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==History==
==History==
Accounts of [[psychic]] surgery started to appear in the [[Spiritualist]] communities of the [[Philippines]] and [[Brazil]] in the mid-1900s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
Accounts of [[psychic]] surgery started to appear in the [[Spiritualist]] communities of the [[Philippines]] and [[Brazil]] in the mid-1900s.<ref>[[Nevill Drury|Drury, Nevill]]. (2002). ''The Dictionary of the Esoteric: Over 3000 Entries on the Mystical and Occult Traditions''. Watkins Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 1-84293-041-9</ref>


===Philippines===
===Philippines===

Revision as of 23:14, 25 February 2014

Not to be confused with psychosurgery.

Template:Infobox paranormal term Psychic surgery is, a pseudoscientific procedure typically involving the pretense of creating an incision using only the bare hands, the removal of pathological matter, and finally the spontaneous healing of the incision.[1][2][3]

It has been denounced by the US Federal Trade Commission as a "total hoax",[2] and the American Cancer Society maintains that psychic surgery may cause needless death by keeping the ill away from life-saving medical care.[3] Medical professionals and skeptics classify it as sleight of hand and any positive results as a placebo effect.[4][5][6][7] It first appeared in the Spiritualist communities of the Philippines and Brazil in the middle of the 20th century, and it has taken different paths in those two countries.[8]

Procedure

Although psychic surgery varies by region and practitioner, it usually follows some common lines. Without the use of a surgical instrument, a practitioner will press the tips of his/her fingers against the patient's skin in the area to be treated. The practitioner's hands appear to penetrate into the patient's body painlessly and blood seems to flow. The practitioner will then show organic matter or foreign objects apparently removed from the patient's body, clean the area, and then end the procedure with the patient's skin showing no wounds or scars.[8]

Most cases do not involve actual surgery although some practitioners make real incisions.[9] In regions of the world where belief in evil spirits is prevalent, practitioners will sometimes exhibit objects, such as glass, explaining that the foreign bodies were placed in the patient's body by evil spirits.[3]

History

Accounts of psychic surgery started to appear in the Spiritualist communities of the Philippines and Brazil in the mid-1900s.[10]

Philippines

In the Philippines, the procedure was first noticed in the 1940s, when performed routinely by Eleuterio Terte. Terte and his pupil Tony Agpaoa, who was apparently associated with the Union Espiritista Christiana de Filipinas (The Christian Spiritist Union of the Philippines), trained others in this procedure.[3]

In 1959, the procedure came to the attention of the U. S. public after the publication of Into the Strange Unknown by Ron Ormond and Ormond McGill. The authors called the practice "fourth dimensional surgery," and wrote "[we] still don’t know what to think; but we have motion pictures to show it wasn’t the work of any normal magician, and could very well be just what the Filipinos said it was — a miracle of God performed by a fourth dimensional surgeon."[11]

Alex Orbito, who became well known in the U. S. through his association with actress Shirley MacLaine[12] was one said practitioner of the procedure. On June 14, 2005, Orbito was arrested by Canadian authorities and indicted for fraud.[13] On Jan 20, 2006, the charges were dropped as it then seemed unlikely that Orbito would be convicted.[14]

Psychic surgery made U.S. tabloid headlines in March 1984 when entertainer Andy Kaufman, diagnosed with large cell carcinoma (a rare lung cancer), traveled to the Philippines for a six-week course of psychic surgery.[15] Practitioner Jun Labo claimed to have removed large cancerous tumors and Kaufman declared he believed this cancer had been removed.[citation needed] Kaufman died from renal failure as consequence of a metastatic lung cancer, on May 16, 1984.[16]

Brazil

The origins of the practice in Brazil are obscure; but by the late 1950s several "spiritual healers" were practicing in the country.[citation needed] Many of them were associated with Kardecism, a major spiritualistic movement in Brazil[citation needed], and claimed to be performing their operations merely as channels for spirits of deceased medical doctors.[17] Others were following practices and rituals known as "Umbanda", a shamanic ritualistic religion with mediumistic overtones inherited from the African slaves brought to the country in colonial times.[citation needed]

A known Brazilian psychic healer who routinely practiced psychic surgery was Zé Arigó, who claimed to be channeling for a deceased medical doctor of name Dr. Fritz. Unlike most other psychic healers, who work bare-handed, Arigó used a non-surgical blade.[18] Other psychic healers who claimed to channel for Dr. Fritz were Edson Queiroz and Rubens Farias Jr..[19] Popular today (especially abroad) is João de Faria, also known as João de Deus, a quack operating in Abadiânia, state of Goiás.[20]

According to the descriptions of Yoshiaki Omura, Brazilian psychic surgery appears to be different from that practiced in the Philippines. Omura calls attention to the fact that practitioners in Brazil use techniques resembling Qigong, Shiatsu massage, and chiropractic manipulation. Some patients are also injected with a brown liquid, and alleged minor surgery was performed in about 20% of the cases observed.[21] While Arigó performed his procedures using kitchen knives in improvised settings, Omura reports that the clamping of blood vessels and the closing of the surgical wounds are now performed by licensed surgeons or licensed nurses.[17]

In 1975, the Federal Trade Commission declared that "'psychic surgery' "is nothing but a total hoax"."[2] Judge Daniel H. Hanscom, when granting the FTC an injunction against travel agencies promoting psychic surgery tours, declared: "Psychic surgery is pure and unmitigated fakery. The 'surgical operations' of psychic surgeons ... with their bare hands are simply phony."[22]

In 1990, the American Cancer Society stated that it "found no evidence that "psychic surgery" results in objective benefit in the treatment of any medical condition," and strongly urged individuals who are ill not to seek treatment by psychic surgery.[3]

The British Columbia Cancer Agency "strongly urges individuals who are ill not to seek treatment by psychic surgeon."[23]

While not directly hazardous to the patient, the belief in the alleged benefits of psychic surgery may carry considerable risk for individuals with diagnosed medical conditions, as they may delay or forgo conventional medical help, sometimes with fatal consequences.[3][24]

Accusations of fraud

Stage magician James Randi says psychic surgery is a sleight-of-hand confidence trick. He has said that in personal observations of the procedure, and in movies showing the procedures, he can spot sleight-of-hand moves that are evident to experienced stage magicians, but might deceive a casual observer. Randi has replicated the appearance of psychic surgery himself through the use of sleight-of-hand.[25] Professional magicians Milbourne Christopher and Robert Gurtler have also observed psychic surgeons at work, and say they have spotted the use of sleight-of-hand. On his A&E show Mindfreak in the episode "Sucker," illusionist Criss Angel performed "Psychic Surgery," showing first-hand how it may be done (fake blood, plastic bags and chicken livers were used).

Randi says the healer would slightly roll or pinch the skin over the area to be treated. When his flattened hand reaches under the roll of skin, it looks and feels as if the practitioner is actually entering into the patient's body. The healer would have prepared in advance small pellets or bags of animal entrails which would be palmed in his hand or hidden beneath the table within easy reach. This organic matter would simulate the "diseased" tissue that the healer would claim to be removing. If the healer wants to simulate bleeding, he might squeeze a bladder of animal blood or an impregnated sponge. If done properly, this procedure may deceive patients and observers. However, some "psychic surgery" procedures do not rely solely on the "sleight of hand" described, as at least one Brazilian "surgeon" also cuts his victims' skin with an unsterilized scalpel to heighten the illusion.[26][27]

John Taylor has written there is no real case for psychic surgery as the explanation of fraud is highly likely in all the operations.[28] The practitioners use sleight of hand techniques to produce blood or blood-like fluids, animal tissue or substitutes, and/or various foreign objects from folds of skin of the patient as part of a confidence trick for financial benefit.[8]

Science writer Terence Hines has written:

The "operation" starts as the hand appears to enter the patient’s belly. This is accomplished by creating an impression in the belly by pushing down and flexing the fingers slowly into a fist—the fingers thus appear to be moving into the belly, but are really simply hidden behind the hand. The blood that further disguises the true movement of the fingers and adds drama to the proceedings can come from two sources. One is a fake thumb, worn over the real thumb and filled with a red liquid. Such a fake thumb is a common magician’s implement. Blood can also be passed to the surgeon in red balloons hidden in cotton the psychic surgeon is using, the cotton and its hidden contents being passed to him by an "assistant." The bits of “tumor” can also be passed to the psychic surgeon this way, or hidden in the false thumb... the "tumor" material turns out to be chicken intestines or similar animal remains. The blood is either animal blood or red dye.[8]

Two "psychic surgeons" provided testimony in a Federal Trade Commission trial that, to their knowledge, the organic matter supposedly removed from the patients usually consists of animal tissue and clotted blood.[3]

  • In the 1989 film Penn & Teller Get Killed, comedic magicians Penn and Teller demonstrate how to perform the illusion of psychic surgery.
  • A 1989 episode of Unsolved Mysteries featured a police officer whose mother claimed to have been cured by psychic surgery, only to die shortly thereafter; her autopsy revealed several tumors. The policeman described himself going undercover to feign illness and pretended to desire psychic surgery, having the feeling of the practitioner using sleight of hand to supposedly dig into his tissue, as well as suspecting that the "cysts" and "tumors" being removed from his body were actually ready-made chicken parts.
  • In the TV show Criss Angel Mindfreak, Season 2 Episode "Sucker", Criss explains psychic surgery as a deception.
  • In the 1999 movie Man on the Moon, a movie based on the life of Andy Kaufman, Kaufman receives psychic surgery and notices the "sleight of hand," laughing in seeming despair. He is next seen dead, with his funeral being conducted.
  • In the television show 1000 Ways to Die, a con artist was using this to scam poor country people, only to lead to his death when he used it on a leper from whom he caught the disease.
  • In the April 14th, 1999 episode of The X-Files, "Milagro", a man is suspected of using psychic surgery for murder.
  • In the TV series Angel (TV series), Season 1 episode "I Fall to Pieces (Angel)" features a doctor who practices psychic surgery.
  • In the BBC TV series Full Circle with Michael Palin, Michael Palin witnesses two separate instances of psychic surgery in the Baguio district of the Philippines. On raising his suspicion with the medic that it seemed a sleight of hand to him, the medic told him he was a westerner and could only understand the surgery if he had a third eye. Michael assists another medic in a surgery and was told that no contamination happens in this procedure because of the use of garlic.
  • In the 1998 Christmas Special of the BBC TV series Jonathan Creek, entitled "Black Canary", the husband of the illusionist known as Black Canary undergoes psychic surgery at the start of the episode and this form of surgery forms a plot device throughout the special.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "FTC Decision, July–December 1975" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  2. ^ a b c "F.T.C. Curtails the Promotion Of All Psychic Surgery Tours - The New York Times". 1975-10-25. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Psychic surgery". CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 40 (3): 184–8. 1990. doi:10.3322/canjclin.40.3.184. PMID 2110023. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  4. ^ Randi, James (1989). The Faith Healers. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-535-0.
  5. ^ David Vernon in Skeptical - a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, ed Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p47
  6. ^ Evan, Dylan (2003). Placebo. Mind over matter in modern medicine. Great Britain: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-712613-1.
  7. ^ Brody, Howard M.D. PhD (2000). The Placebo response. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-019493-6.
  8. ^ a b c d Hines, Terence. (1988). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal: A Critical Examination of the Evidence. Prometheus Books. p. 245. ISBN 0-87975-419-2
  9. ^ Spence, Lewis (2003). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology Vol. 2. Kessinger Publishing Co. p. 750. ISBN 978-0-7661-2817-0.
  10. ^ Drury, Nevill. (2002). The Dictionary of the Esoteric: Over 3000 Entries on the Mystical and Occult Traditions. Watkins Publishing. p. 259. ISBN 1-84293-041-9
  11. ^ James Randi ; foreword by Carl Sagan. (1959). Into the Strange Unknown By the Two Men Who Lived Every Moment of it. The Esoteric Foundation. ISBN 0-87975-535-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Filipino psychic takes Indians for a ride - By N. Bhanutej". The Week (India). September 8, 2002. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ^ "The Filipino Reporter". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  14. ^ "The Filipino Reporter". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  15. ^ ", Psychic Surgery". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  16. ^ California Death Index
  17. ^ a b "Yoshiaki Omura on psychic surgery in Brazil". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  18. ^ "James Randi Educational Foundation — Arigó, José". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  19. ^ "Rio Journal;Live, in Brazil (Again): The Reincarnated Dr. Fritz - New York Times". The New York Times. 1996-01-12. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  20. ^ "John of God". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  21. ^ Omura Y. Impression on observing psychic surgery and healing in Brazil which appear to incorporate (+) qi gong energy & the use of acupuncture points. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1997;22(1):17-33. PMID 9188913
  22. ^ "F.T.C. Curbs Philippines Flights For Cures by 'Psychic Surgery'"; New York Times March 15, 1975, p. 11 (Judge Hanscom: "pure and unmitigated fakery... simply phony")
  23. ^ "Unconventional therapies--Psychic surgery". British Columbia Cancer Agency. February 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  24. ^ "NCAHF Statements on Faith Healing and Psychic Surgery". Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  25. ^ The following images are of Randi demonstrating "psychic surgery":
  26. ^ Randi, James. (1982). Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-198-3
  27. ^ Randi, James. (1995). Psychic surgery in An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-15119-5
  28. ^ Taylor, John. (1980). Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician. Temple Smith. pp. 31-36. ISBN 0-85117-191-5
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