrick, U.P. (ed.). "Edible plants of the world" (PDF). swsbm.com. p. 360. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Herb: Siberian Iris". naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  23. ^ Hermann Heinrich Ploss, Max Bartels and Paul BartelAn Historical Gynæcological and Anthropological Compendium (1935)&pg=PA300 _yW0BQAAQBAJ, p. 300, at Google Books
  24. ^ Raymond W. BernardMysteries of Human Reproduction&pg=PA21 thbvifQ5DhwC, p. 21, at Google Books
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  26. ^ Stanišića, M.; Raspora, M.; Ninkovića, S.; Miloševića, S.; Ćalića, D.; Bohanecb, B.; Trifunovića, M.; Petrića, M.; Subotića, A.; Jevremovića, S. (9 September 2014). "Clonal fidelity of Iris sibirica plants regenerated by somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in leaf-base culture — RAPD and flow cytometer analyses". South African Journal of Botany. 96: 42–52. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  27. ^ Kostrakiewicz, Kinga; Wróblewska, Ada (2 May 2007). "Low genetic variation in subpopulations of an endangered clonal plant Iris sibirica in southern Poland". Annales Botanici Fennici. 45 (3 (2008)). Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board: 186–194. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  28. ^ a b c Meyer, Chris J.; Seago Jr, James L.; Peterson, Carol A. "Environmental effects on the maturation of the endodermis and multiseriate exodermis of Iris germanica roots". Annals of Botany. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn255. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  29. ^ Gontova, T. N.; Zatylnikova, O. A. (12 June 2013). "Comparative morphological and anatomical study of leaves and stems of Iris pseudacorus and iris sibirica" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5. National University of Pharmacy. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Austin, Claire. "Irises A Garden Encyclopedia" (PDF). worldtracker.org. pp. 274–275. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  31. ^ a b c d e Laurin, Terry (9 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris sibirica L." wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  32. ^ a b c d "Iris summary" (pdf). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "IRIS SIBIRICA: THE ELEGANT IRIS". sissinghurstcastle.wordpress.com. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 223. ISBN 9780330327749.
  35. ^ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 252, at Google Books
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Parkes, Pat. "Siberian Iris". htmbc-iris.org. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h Coble, John (January 2014). "Growing Siberian Iris" (PDF). cdn-iris.ca. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Craig Smith, Constance (13 April 2012). "Russian revolution: Savvy gardeners are switching to Siberian irises for guaranteed late spring colour whatever the weather". dailymail.co.uk (Daily Mail). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Beardless Irises Three". pacificbulbsociety.org. April 13, 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g Badgett, Becca. "Siberian Iris Care: Information On When To Plant Siberian Iris And Its Care". gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (pdf). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  43. ^ a b Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris, p. 70, at Google Books
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". archive.org. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  45. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
  46. ^ publisher=gardenersworld.com "Iris sibirica Summer Sky". Retrieved 3 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  47. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Butter and Sugar'". Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  48. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Cambridge'". Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  49. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Ruffled Velvet'". Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  50. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Iris 'Silver Edge'". Retrieved 25 June 2013.

Other sources

  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959–. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.
  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  • Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
  • FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America.
  • Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 91–92.
  • Stace, C. 1995. New flora of the British Isles.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
  • Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora.
  • Zhong Guo & Hua Jing. 1993. China floral encyclopaedia.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iris sibirica.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iris_sibirica&oldid=641250859"