Timeline of First Nations history

The history of First Nations is a prehistory and history of Canada's founding peoples from the earliest times to the present with a focus on First Nations. The pre-history settlement of the Americas is subject of ongoing debate as First Nations oral history, combined with new methodologies and technologies used by archaeologists, linguists, and other researchers, produce new and sometimes conflicting, evidence.

75,000-15,000 BP

Year	Date	Event
c. 73,000-13,000 BP		Ice Age There was a land bridge across the Bering Strait.

50,000 BP

Year	Date	Event
50,000 BP		Humans reached "Australia across a wide stretch of open sea by at least 30 000 years ago, and that as long as 200 000 years ago the Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) occupants of Europe were living under extremely cold environmental conditions and may have had watercraft capable of crossing the Strait of Gibraltar. It is theoretically possible, therefore, that humans could have reached North America from northeast Siberia at any time during the past 100, 000 years."

30,000–20,000 BP

Year	Date	Event
30,000–20,000 BP		Mammoth bones, believed to have been chipped by humans, are found at the Yukon's Bluefish Caves
30,000–20,000 BP		In 2004, Albert Goodyear of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology announced radiocarbon dating of a bit of charcoal found in the Topper Site that preceded Clovis culture, near Allendale County, South Carolina. However, these deposits may have been made by forest fires. (Note: The dates given for the Old Crow and Topper digs have not been completely accepted by the archaeology community.);
30,000–20,000 BP		Ice-free corridor running north and south through Alberta and the continental glacier called Laurentide ice sheet. Introduced by geologists in the 1950s when stone tools were found in the Grimshaw, Bow River and in Lethbridge Alberta, under glacial sand and gravel; they are believed to be pre-glacial and may indicate nomadic humans occupied the area. A child's skull found in 1961 near Taber, Alberta is believed to be of one of the oldest inhabitants discovered in Alberta. (Note: The conclusions reached in Alberta on dates have not been accepted by the entire archaeology community.)
30,000–20,000 BP		A DNA laboratory in Cambridge, MA claimed that humans entered the Americas around 25,000 years ago. Other geneticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from about 21,000 to 42,000 years ago.
30,000–20,000 BP		Siberian mammoth hunters were believed to have penetrated far into the Arctic where ice-free corridors north during the time are believed found. Theory first introduced by geologists in the late 1970s when core samples indicate the ice is no older than 17,000 years old.

Paleo-Indians period

Year	Date	Event
20,000 BP		Radiocarbon dating of a caribou bone flesher found by Lord and Harington in the Old Crow River Basin placed it at late Holocene period. Arctic archaeologist William N. Irving (1927-1987), working closely with local Old Crow residents, focused his research on Crow basin and the Bluefish caves in the surrounding mountains (1966-1983). Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Cavesare some of the earliest known sites of human habitation in Canada. The Old Crow Flats and basin was one of the areas in Canada untouched by glaciations during the Pleistocene Ice ages, thus it served as a pathway and refuge for ice age plants and animals.

11,000 BP

period	From	Event
11,000 BP		Archaeological evidence of different cultural campsites on Asian and North American sides of Beringia.
11,000 BP		The Folsom tradition, also known as Folsom culture, or Lindenmeier culture, replaced previous Clovis ways of life.
11,000 BP	6,000 BP	The Plano cultures existed in Canada during the Paleo-Indian or Archaic period between 11,000 BP and 6,000 BP. The Plano cultures originated in the plains, but extended far beyond, from the Atlantic coast to British Columbia and as far north as the Northwest Territories. "Early Plano culture occurs south of the North Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan and in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains north to the Peace River Valley of Alberta and adjacent British Columbia. At this time, most of Manitoba was still covered by Glacial Lake Agassiz and associated glacial ice." The Plano cultures are characterised by a range of unfluted projectile point tools collectively called Plano points and like the Folsom people generally hunted bison antiquus, but made even greater use of techniques to force stampedes off of a cliff or into a constructed corral. Their diets also included pronghorn, elk, deer, raccoon and coyote. To better manage their food supply, they preserved meat in berries and animal fat and stored it in containers made of hides. "Early Plano culture occurs south of the North Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan and in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains north to the Peace River Valley of Alberta and adjacent British Columbia. At this time, most of Manitoba was still covered by Glacial Lake Agassiz and associated glacial ice." Bison herds were attracted to the grasslands and parklands in the western region. Around 9,000 B.P. as retreating glaciers created newly released lake regions, the expansion of plant and animal communities expanded north and east, and tundra caribou and boreal woodland caribou replaced bison as the major prey animal.

10,000 BP-1500

Year	Date	Event
12,000 BP		According to R. Cole Harris, prehistoric trade routes map show that Knife River silica was traded in all directions including the route north to what is now Canada.
12,000-11,000 BP		According to internationally renowned archaeologist George Carr Frison Bison occidentalis and Bison antiquus, an extinct sub-species of the smaller present-day bison, survived the Late Pleistocene period, between about 12,000 and 11,000 years ago, dominated by glaciation (the Wisconsin glaciation in North America), when many other megafauna became extinct. Plains and Rocky Mountain First Nations depended on these bison as their major food source. Frison noted that the "oldest, well-documented bison kills by pedestrian human hunters in North America date to about 11,000 years ago."
11,200-10, 500 BP		Archaeological evidence, fluted spear points used for hunting bison and caribou found across Canada
11,000 BP		Charlie Lake Cave Archaeological site report HbRf-39 states: "...the importance of this site lies in its exceptionally long and continuous cultural, sedimentary and faunal sequence, which seems to have accumulated steadily without erosional episodes for at least 11,000 years. The lowest (earliest) level containing stone artifacts, including a fluted point, six retouched flakes and a small stone bead has been dated to 10,770±120 years BP. With an average age of about 10,500, component 1 at Charlie Lake cave near Fort St. John is the oldest dated evidence of man in the province, and one of the oldest in Canada.; The Dane-zaa First Nation (Beaver) are the descendants of these early people.;; Driver argues that "Charlie Lake Cave is situated right in the middle of the ice-free corridor region. However, evidence from the site suggests that people may not have moved from north to south down the corridor, but instead may have moved from south to north, following herds of bison. This is suggested from DNA analysis of the bison remains, which indicates that some of the bison found at Charlie Lake originated in the southern regions of the North American continent. In addition, the fluted point found at Charlie Lake Cave is similar to points found at the Indian Creek and Mill Iron sites in Montana. These sites were occupied before Charlie Lake Cave, which suggests that perhaps the tool technology was developed in the south, and brought to Charlie Lake Cave at a later time when the tool makers and their descendants moved north." — Driver, 2005 | 10,500 BP		Dane-zaa The Dane-zaa (ᑕᓀᖚ, also spelled Dunneza, or Tsattine, and historically often referred to as the Beaver tribe by Europeans) are a First Nation of the large Athapaskan language group; their traditional territory is around the Peace River of the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Recent archaeological evidence establishes that the area of Charlie Lake north of Fort St John has been continuously occupied for 10,500 years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples.
11,000 BP		Salmon-based Northwest Coast culture established.
11,000 BP		Prehistoric trade routes map show that Batza Tena obsidian was at the center of trade routes by 11000 BP.Obsedian was valued for it cutting edge and its beauty. Archaeological sites revealed obsidian was traded far from its place of origin.	Year	Date	Event
10500 BP		Prehistoric trade routes map show that Wyoming obsidian was at the center of trade routes from 10500 BP to AD 500 including the route north to what is now Canada.
10000 BP		The Ediza quarry was the oldest of several obsidian quarries in British Columbia. Ediza obsidian was in use from 10,000 BP until European contact.;. Fladmark argued that trade in that region of BC is at least 10,000 years old.
10,000	8,000 BP	The Stó:lo called their traditional territory in the Fraser River Valley,S'ólh Téméxw. The first traces of people living in the Fraser Valley date from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. There is archaeological evidence of a settlement in the lower Fraser Canyon(called "the Milliken site") and a seasonal encampment ("the Glenrose Cannery site") near the mouth of the Fraser River.

8000 BP

Year	Date	Event
8000 BP		Prehistoric trade routes map show that Keewatin silica was at the center of trade routes.

6800 BP

Year	Date	Event
6800 years ago		A large volcano erupted in the United States depositing volcanic ash over much of western Canada. Archaeologists use the layer of Mazama ash to date sites.

6000 BP

Year	Date	Event
6000 years ago		The flat pink granite of what is now Whiteshell Provincial Park in southeast Manitoba along the Manitoba-Ontario boundary, was used for petroform making by First Nation peoples. There is also archaeological evidence of ancient copper trading going east to Lake Superior, prehistoric quartz mining, and stone tool making in the area. For thousands of years aboriginal peoples - Ojibway, or Anishinaabe various other groups before them, used the area for harvesting wild rice, hunting, fishing, trade, and dwelling. The Whiteshell Natural History Museum opened in 1960. The name of the park is derived from the cowrie shells that were used in ceremonies by the Ojibway, Anishinaabe, and Midewiwin.

4,300 BP

Year	Date	Event
4500 BP		"Palaeoeskimo peoples are believed to have a common ancestry based in northeast Asia and Alaska beginning about 4500 B.P." "Independence I, which is found in portions of Greenland and Labrador from 4000 to 3500 B.P."
4,300 BP		In 1997, in the Yukon, a 4,300-year-old dart shaft was discovered as the ice receded.

2400 BP

Year	Date	Event
2400 years ago		Tom Andrews, working closely with the Sahtúot’ine or Mountain Dene and using their experience and tradition knowledge (TEK), found 2400-year-old spear throwing tools in the Mackenzie Mountains. The spear and "1000-year-old ground squirrel snare, and bows and arrows dating back 850 years" were used by the Mountain Dene's ancestors.

1000 AD

Year	Date	Event
c. 1000-1500 AD		Norse settlement. Greenland Norse trade.

17th century

Year	Event
1669		Pierre-Esprit Radisson in the English service, sailed along the coast from the Rupert River to the Nelson River both in Hudson Bay.
1670-1		Pierre-Esprit Radisson explored the James Bay area in the winter of 1670/71 from the base at Rupert House.
1673		Charles Bayly of the Hudson's Bay Company established a fur-trading post originally called Moose Fort at what is now Moose Factory.

18th century

Year	Date	Event
| Royal Proclamation of 1763
1793		Nuxálk and Carrier guides led Alexander MacKenzie along the grease trails to the Pacific Ocean when natural obstacles in the Fraser River prevented his continued water route. Nuxalk-Carrier Route or Blackwater Trail was part of a long used network of trails originally used by the Nuxálk and Carrier people for communication, transport and trade, in particular, trade in Eulachon grease from the Pacific coast.
1799		Makenunatane "Swan Chief", was a visionary leader, who foresaw the changes coming that would affect his people, the Dunne-za or Beaver Nation. He believed his people should adopt the more individualistic life of the fur trapper-trader rather than continue with the communal hunts to survive. He led his people to a trading post to initiate contact with the traders. He also encouraged them to accept Christianity as he believed the Christian rituals were more appropriate to the life of fur traders and Christianity was a short cut to heaven. Swan Chief got his name because of his ability to fly like the swan. He had powerful visions of the bison hunt and organized the surround and slaughter hunts with skill because of his visions.;

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1812		War of 1812. After the war the traditional roles for Indian people in colonial society declined rapidly.
1821		A trading post was established at York Factory as headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company's Northern Department. They traded with the Swampy Cree (Maškēkowak / nēhinawak).
1839		Upper Canada passed a law to protect Indian reserves, basically including Indian lands in with crown lands.
1840s		The first Indian residential schools in Canada|residential schools were set up in the 1840s with the last residential school closing in 1996.
1871		Treaty 1, a controversial agreement established August 3, 1871 between Queen Victoria and various First Nations in South Eastern Manitoba including the Chippewa and Swampy Cree tribes, was the first of the numbered Treaties.
1871		"Your Great Mother, therefore, will lay aside for you 'lots' of land to be used by you and your children forever. She will not allow the white man to intrude upon these lots. She will make rules to keep them for you, so that as long as the sun shall shine, there shall be no Indian who has not a place that he can call his home, where he can go and pitch his camp or if he chooses build his house and till his land."
1876		Indian Act in 1876
1884		The Great Marpole Midden, an ancient Musqueam village and burial site located in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, was uncovered during road upgrading.
1888		St. Catherines Milling v. The Queen, regarding lands on Lake Wabigoon granted to a lumber company by the federal government, thought to be within Rupert's Land when Canada entered into Treaty 3 in 1873 with the Ojibway. It was the leading case on aboriginal title in Canada for more than 80 years. See R. v. Guerin.
1899		Treaty 8 was the last formal treaty signed by a First Nation in British Columbia until Nisga agreement.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1900		The Beaver peoples suffering from disease and starvation, were the last band to sign Treaty 8 in May, 1900.
1907		In Moose Factory, Bishop Horden Memorial School also known as Horden Hall Residential School, Moose Factory Residential School, Moose Fort Indian Residential School (1907-1963), named after Bishop Horden, serving all the communities in the James Bay area, was run by the Anglican Church. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission investigated the school which, like others across Canada, where the highest number of premature deaths among children at these schools was from tuberculosis.
1922		Peter Henderson Bryce self-published The Story of a National Crime: an Appeal for Justice in which he expressed grave concerns about the Indian Residential Schools in Canada. His original 1907 report was a scathing indictment of the condition of the church-run schools. He noted the number of children who had died at the schools from tuberculosis. He argued that the over-crowded and over-heated facilities combined with lack of nutrition and hygiene created an environment where children became deathly ill. When Duncan Campbell Scott ignored his report and then fired him, he published this document.
1933		The Great Marpole Midden, an ancient Musqueam village and burial site located was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada.
1950s, 1960s		UBC professor Charles Edward Borden undertook salvage archaeology projects at Great Marpole Midden. Borden "was the first to draw links between contemporary Musqueam peoples and excavated remains."
1961		In the early 1960s, the National Indian Council was created in 1961 to represent indigenous people of Canada, including treaty/status Indians, non-status Indians, the Métis people, though not the Inuit.
1963		In 1963, the federal government commissioned University of British Columbia anthropologist Harry B. Hawthorn to investigate the social conditions of Aboriginal peoples across Canada. The Hawthorn Reports of 1966 and 1967 "concluded that Aboriginal peoples were Canada’s most disadvantaged and marginalized population. They were "citizens minus." Hawthorn attributed this situation to years of failed government policy, particularly the residential school system, which left students unprepared for participation in the contemporary economy."
1960s		The Sixties Scoop was coined by Patrick Johnston in his 1983 report Native Children and the Child Welfare System. It refers to the Canadian practice, beginning in the 1960s and continuing until the late 1980s, of apprehending unusually high numbers of children of Aboriginal peoples in Canada and fostering or adopting them out, usually into white families.
1965		The Supreme Court upheld the treaty hunting rights of Indian people on Vancouver Island against provincial hunting regulations in R. v. White and Bob.
1969		Frank Arthur Calder and the Nisga'a Nation Tribal Council brought an action against the British Columbia government claimed they had legal title to their traditional territory.AANDC They declared that aboriginal title to certain lands in the province had never been lawfully extinguished.
1969		1969 White Paper was a Canadian policy paper by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his Minister of Indian Affairs, Jean Chrétien in 1969 proposing the abolition the Indian Act and dismantling of the established legal relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the state of Canada in favour of equality. The federal government proposed that, by eliminating "Indian" as a distinct legal status, equality among all Canadians would result. The White Paper proposed to eliminate Indian status, dissolve the Department of Indian Affairs within five years, abolish the Indian Act, convert reserve land to private property that can be sold by the band or its members, transfer responsibility for Indian affairs from the federal government to the province and integrate these services into those provided to other Canadian citizens, provide funding for economic development and appoint a commissioner to address outstanding land claims and gradually terminate existing treaties — First Nations Studies Program 2009
1973		The Supreme Court of Canada in Calder v. British Columbia (Attorney General) 4 W.W.R. 1 was the first time that Canadian law acknowledged that aboriginal title to land existed prior to the colonization of the continent and was not merely derived from statutory law.
1982		Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982 provides constitutional protection to the aboriginal and treaty rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.
1984		R. v. Guerin 2 S.C.R. 335 was a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on aboriginal rights where the Court first stated that the government has a fiduciary duty towards the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a ''sui generis'' right. The Musqueam Indian band won their case.
1985		Bill C-31.
1991		The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was a Canadian Royal Commission established in 1991 to address many issues of aboriginal status that had come to light with recent events such as the Oka Crisis and the Meech Lake Accord
1996
1996		The report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was published setting out "a 20-year agenda for implementing changes.".
1996		The 'Nisga'a Final Agreement or Nisga'a Treaty was signed by Joseph Gosnell, Nelson Leeson and Edmond Wright of the Nisg_a'a Nation. Nisga'a Treaty the long-standing and historic land claims made by the Nisg_a'a with the government of British Columbia, and the Government of Canada. As part of the settlement in the Nass River valley nearly 2,000 square kilometres of land was officially recognized as Nisg_a'a, and a 300,000 cubic decameter water reservation was also created. Bear Glacier Provincial Park was also created as a result of this agreement. Thirty-one Nisga'a placenames in the territory became official names. The land-claim settlement was the first formal treaty signed by a First Nation in British Columbia since Treaty 8 in 1899. The agreement gives the Nisga'a control over their land, including the forestry and fishing resources contained in it.
1997		Delgamuukw v. British Columbia 3 S.C.R. 1010, is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court expressly and explicitly declined to make any definitive statement on the nature of aboriginal title in Canada. In 1984 the Gitksan and the Wet'suwet'en Nation claimed ownership of land in northwestern British Columbia.
2008	2 June	The Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission, a truth and reconciliation commission organized by the parties to the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, is part of an overall holistic and comprehensive response to the Indian residential school legacy.

See also

• Aboriginal peoples in Canada
• First Nations
• Index of Aboriginal Canadian-related articles
• Settlement of the Americas

References

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• Fladmark, Knut R.; Driver, Jonathan C.; Alexander, Diana (1988). "The Palaeoindian component at Charlie Lake Cave (HbRf 39), British Columbia". American Antiquity. 53 (2): 371–384.
• Fladmark, Knut R. (1996), Carlson, R.L.; Dalla Bona, L. (eds.), The prehistory of Charlie Lake Cave, Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, pp. 11–20
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Further reading

• Dickason, Olive P.; McNab, David T. McNab (1992), A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times, Oxford University Press
• Canada's First Nations:A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times. University of Oklahoma Press. 1992.
• CMM (May 12, 2006). "Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Andrews, Thomas D.; MacKay, Glen; Andrew, Leon (2009). Hunters of the Alpine Ice: The NWT Ice Patch Study. Yellowknife, NWT: Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre.
• Leslie, John F. (2002). "The Indian Act: An Historical Perspective". Canadian Parliamentary Review. 25 (2).
• Reynolds, Graham; MacKinnon, Richard (1998–2002), Palaeo-Indian archaeology, Nova Scotia, Canada{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)