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During the years 1279-1281 Przemysł II had a rather friendly (or at least neutral) relationship with all its immediate neighbors.<ref>During 1278 Greater Poland had constant conflicts with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. After this year, none of the parties undertook further hostilities. In subsequent years, there was even warming relations. In addition, the Duke of Greater Poland had remarkably friendly relations with Mestwin II of Pomerelia, Leszek II the Black and since 1281 with Henryk IV Probus. A. Swieżawski, ''Przemysł król Polski'', Warsaw 2006, p. 105.</ref>
During the years 1279-1281 Przemysł II had a rather friendly (or at least neutral) relationship with all its immediate neighbors.<ref>During 1278 Greater Poland had constant conflicts with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. After this year, none of the parties undertook further hostilities. In subsequent years, there was even warming relations. In addition, the Duke of Greater Poland had remarkably friendly relations with Mestwin II of Pomerelia, Leszek II the Black and since 1281 with Henryk IV Probus. A. Swieżawski, ''Przemysł król Polski'', Warsaw 2006, p. 105.</ref>


===Meeting with Henry and imprisonment of Przemysł II. Loss of Ruda===
The Duke of Greater Poland felt quite safe when he was invited to a meeting organized by [[Henryk IV Probus]]. The meeting took place probably on 9 February 1281 in one of the Silesian villages;<ref>It's unknown where exactly the meeting took place, because any contemporary source of these events mention this. The theories of some historians that could be in either [[Sądowel]] (cf. K. Ożóg: ''Przemysł II'', [in:] ''Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny'', Kraków 1999, pp. 155–156) or [[Barycz, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Barycz]] (cf. Z. Boras: ''Przemysław II. 700-lecie koronacji'', Międzychód 1995, p. 25) are based only on indirect sources.</ref> however, the Duke of Wrocław had another plan: he broke all the rules of hospitality, and imprisoned all the princes who where invited: in addition to Przemysł II, were also there [[Henry V the Fat]] of [[Legnica]] and [[Henry III of Głogów]], and force them to make political concessions to him.<ref>''Rocznik Traski'', [in:] MPH, vol. II, p. 847.</ref> This attitude was more outrageous by the fact that only four years before Henry III and Przemysł II risked their lives and armies to safe Henryk IV Probus in the Battle of Stolec which ended with victory of Henry V the Fat, the third guest of this meeting. The reason of the Duke of Wrocław for this radical was, as historians speculate,<ref>R. Grodecki: ''Dzieje polityczne Śląska do r. 1290'', [in:] ''Historia Śląska od najdawniejszych czasów do roku 1400'', edited by S. Kutrzeby, vol. I, Kraków 1933, pp. 289-290</ref> probably his desire to expand his influence of the neighboring principalities in his own plans for a Royal coronation.<ref>The plans for a Royal coronation from Henryk IV Probus proved to be serious, and are further confirmed by a document signed in 1280 between him and his father-in-law Władysław of Opole, in which the latter requested that, in return to his help in this matter, his own daughter (wife of Henryk IV) would be crowned Queen with him. B. Nowacki: ''Przemysł II, książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295'', Poznań 1995, p. 83.</ref>

Finally, after a short resistance Przemysł II was forced to give the strategic [[Lesser Poland|Lesser Polish]] land of [[Wieluń]] (also known as [[Ruda, Wieluń County|Ruda]]) in order to obtain his release, because Henryk IV wanted to a direct connection Wrocław and Lesser Poland. The imprisonment of Przemysł II didn't lasted too much, because on 3 March the Duke of Greater Poland was in Poznań.<ref>KDW, nr 504; K. Jasiński: ''Stosunki Przemysła II z mieszczaństwem'', [in:] ''Czas, przestrzeń, praca w dawnych miastach: Studia ofiarowane Henrykowi Samsonowiczowi w sześćdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin'', Warsawa 1991, p. 325.</ref> Henry III and Henry V the Fat were both forced to a much larger territorial concessions. In addition, the three Dukes agreed that, at the request of the Duke of Wrocław they give him military aid in the amount of thirty lancers. So this was, in practice, an act of homage.

The rapid release of Przemysł II could be contributed by the intervention of Leszek II the Black and Mestwin II of Pomerelia.<ref>J. Baszkiewicz: ''Powstanie zjednoczonego państwa polskiego na przełomie XIII i XIV wieku'', Warsaw 1954.</ref> The reason for the arrival of Mestwin II to Greater Poland, in addition to help his imprisoned ally, was to settle the claims of the [[Teutonic Order]] over parts of Pomerelia and the rsolved the issue of his succession after his own death: from his first marriage, Mestwin II had only two daughters, Catherine and Euphemia.<ref>E. Rymar: ''Rodowód książąt pomorskich''. Szczecin 2005, tabl. VI.</ref> The situation is further complicated by the fact that Mestwin II gained the rule over all the duchy of Pomerelia after a war against his uncles, Racibor and [[Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania|Sambor II]], who in revenge for this willed his possesions (including [[Białogard]] and [[Gniew]]) to the Teutonic Order after his death in 1278.<ref>B. Śliwiński: ''Sambor II'', [in:] ''Polski Słownik Biograficzny'', vol. XXXIV, Wrocław 1993, p. 405.</ref>




Revision as of 20:25, 24 June 2014

Przemysł II
19th century portrait by Jan Matejko.
High Duke of Poland
Tenure1290–1291
PredecessorHenry IV Probus
SuccessorWenceslaus II of Bohemia
King of Poland
Tenure1295–1296
Coronation26 June 1295 at Gniezno Cathedral
PredecessorBolesław II the Bold
SuccessorWenceslaus II of Bohemia
Duke of Greater Poland
Tenure1279–1296
PredecessorBolesław the Pious
SuccessorWładysław I the Elbow-high
Born(1257-10-14)14 October 1257
Poznań, Kingdom of Poland
Died8 February 1296(1296-02-08) (aged 38)
Rogoźno, Kingdom of Poland
Burial
at Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań
SpouseLudgarda of Mecklenburg
Ryksa of Sweden
Margaret of Brandenburg
IssueRyksa Elisabeth
HousePiast dynasty
FatherPrzemysł I of Greater Poland
MotherElisabeth of Wrocław

Przemysł II (also given in English and Latin as Premyslas or Premislaus, Polish: Przemysł or less properly Przemysław) (14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296), was the Duke of Poznań during 1257[1]-1279, of Greater Poland during 1279-1296, of Kraków during 1290-1291[2] and Pomerania during 1294-1296, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death. After a long period of polish High Dukes, and two nominal kings, he was the first to obtain the hereditary title of King, and for Poland the rank of Kingdom.

Member of the Greater Poland branch of the House of Piast as the only son of Duke Przemysł I and the Silesian princess Elisabeth, he was born posthumously; for this reason he was brought up at the court of his uncle Bolesław the Pious and received his own district to rule, the Duchy of Poznań, only in 1273. Six years later, after the death of his uncle, he also took the Duchy of Kalisz.

In the first period of his government, Przemysł II was involved only the regional affairs, firstly in close colaboration and then competing with the Duke of Wrocław, Henryk IV Probus. This policy caused the rebellion of the prominent family Zaremba and the temporary loss of Wieluń.

Working with the Archbishop of Gniezno, Jakub Świnka, he sought the unification of the principalities of the Piast dynasty. Unexpectedly, in 1290, under the will of Henryk IV Probus, he managed to obtain the Duchy of Wrocław; however, not having sufficient support from the local nobility (who supported other member of the Piast dynasty, Władysław I the Elbow-high) and faced with the increasing threats of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, Przemysł II finally decided to step down from Lesser Poland, which was then under the rule of Přemyslid dynasty.

In 1293, thanks to the mediation of Archbishop Jakub Świnka, he joined into a close alliance with the Kuyavia princes: Elbow-high and Casimir II of Łęczyca. This alliance was anti-Czech, and his goal was to recover Krakow, then at the hands of King Wenceslaus II.

After the death of Duke Mestwin II in 1294, and according to the Treaty of Kępno signed in 1282, Przemysł II inherited Pomerelia. This strengthened his position and allowed his coronation as King of Poland. The ceremony was held on 26 June 1295 in Gniezno, and was performed by his ally Archbishop Jakub Świnka.

Only nine months later, on 8 February 1296, Przemysł II was murdered during a failed kidnapping attempt made by men of the electors of Brandenburg, with some help from the Polish noble families of Nałęcz and Zaremba.

Birth, name and nickname

Przemysł II was the fifth child and only son of Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland and his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia.

According to the Chronicle of Greater Poland (pl: Kronika wielkopolska),[3] Przemysl II was named after his father, who had died five months before his birth, on 4 June 1257. Form the name of the ruler of Greater Poland in the days of his contemporaries certainly sounded Przemysł (possibly Przemyśl), who could substantially the same as "clever" or "intelligent". However, due to the fact that the word "Przemysł" (en: Industry) means production of a good or service within an economy today, it's reasonable to be considered that his name could be a valid form from Przemysław, especially as this version is undoubtedly more medieval (occurs at the beginning of the 14th century).[4] Another name under which the Duke of Greater Poland was probably known, following the indications of the Roczniku kołbackim,[5] is Peter (pl: Piotr), but Oswald Balzer considered this an obvious mistake.[6] The only one who recognized the name Peter as authentic was K. Górski.[7]

No sources of contemporary rulers provided information about his nickname. Only in sources related with the Teutonic Order from 1335 he is nicknamed Kynast.[8] In current historiography he is sometimes nicknamed Posthumus (pl: Pogrobowiec),[9] but this wasn't universally accepted.

Przemysl II was born on 14 October 1257 in Poznań. Thanks to the Chronicle of Greater Poland is known that he was born in the morning, because according to the text, at a time when Dowager Duchess Elisabeth gave birth to a son, the canons of the city sang morning.[10] At the news of the birth, the local clergy chanted the Te Deum laudamus.[11]

The prince was born nearly four and a half months after the death of his father, so he was posthumous. Shortly after the birth, he was baptized by the Bishop of Poznań, Bogufał III of Czerniejewo.

Under the tutelage of his uncle Bolesław the Pious (1257–1273)

Childhood

At the time of is birth, Przemysł II was the nominal ruler of the Duchy of Poznań. The guardianship of him and the duchy, probably alongside with his mother Elisabeth,[12] was taken by his uncle Duke Bolesław the Pious and his wife, the Hungarian princess Jolenta-Helena. In consecuence the prince remained at the court in Poznań, where his mother raised him. On 16 January 1265 Dowager Duchess Elisabeth died at her estate in Modrze, and since then the total care of the orphan Przemysł II and her sisters was held by their uncle and aunt.

About the education given to Przemysł II exist very little information. Diplomatic sources have retained only the names of two of his teachers: Dragomir and Przybysław.[13] It's assumed (although without any direct evidence) that the prince had some knowledge of at least Latin in speech and writing.[14]

War with Brandenburg. Expedition to Neumark

The next mention of Przemysł II came in 1272, when his uncle Duke Bolesław the Pious appointed him nominal commander of an armed expedition against Brandenburg. The real commanders of the expedition were the Governor of Poznan, Przedpełk and the Castellan of Kalisz, Janko. The expedition was launched on 27 May; in addition to the specific purpose to acquire and destroy the newly built fortress in Strzelce Krajeńskie (or, in case it proved to be impossible, at least the desolation of Neumark), the young prince wa to be educated in the art of war. The project, as was detailed in the Chronicle of Greater Poland,[15] failed completely, because the city of Strzelce Krajeńskie after a short, but extremely fierce battle, was defeated and captured by the Greater Poland army. According to the Chronicle, while gaining command of the fortress, Przemysł II ordened the slaughter of the defenders, and only a few managed to save the life of the prince from the angered citizens.[16]

Shortly after completing the expedition and with the majority of his forces in his way back, Przemysł II received a confidential message that the fortress of Drezdenko was protected by just a few German knights. The young prince, despite the fact that only had a part of his forces, decided to made a quick attack. The complete surprised opponents, fearing the same fate of Strzelce Krajeńskie, decided to surrender the fortress in exchange for a full pardon. After this, Przemysł II took the fortress in the name of his uncle and could triumphantly return home.[17]

In the same year, Przemysł II concluded his first alliance with Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia. At first ally of the Margraves of Brandenburg, Mestwin II could expelled his brother and uncles from Pomerania and became sole ruler in 1271, but shortly after he was defeated and even imprisoned by them; this caused him to promised the province of Gdańsk to Margrave Conrad of Brandenburg in exchange for aid against his relatives and local nobility, who allied with them. Despite Mestwin II retained the feudal sovereignty over the territory, the Brandenburg Margraviate still occupied the main castles and fortress of the city even after the restoration of Mestwin II in the ducal throne. With his knowledge that his forces are too weak against Brandenburg, the Pomeranian Duke decided then to made an alliance with the Greater Poland rulers, Bolesław the Pious (who probably was his first-cousin)[18] and Przemysł II.

The Greater Poland-Pomerania alliance ended up in regaining the fortresses in Gdańsk and the complete expulsion of the Brandenburg forces from Pomerania. Although soon after Mestwin II decided to conclude a separate peace with the Margraviate, the alliance with Greater Poland signed in 1272 remained in force.[19] The continuous threat of Brandenburg and the uncertainty of the alliance with Mestwin II, caused that Bolesław the Pious began to seek new allies in the case of war, and with this be able to had a decisive assistance. For this purpose, Bolesław decided to seek an agreement with Duke Barnim I of Pomerania.

Marriage with Ludgarda of Mecklenburg

As a part of the newly alliance with Pomerania, was arranged the marriage between Przemysł II and Barnim I's grandaughter Ludgarda,[20] daughter of Henry I the Pilgrim, Lord of Mecklenburg and Anastasia of Pomerania. Apparently, the young prince was pleased with his young bride,[21] following the writes of the Chronicle of Greater Poland:

"And when he saw her, he liked her person. And there in the country of the said Duke Barnim, in the city of Szczecin, took her as a wife. And this happened in his sixteenth year of life (1273)."[22]

After the wedding the couple was briefly separated. Przemysł II came to Greater Poland, where together with his uncle prepared the ceremonial arrival of his wife to Poznań. Finally, together with his uncle, his aunt Jolenta, Bishop Mikołaj I of Poznań and other Greater Poland dignitaries the prince went to the border frontier in Drezdenko, where solemnly brought Ludgarda to her new home. The alliance between Greater Poland and Pomerania was directly against Brandenburg and in 1274, resulted in more than one retaliatory expedition against Greater Poland; taken by surprise, the princes watched how without major obstacles the Brandenburg army came to Poznan, and burned the main fortress of the city.[23] Only after this, the Greater Poland knighthood was hastily organized and could expelled the invasors.

Independent Duke of Poznań (1273–1279)

Rebellion against his uncle

In 1273 Przemysł II became an independent Duke of Poznań. The circumstances around this event are not entirely clear.[24] On the basis of only one known source, a document dated 1 October 1273, Przemysł II began to use the title of "dux Poloniae" (Duke of [Greater] Poland).[25] Additional news where noticed in a document issued on 25 August 1289, in which the Greater Poland ruler gave the villages of Węgielnice and Łagiewnice to the major of Gniezno, Piotr Winiarczyk, in gratitude for help him to escape from the Gniezno fortress (however, when the incident took place wasn't mentioned in the document).[26] In light from modern historiography, the events preceding the issue of this document could be as follows: Przemysł II, unhappy with the prolonged guardianship of his uncle, and with the support of some powerful Greater Poland magnates[27] decided, regardless of the consecuences, to assert his rights over Poznań. It's unclear at this stage whether there has been any armed incidents; in any case the demands of Przemysł II became so insistent that ended in his imprisonment in the Gniezno castle. It can be assumed[28] that there wasn't a prison in the proper sense of the word, but under house arrest, during which Przemysł II wasn't too rigorously guarded, since the prince was able to escape from the castle without any outside help. Evidenced by the document issued to Piotr Winiarczyk, in which the writer used the phrase "qui de nocte consurgens" , which allows to assume that the clerk was asleep and was completely surprised by the arrival of the prince. In any case, the real cause of this grant of lands given to Winiarczyk by Przemysł II apparently wasn't sure, and probably only equipping him with sufficient means to escape.[29]

Alliance with Henryk IV Probus

After escaping from Gniezno, Przemysł II probably went on Lower Silesia under the care of Henryk IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław. This help was evidenced by the conclusion of an alliance (in unknown date) directed against "any man and Polish prince" with the exception of Duke Władysław of Opole and King Ottokar II of Bohemia.[30]

An alliance between Przemysł II and Henry IV placed Bolesław the Pious in a very uncomfortable situation, because he being a member of Pro-hungarian coalition of Polish princes (in addition of him, included Bolesław V the Chaste, Leszek II the Black and Konrad II of Masovia) could not remain indifferent to this close cooperation with the Duke of Wrocław, which was the leader of the Pro-bohemian coalition (where other Silesian princes also belonged).[31]

This alliance probably probably forced Bolesław the Pious to reconsider his threatment to his nephew and finally granted him the Duchy of Poznań in 1273.[32] Przemysł II, in exchange, not only interrupted for a time his cooperation with the Duke of Wrocław, but decided to support his uncle in the expedition against Władysław of Opole (ally of King Ottokar II and Henryk IV Probus), in retaliation for the attempts of the Opole ruler to overthrow the government of Bolesław V the Chaste in Lesser Poland during the first half of 1273.[33] Thus, with high probability it can be concluded that by this timem the conflict between Przemysł II and his uncle for power has been finally resolved.

About the rule of Przemysł II over Poznań exist very little information. From the period 1273-1279, are known only four documents issued by the prince, including two issued jointly with his uncle Bolesław the Pious.

Kidnapping of Henryk IV Probus by Bolesław II Rogatka. Battle of Stolec

Przemysł II's foreign politics are more known during this time. His friendly relations with Henry IV Probus survived, despite the momentary interruption, even after 1273. This alliance was mantained without significant changes, and only as a result of the events that taken place on 18 February 1277 in the town of Jelcz near Wrocław,[34] the Duke of Poznań was forced to explicitly stood at the side of the Wrocław ruler, his cousin.[35] Henryk IV was kidnapped and imprisoned in the Legnica castle by his uncle, Duke Bolesław II Rogatka. The pretext used by the Duke of Legnica to made this were the demands of the Duke of Wrocław over one-third of his domains, which, according to him, were part of his inheritance as legacy from both his father Henry III the White (died in 1266) and uncle Władysław (died in 1270). Bolesław II used in his favor the political weakeness of Henryk IV's guardian, King Otakar II of Bohemia, who in September 1276 was forced to submit to King Rudolph I of Germany.

Przemysł II, faithful to his previous agreements with Henry IV Probus, decided to stand at the head of the knights of Poznań, Wrocław (which generally are loyal to his ruler) and Głogów (commaned by their Duke Henry III) and marched to Legnica in order to obtain the freedom of Henry IV.[36] The Legnica army was commanded by Bolesław II and his eldest son Henry V the Fat. The battle took place on 24 April 1277 in the village of Stolec near Ząbkowice Śląskie,[37] and, according to modern historiography, was extremely bloody and lasted almost the entire day. Initially it seemed that the coalition Poznań-Głogów-Wroclaw would had the complete victory. The situation became even more favorable to them when Bolesław II escape from the battlefield. However, his son Henry V decided to stay until the end, and in this desperate situation encouraged his knights to fight, and finally obtain the victory; to complete the success, even Przemysł II and Henry III were taken prisoners.[38] However, according to Jan Dlugosz in his chronicle, for the Dukes of Legnica this was a Pyrrhic victory, since "died in this battle so countless number of people that the knights of Legnica, although the winner, they could mock the vanquished, because the bloody paid for victory".[39] The imprisonment of the Duke of Poznań, if really occurs, was briefly. The argument against this was noted in the fact that is not recorded any losses for Przemysł II to pay for his release.

Whatever the truth was, by 5 July 1277 Przemysł II was in Lubin.[40] The release of Henryk IV Probus took place some days later, on 22 July, after the surrender to Bolesław II of 1/5 of his Duchy, with the town of Środa Śląska at the head.[41] Bolesław the Pious was against the participation of his nephew in this conflict, not only refused to support him militarily but also invaded the borders of the Duchy of Wrocław, trying to assert financial claims. Moreover, at this point, he gave his daughter Elizabeth in marriage to Henry V the Fat.[42]

In additional fact for a quick end to this conflict among the Silesian princes was the personal intervention of King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who in preparation for his final confrontation with King Rudolph I of Habsburg German needed to calm the situation in Poland.[43]

Cooperation with King Ottokar II of Bohemia

In September 1277 King Ottokar II held in the border city of Opava a meeting of Polish princes. Sources doesn't specify either the exact date or the participants. Historians speculate only that they could be: Henryk IV Probus, Bolesław V the Chaste, Leszek II the Black, Władysław of Opole with his sons, Henry III of Głogów and Przemysł II.[44] They are also known political decisions that were made ​​there, but taking into account the subsequent events, is sure that there agreed the issue of a military cooperation against Germany.

The decisive battle between Ottokar II and Rudolph I took place on 25 August 1278 in the known Battle on the Marchfeld. As many 1/3 of the Czech army were supposed to be allied with the Polish troops. Przemysł II wasn't among them, because he was then in Ląd.[45] However this doesn't mean that, as historians speculate, he didn't send troops to the Bohemian King as was planned.[46]

Improving relations with Bolesław the Pious. Congress of Ląd

The apparent difference of interests between Przemysł II and his uncle Bolesław the Pious in the Silesian and Czech affairs, didn't disturbed their good relations. Evidence of this was the common issuance of documents, such as 6 January 1278.[47]

Another proof of the close cooperation between uncle and nephew in the last years of Bolesław the Pious' life are in the events that taken place in mid-1278 (probably in August):[48] Bolesław, using the weakeness of the Margraviate of Brandenburg during the fight between Ottokar II and Rudolph I, in only eight days attacked Neumark and advanced until Myślibórz, where his troops defeated Margrave Otto V the Long.[49]

Przemysł II didn't participate in this expedition (at least directly, according to Jan Długosz[50]), because at that moment he was in Ląd, according to a document dated 24 August 1278.[51][52] Certainly by the command of his uncle,[53] Przemysł II acted as mediator in the dispute between Dukes Leszek II the Black and Ziemomysł of Inowrocław and his subjects.[54]

Przemysł II was able to end the dispute between Leszek and Ziemomysł with their local nobility definitively. The Duke of Inowrocławski had to agree to two conditions: firstly, in his court all the noble families would be well-tolerated and respected, and secondly, he had put a distance from his German advisors. In addition Ziemomysł also have to accept the surrender of the towns of Kruszwica and Radziejów to Bolesław the Pious and Wyszogród to Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia.[55] The friendly relations between Przemysł II and the Kuyavia Dukes proved to be durable and survived to the end of his reign.[56] The expedition against Brandenburg in 1278 was the last important event in Bolesław the Pious' life. "Maximus trumphator de Teutonicis" (in: The highest winner on the Germans[57]), died on 13[58]or 14[59] April 1279 in Kalisz. Without male heirs, shortly before his death declared his nephew his only and legitimate heir and urged him to take care of his wife Jolenta-Helena and his two underage daughters, Hedwig and Anna.[60]

Duke of Greater Poland (1279–1290)

Addition of Greater Poland to his domains

The inheritance of Greater Poland by Przemysł II was pacefully. The union proved to be durable, and with the exception of the borders within the Duchy of Wrocław, survived throughout his reign. However, despite the personal unification the division between Kalisz and Gniezno survived almost to the end of the 18th century. In times of Casimir III the Great was also a visible division between the olds voivodeships of Poznań and Kalisz.

Cooperation with the local nobility and relations with his neighbors

An analysis to the contemporary documents[61] shows that in the first period of his rule over all Greater Poland, Przemysł II relied on the following nobles: Jan Gerbicz, Bishop of Poznań, and some members of the powerful noble family Zaremba: Andrzej, chancellor of Kalisz (since 1288 the first "cancellerius tocius Polonia") and later Bishop of Poznań; Sędziwój, chamberlain of Gniezno; Beniamin, voivode of Poznań and Arkembold, voivode of Gniezno. Other close collaborators were: Wojciech Krystanowic z Lubrzy, chamberlain of Poznań; Tomisław Nałęcz, Poznań castellan; Maciej, Kalisz castellan; Stefan, Wieluń castellan, Mikołaj Łodzia, Poznań judge; Wincenty Łodzia, chancellor of Poznań and three notaries from middle-class origin: brothers Tylon, Jaśko and Mikołaj.[62]

During the years 1279-1281 Przemysł II had a rather friendly (or at least neutral) relationship with all its immediate neighbors.[63]

Meeting with Henry and imprisonment of Przemysł II. Loss of Ruda

The Duke of Greater Poland felt quite safe when he was invited to a meeting organized by Henryk IV Probus. The meeting took place probably on 9 February 1281 in one of the Silesian villages;[64] however, the Duke of Wrocław had another plan: he broke all the rules of hospitality, and imprisoned all the princes who where invited: in addition to Przemysł II, were also there Henry V the Fat of Legnica and Henry III of Głogów, and force them to make political concessions to him.[65] This attitude was more outrageous by the fact that only four years before Henry III and Przemysł II risked their lives and armies to safe Henryk IV Probus in the Battle of Stolec which ended with victory of Henry V the Fat, the third guest of this meeting. The reason of the Duke of Wrocław for this radical was, as historians speculate,[66] probably his desire to expand his influence of the neighboring principalities in his own plans for a Royal coronation.[67]

Finally, after a short resistance Przemysł II was forced to give the strategic Lesser Polish land of Wieluń (also known as Ruda) in order to obtain his release, because Henryk IV wanted to a direct connection Wrocław and Lesser Poland. The imprisonment of Przemysł II didn't lasted too much, because on 3 March the Duke of Greater Poland was in Poznań.[68] Henry III and Henry V the Fat were both forced to a much larger territorial concessions. In addition, the three Dukes agreed that, at the request of the Duke of Wrocław they give him military aid in the amount of thirty lancers. So this was, in practice, an act of homage.

The rapid release of Przemysł II could be contributed by the intervention of Leszek II the Black and Mestwin II of Pomerelia.[69] The reason for the arrival of Mestwin II to Greater Poland, in addition to help his imprisoned ally, was to settle the claims of the Teutonic Order over parts of Pomerelia and the rsolved the issue of his succession after his own death: from his first marriage, Mestwin II had only two daughters, Catherine and Euphemia.[70] The situation is further complicated by the fact that Mestwin II gained the rule over all the duchy of Pomerelia after a war against his uncles, Racibor and Sambor II, who in revenge for this willed his possesions (including Białogard and Gniew) to the Teutonic Order after his death in 1278.[71]


Przemysł II held a secret meeting and according to the Treaty of Kępno (1282), he was co-ruler with Mestwin II, duke of Pomerelia or Eastern Pomerania. In 1283 that meeting place, the later Kępno received from Przemysł city rights under the name of Langenfort/vort. In 1294 Przemysł became the successor at Gdańsk. In 1287 this alliance had been extended to duke Boguslaw IV of Western Pomerania.

According to the last will of Henry IV Probus, duke of Silesia and high-duke of Poland, he inherited in 1290 the provinces of Kraków and Sandomierz (both were called Lesser Poland), but soon ceded them to Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia. As he was the strongest Polish duke of the time, possessed the royal insignia from Kraków, and had support of the clergy for the unification of Poland, he was crowned king of Poland in 1295 by the archbishop of Gniezno, Jakub Świnka, and five other bishops.

In 1296, he was kidnapped by men of the electors of Brandenburg, with some help from the Polish noble families of Nałęcz and Zaremba, and murdered on 8 February in Rogoźno by Jakub Kaszuba.[72] His kingship was short but the revived kingdom survived for the next 500 years.

According to medieval chronicles, he murdered his first wife Ludgarda because she could not bear him children. Ludgarda foresaw his intentions, and beseeched him to spare her life and send her away. He declined and is said to have had her strangled.

Marriages

  1. 1273 Ludgarda, daughter of Henry I the Pilgrim, Duke of Mecklenburg; no children
  2. 1285 Rikissa, daughter of King Valdemar of Sweden; one daughter: Ryksa Elizabeth (1286–1335), married King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia in 1300, secondly King Rudolph I of Bohemia in 1306
  3. 1293 Margaret of Brandenburg, daughter of Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg; no children

Gallery

  • The Death of King Przemysł II in Rogoźno by Jan Matejko.
    The Death of King Przemysł II in Rogoźno by Jan Matejko.
  • Assassination of King Przemysł II of Poland
    Assassination of King Przemysł II of Poland
  • Przemysł II seal 'Premisl II Dei Gracia Regis Poloniae Domini Pomeraniae[73]
    Przemysł II seal
    'Premisl II Dei Gracia Regis Poloniae Domini Pomeraniae[73]
  • Przemysł II by Aleksander Lesser
    Przemysł II by Aleksander Lesser

Realm of power

Ancestors

Odon of Poznań
Władysław Odonic
Viacheslava Yaroslavna of Halych
Przemysł I
Mściwój I of Gdańsk
Jadwiga of Pomerania
Zwinisława
Przemysł II
Henry I the Bearded
Henry II the Pious
Hedwig of Andechs
Elisabeth of Wrocław
Ottokar I of Bohemia
Anna of Bohemia
Constance of Hungary

References

  1. ^ Only nominal; he actually took the government over Poznań in 1273, aged sixteen. A. Swieżawski: Przemysł król Polski, Warsaw 2006, pp. 95-96.
  2. ^ Only nominal (without actually reign in the district) but used the title even in subsequent years, for example, on the occasion of the congress in Kalisz in 1293. Codex diplomaticus Maioris Poloniae, ed. E. Raczynski, Poznań 1840, nr 76; KDW, vol. II, nr 692.
  3. ^ Kronika wielkopolska, Warsaw 1965, vol. 119, pp. 260-261.
  4. ^ Especially if is compared with the analogous case of the name Władysław, who in earlier sources is in the form Włodzisław, possibly Włodko. See K. Jasinski: Genealogia Piastów wielkopolskich. Potomstwo Władysława Odonica, [in:] Nasi Piastowie (Kronika Miasta Poznania, nr 2/95), Poznań 1995, pp. 39-40.
  5. ^ Rocznik Kołbacki: MGH SS, vol. XIX, p. 716.
  6. ^ O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 243-250
  7. ^ K. Górski: Śmierć Przemysła II, Roczniki Historyczne, vol. V, Poznań 1929, p. 198.
  8. ^ K. Jasiński: Genealogia Piastów wielkopolskich. Potomstwo Władysława Odonica, [in:] Nasi Piastowie (Kronika Miasta Poznania, nr 2/95), Poznań 1995, p. 53.
  9. ^ For example Z. Boras: Przemysław II. 700-lecie koronacji, Międzychód 1995, p. 14
  10. ^ Kronika wielkopolska, Warsaw 1965, vol. 119, pp. 260-261: "In the same year (ie in 1257) was born the son of Przemysl the Good Duke of Greater Poland, in Poznań, on Sunday morning, the feast of the martyr Saint Callixtus (Pope Callixtus I). And when the canons and vicars of Poznań sang morning prayers at the end of the ninth lesson came and told the news for the birth of a boy. So immediately momentous voice began to sing the Te Deum laudamus - because of the morning the Office, as with joy at the birth of a boy - to praise God that so much grace deigned to comfort the Polish".
  11. ^ B. Nowacki: Przemysł II, książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 43.
  12. ^ However, it did not encompass the proper Governorship of the Duchy of Poznan, contenting herself with the direct rule over only her oprawą wdowią, the village of Modrze. T. Jurek: Elżbieta [in:] Piastowie Leksykon Biograficzny, edited by S. Szczura and K. Ożóga, Kraków 1999, p. 414.
  13. ^ Their names appeared on a document granted by Bolesław the Pious on 8 November 1267. This document is also the first mention of the Przemysł II. See Codex diplomaticus Poloniae, vol. I, nr 52 and A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, pp. 92-93.
  14. ^ Indirect proof may be indicated that these skills were inherited from his father Przemysł I. Kronika wielkopolska, ed. B. Kürbis, translation by K. Abgarowicz, introduction and commentaries by B. Kürbisówna, Warsaw 1965, vol. 118, pp. 257-260.
  15. ^ Kronika wielkopolska, Warsaw 1965, vol. 161, pp. 295–297.
  16. ^ Some historians, such as A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, pp. 93–94 or Z. Boras, Przemysław II. 700-lecie koronacji, Międzychód 1995, pp. 19–20, believes that in fact only a small part of the defense was actually killed during the acquisition of the fortress, and the survivors of the Greater Poland army, as suggested by Jan Długosz, were who saved Przemysł II's life.
  17. ^ Kronika wielkopolska, Warsaw 1965, pp. 295-297.
  18. ^ Hedwig, mother of Bolesław the Pious, was probably a daughter of Duke Mestwin I of Pomerelia. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 221; W. Dworzaczek, Genealogia, Warsaw 1959, arr. 2 and 17; K. Jasinski, Uzupełnienia do genealogii Piastów, "Studies Źródłoznawcze", Vol. V, 1960, p. 100; K. Jasinski: Genealogia Piastów Wielkopolskich. Potomstwo Władysława Odonica, "Kronika Miasta Poznania", Vol. II, 1995, pp. 38-39.
  19. ^ K. Jasiński: Gdańsk w okresie samodzielności politycznej Pomorza Gdańskiego, [in:] Historia Gdańska edited by Edmund Cieślak, Gdańsk 1985, vol. I (to 1454), pp. 283-297.
  20. ^ In contemporary sources, her name is variously recorded as Lucardis, Lucartha or Lukeria. See B. Nowacki: Przemysł II, książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 54.
  21. ^ It's unknown how many years had Ludgarda at the time of the wedding. Based on indirect sources, historians accept that she could be born around 1259 (B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 54), in 1260 or 1261 ((K. Jasiński: Genealogia Piastów wielkopolskich. Potomstwo Władysława Odonica, [in:] Nasi Piastowie "Kronika Miasta Poznania", nr 2/95, Poznań 1995, p. 54), and finally, about 1261 (A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, p. 94). In consecuence, the Mecklenburg princess would be around 13-15 years at that time.
  22. ^ Kronika wielkopolska, Warsaw 1965, p. 297.
  23. ^ Wspominki poznańskie, [in:] MPH SN, vol. VI, Warsaw 1962, pp. 125; A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, p. 95.
  24. ^ Also, historiography is not consistent in this regard, and additional confusion exists around the order of events. K. Jasinski, Przemysł II, [in:] Polish Biographical Dictionary, Vol XXVIII, Wrocław 1984–1985, p. 730, and K. Ożóg: Przemysł II, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, pp. 154–155, reports that firstly Przemysł II received its own district, and then, according to the will of Bolesław the Pious, married with Ludgarda of Mecklenburg. Information about the rebellion against his uncle (discussed below), however, seems to suggest that in fact it was the opposite, ie: the prince firstly married Ludgarda, and then, dissatisfied with the lack of influence in the government affairs, rebelled to receive his own patrimony, and as a result he obtained the Duchy of Poznań. This sequence of events is suported by B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, pp. 54–58 and A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, pp. 95-96.
  25. ^ KDW, Vol. I, No 453.
  26. ^ KDW, Vol. II, No. 639.
  27. ^ It's unknown who were these people. It only assume that they could be young prince's closest associates during his government over the Duchy of Poznań in 1273-1279. They were: the Governor of Poznań Benjamin Zaremba, the Chancellor and later Bishop of Poznań Andrzej Zaremba, the esquire Pietrzyk, the Poznań Chamberlain Bogusław Domaradzic Grzymał, the Prince's notary Tylon, his confessor Theodoric, and the incumbent Bishop of Poznań Mikołaj I. See B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, pp. 58-59.
  28. ^ A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, p. 97.
  29. ^ Some doubts about this theory raised because the fact that Peter Winiarczyk was rewarded after 16 years of the events. A. Swieżawski: Przemysł król Polski, Warsaw 2006, pp.97-98.
  30. ^ KDW, Vol. VI, No. 25. This alliance was known only from a write-down document without date and place of origin, and the issue of give a chronological time to that document is quite complicated (years 1273-1278 during the rule of Przemysł II over Poznań ). The analysis of the events can be assumed that the most possible date could be half year of 1273. Cf A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, p. 96. Other historians (for example, B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, pp. 59–61) give as date for the conclusion of the alliance the year 1276.
  31. ^ Cf. S. Zachorowski: Wiek XIII i panowanie Władysława Łokietka, [in:] R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej w dwu tomach, vol. I to 1333, Kraków 1995, p. 271: Here is further related the long-term conflict between the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia after the fall of the Babenberg dynasty, who ended with the defeat of Przemysl Otakar II in the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278. Should be remembered, however, that after 1273 the Polish princes who where on the Hungarian side changed unexpectedly his politics and transfered their loyalty to the Bohemian side (probably due to the inability to find cooperation with the regency who ruled Hungary on behalf of the young King Ladislaus IV). More about this conflict could be see in: A. Barciak: Ideologia polityczna monarchii Przemysła Ottokara II. Studium z dziejów czeskiej polityki zagranicznej w drugiej połowie XIII wieku, Katowice 1982.
  32. ^ For this date are in favor K. Ożóg: Przemysł II, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 154, and A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsawa 2006, pp. 96-97. From another opinion is B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 58, which accept a date of about 1275 as most the accepted date for the beginning of Przemysł II's rule in Poznań. J. Topolski: Dzieje Wielkopolski, vol. I, Poznań 1969, p. 294 and W. Dworzaczek: Genealogia, Warsawa 1959, table 2, are in favor of the year 1277.
  33. ^ A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warszawa 2006, p. 97.
  34. ^ More information about these events in B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, pp. 62–68, cf. Kronika książąt polskich, ed. Z. Węglewski, [in:] MPH, vol.III, Lwów 1878, p. 496.
  35. ^ Henry III the White (Henryk IV's father) was brother of Duchess Elisabeth of Poznań (Przemysł II's mother)
  36. ^ K. Ożóg: Przemysł II, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 155.
  37. ^ Kronika książąt polskich, ed. Z. Węglewski, [in:] MPH, vol. III, Lwów 1878, p. 496.
  38. ^ Modern historiograpy (for example K. Ożóg: Przemysł II [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 155; B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, pp. 67–69 and A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, p. 99) considered the capture of Przemysł II as doubtful, because only Jan Długosz reports this and other contemporary sources are silent about this event.
  39. ^ J. Długosz: Roczniki, czyli kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego, Fr. VII, p. 250.
  40. ^ KDW, vol. III, nr 2030.
  41. ^ A. Waśko: Henryk IV Prawy (Probus), [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, pp. 427-428
  42. ^ K. Ożóg: Bolesław Pobożny, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 146.
  43. ^ At the same time, he issued a proclamation addressed to the Polish, in which he emphasized the brotherhood between the two nations and a common threat from Germany. A. Barciak: Ideologia polityczna monarchii Przemysła Ottokara II. Studium z dziejów czeskiej polityki zagranicznej w drugiej połowie XIII wieku, Katowice 1982, pp. 43 ff.
  44. ^ This list of ruler is provided by B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 69.
  45. ^ KDW, vol. I, nr 482.
  46. ^ K. Ożóg: Przemysł II, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 155.
  47. ^ KDW, vol. I, nr 473.
  48. ^ Mature historiography moved Bolesław's expedition to the end of May or early June. See W. Rybczyński: Wielkopolska pod rządami synów Władysława Odonica (1235–1279), [in:] "Rocznik Filarecki", I, 1886, pp. 316-317.
  49. ^ Rocznik Traski, [in:] MPH, vol. II, Lwów 1872, p. 844.
  50. ^ Cf. A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsawa 2006, p. 100.
  51. ^ J. Powierski: Krzyżacka polityka Przemysła II w pierwszym okresie jego aktywności politycznej, [in:] Przemysł II. Odnowienie Królestwa Polskiego, edited by J. Krzyżaniakowej, Poznań 1997, pp. 117-118.
  52. ^ A completely different date is fixed by J. Tęgowski: W sprawie emendacji dokumentu Przemysła II dotyczącego powrotu Siemomysła na Kujawy, "Zapiski Kujawsko-Dobrzyńskie", serie A, 1978, pp. 213-219. He draws attention to the possibility of a mistake in the date of the document and the correct year of publication would be 1279. However, no other sources confirmated this and Tęgowski thesis remains only a hypothesis.
  53. ^ Przemysł II had then only less than 20 years. It seems obvious that with the much olders Leszek II the Black and Ziemomysł of Inowrocław not have asked for his direct arbitration but rather to his uncle Bolesław, who (perhaps due to his war against Brandenburg or wanting to raise the prestige of his nephew), declined his participation in the meeting by sending Przemysł II with a continent together of experienced advisors: Maciej, Castellan of Kalisz; Bodzenta, Castellan of Ladz; Andrzej, Castellan of Nakielsk; Bodzęta, Castellan of Gieck; Bierwołt, Castellan of Lędzki and the Gniezno knight Bogumil. KDW, vol. III, nr 482, por. A. Swieżawski, Przemysł król Polski, Warszawa 2006, s. 99.
  54. ^ The dispute was because the close ties between Ziemomysł with the Teutonic Order, at the expense of the local noble families. Early in 1271 Ziemomysł had suffered the rebellion of his subjects and temporary had lost his Duchy of Inowrocław, who was placed under the guardianship of both Bolesław the Pious and Leszek II the Black. S. Sroka, Siemomysl [in] Piast Biographical Lexicon , Cracow, 1999, pp. 208-209.
  55. ^ Ziemomysł's eldest son Leszek recovered Wyszogród after Mestwin II's death in 1294. S. Sroka: Siemomysł, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 209.
  56. ^ Not taking into account the later tense relations between Przemysł II and Władysław I the Elbow-high during his brief reign in Krakow. The friendly relations with the descendants of Casimir I of Kuyavia with the Greater Poland ruler was reflected, as some historians believed in the name chosen to Ziemomysł's second son, Przemysł, during his exile in Ląd. S. Sroka: Przemysł II, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 223.
  57. ^ Described in this was by the Rocznik kaliski. See. B. Nowacki: Przemysł II książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 79.
  58. ^ A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warszawa 2006, p. 100; O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 232; W. Dworzaczek: Genealogia, Warsaw 1959, table 2.
  59. ^ K. Jasiński: Genealogia Piastów wielkopolskich. Potomstwo Władysława Odonica, [in:] Nasi Piastowie ("Kronika Miasta Poznania", nr 2/95), Poznań 1995, p. 42; K. Ożóg: Bolesław Pobożny, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, pp. 142-147
  60. ^ Jolenta-Helena shortly after her husband's death moved to Kraków next to her sister, the later Saint Kinga, which after the death of her husband Bolesław V the Chaste entered in the Poor Clares monastery at Stary Sącz. In this convent she stayed, according to various sources, either until the Mongol invasion in 1287 or until the death of her sister in 1292. Then she returned to Greater Poland and generously provided by Przemysł II, resided in the Poor Clares monastery in Gniezno, where she died on 11 June 1298, venerated as a saint. E. Rudzki: Polskie królowe, vol. I, p. 12.
  61. ^ KDW, vol. I nr 485, 486, 488, 489, 491, 492, 493, 494, 496.
  62. ^ B. Nowacki: Przemysł II, książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, pp. 81–82; A. Swieżawski: Przemysł. Król Polski, Warsaw 2006, pp. 101-103.
  63. ^ During 1278 Greater Poland had constant conflicts with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. After this year, none of the parties undertook further hostilities. In subsequent years, there was even warming relations. In addition, the Duke of Greater Poland had remarkably friendly relations with Mestwin II of Pomerelia, Leszek II the Black and since 1281 with Henryk IV Probus. A. Swieżawski, Przemysł król Polski, Warsaw 2006, p. 105.
  64. ^ It's unknown where exactly the meeting took place, because any contemporary source of these events mention this. The theories of some historians that could be in either Sądowel (cf. K. Ożóg: Przemysł II, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, pp. 155–156) or Barycz (cf. Z. Boras: Przemysław II. 700-lecie koronacji, Międzychód 1995, p. 25) are based only on indirect sources.
  65. ^ Rocznik Traski, [in:] MPH, vol. II, p. 847.
  66. ^ R. Grodecki: Dzieje polityczne Śląska do r. 1290, [in:] Historia Śląska od najdawniejszych czasów do roku 1400, edited by S. Kutrzeby, vol. I, Kraków 1933, pp. 289-290
  67. ^ The plans for a Royal coronation from Henryk IV Probus proved to be serious, and are further confirmed by a document signed in 1280 between him and his father-in-law Władysław of Opole, in which the latter requested that, in return to his help in this matter, his own daughter (wife of Henryk IV) would be crowned Queen with him. B. Nowacki: Przemysł II, książę wielkopolski, król Polski 1257–1295, Poznań 1995, p. 83.
  68. ^ KDW, nr 504; K. Jasiński: Stosunki Przemysła II z mieszczaństwem, [in:] Czas, przestrzeń, praca w dawnych miastach: Studia ofiarowane Henrykowi Samsonowiczowi w sześćdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin, Warsawa 1991, p. 325.
  69. ^ J. Baszkiewicz: Powstanie zjednoczonego państwa polskiego na przełomie XIII i XIV wieku, Warsaw 1954.
  70. ^ E. Rymar: Rodowód książąt pomorskich. Szczecin 2005, tabl. VI.
  71. ^ B. Śliwiński: Sambor II, [in:] Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. XXXIV, Wrocław 1993, p. 405.
  72. ^ Milliman, Paul (2013). ‘The Slippery Memory of Men’: The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland. Brill. p. 105.
  73. ^ poczet.com, Przemysł II (Pogrobowiec)

Further reading

  • Nowacki, B. Przemysł II.
  • Boras, Z. Poczet piastów wielkopolskich.

See also

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Przemysł II
Born: 14 October 1257 Died: 8 February 1296
Regnal titles
Preceded by Duke of Greater Poland
1273–1296 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Duke of Kraków and King of Poland
1290–1291
1295–1296 		Succeeded by

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