Mullum Malarum: Difference between revisions
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| director = [[J. Mahendran]] |
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| screenplay = J. Mahendran |
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| based on = {{Based on|''Mullum Malarum''|[[Umachandran]]}} |
| based on = {{Based on|''Mullum Malarum''|[[Umachandran]]}} |
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| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Sarath Babu]]||[[Phataphat Jayalaxmi|Fatafat Jayalakshmi]]|[[Shobha]]}} |
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'''''Mullum Malarum''''' ({{lang-en|''[[Thorns, spines, and prickles|Thorn]] and [[Flower]]''}}) is a 1978 [[Tamil film]] directed by [[J. Mahendran]]. Starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Shoba]] in the lead, the film has cinematography by [[Balu Mahendra]] and music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The screenplay for the movie was based on a novel with the same name written by [[Umachandran]]. The novel won the first prize in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s novel contest held in connection with the celebration of the silver jubilee of ''Kalki'' in 1967. |
'''''Mullum Malarum''''' ({{lang-en|''[[Thorns, spines, and prickles|Thorn]] and [[Flower]]''}}) is a 1978 [[Tamil film|Tamil]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[J. Mahendran]] in his directorial debut. Starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Shoba]] in the lead, the film has cinematography by [[Balu Mahendra]] and music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The screenplay for the movie was based on a novel with the same name written by [[Umachandran]]. The novel won the first prize in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s novel contest held in connection with the celebration of the silver jubilee of ''Kalki'' in 1967. |
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Following the film's release, Rajinikanth received an appreciation letter from his mentor [[K. Balachandar]], who praised his performance in the film. The letter was widely publicised. An unrelated serial of the same name was aired in 2007.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750361400.htm</ref> |
Following the film's release, Rajinikanth received an appreciation letter from his mentor [[K. Balachandar]], who praised his performance in the film. The letter was widely publicised. An unrelated serial of the same name was aired in 2007.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750361400.htm</ref> |
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==Plot== |
==Plot== |
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Kali ([[Rajinikanth]]), a hard working [[winch]] operator at a power house, brings up his sister Valli ([[Shoba]]) and is more than a brother to her. He flouts official rules by permitting the villagers to travel on the winch, for which he gets reprimanded by the new Divisional Engineer Kumaran ([[Sarath Babu]]). Kali starts disliking Kumaran for halting his helping activities. When Manga ([[Fatafat Jayalakshmi]]) and her mother reach the village with no assets and no-one to assist them, Valli kindly helps them set up home in their village. Manga is very playful and often teases Kali; once she teases Kali when he is on duty. He abandons the winch and chases her. In his absence, an emergency crops up at the power house and an |
Kali ([[Rajinikanth]]), a hard working [[winch]] operator at a power house, brings up his sister Valli ([[Shoba]]) and is more than a brother to her. He flouts official rules by permitting the villagers to travel on the winch, for which he gets reprimanded by the new Divisional Engineer Kumaran ([[Sarath Babu]]). Kali starts disliking Kumaran for halting his helping activities. When Manga ([[Fatafat Jayalakshmi]]) and her mother reach the village with no assets and no-one to assist them, Valli kindly helps them set up home in their village. Manga is very playful and often teases Kali; once she teases Kali when he is on duty. He abandons the winch and chases her. In his absence, an emergency crops up at the power house and an enraged Kumaran suspends Kali temporarily for negligence of duty. |
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Very upset at his suspension, Kali gets drunk and swoons on the road. In a freak accident, a lorry runs over his left hand, which is amputated. Because of his handicap, he loses his job. Though depressed, he is confident of recovering from the situation. Manga feels guilty as she is the root cause of the crisis and happily agrees to marry him when Valli proposes it. Kumaran likes Valli, but hesitates to express it. After Kali is terminated from work, Kumaran approaches Kali for permission to marry his sister. Though Kumaran is well educated and employed, Kali spurns the proposal because he hates Kumaran. He then makes arrangements to get Valli married to a loafer Kumarasamy ([[Venniradai Moorthy]]). Knowing that Valli too likes Kumaran, Manga requests Kali to get Valli married to Kumaran, but he stubbornly refuses. Hence she decides to conduct the wedding without his concurrence, convinces Valli and Kumaran for this, and makes all arrangements. |
Very upset at his suspension, Kali gets drunk and swoons on the road. In a freak accident, a lorry runs over his left hand, which is amputated. Because of his handicap, he loses his job. Though depressed, he is confident of recovering from the situation. Manga feels guilty as she is the root cause of the crisis and happily agrees to marry him when Valli proposes it. Kumaran likes Valli, but hesitates to express it. After Kali is terminated from work, Kumaran approaches Kali for permission to marry his sister. Though Kumaran is well educated and employed, Kali spurns the proposal because he hates Kumaran. He then makes arrangements to get Valli married to a loafer Kumarasamy ([[Venniradai Moorthy]]). Knowing that Valli too likes Kumaran, Manga requests Kali to get Valli married to Kumaran, but he stubbornly refuses. Hence she decides to conduct the wedding without his concurrence, convinces Valli and Kumaran for this, and makes all arrangements. |
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| quote = "I get annoyed watching Hero-heroine dancing for songs mostly the both do same steps. It’s like watching two drunken monkeys dancing. That’s why in ‘Mullum Malarum’ I kept music as the background while the screen had lead characters expressing their emotions" |
| quote = "I get annoyed watching Hero-heroine dancing for songs mostly the both do same steps. It’s like watching two drunken monkeys dancing. That’s why in ‘Mullum Malarum’ I kept music as the background while the screen had lead characters expressing their emotions" |
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| width = 45% |
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| source ={{mdash}} Balu Mahendra, in 2009<ref>http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=958</ref> |
| source ={{mdash}} Balu Mahendra, in 2009<ref>http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=958</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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Mahendran did not read Umachandran’s novel fully |
Based on Umachandran's award winning novel of the same name, ''Mullum Malarum'' was the directorial debut of [[J. Mahendran]], who was already a successful story, screenplay and dialogue writer. He did not read Umachandran’s novel fully; he just read part of the novel and got impressed with the winch operator Kali, his affection towards his sister and the way he loses his hand to a [[tiger]]. From then onwards, the screenplay was developed by him, deviating from the novel's plot. He decided to make the film without melodrama, overacting, excessive dialogues, duets or regular climax, and developed the screenplay accordingly. |
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Rajinikanth was playing negative and |
[[Rajinikanth]] was playing negative and villainous characters in Tamil Cinema till then. Hence, Mahendran recommended Rajinikanth for the role to producer Venu Chettiar; he did not agree and asked for other options. However, Mahendran stuck to his decision and refused to direct the film if the producer was not willing to cast Rajinikanth in the lead role. Thus Mahendran and Rajinikanth began working together. Rajinikanth was paid {{INR}}13,000 for acting in this film. |
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It was Kamal Haasan who recommended Balu Mahendra as the cinematographer to Mahendran for this film. After seeing the double positive of the film, producer Venu Chettiar expressed his displeasure to Mahendran, saying he was disappointed as the film had limited dialogues. He had chosen Mahendran to make this film since he had already proved himself as a successful screenplay and dialogue writer in Tamil Cinema. The producer and distributors did not expect a film with limited dialogues and more visuals from him. |
It was Kamal Haasan who recommended Balu Mahendra as the cinematographer to Mahendran for this film. After seeing the double positive of the film, producer Venu Chettiar expressed his displeasure to Mahendran, saying he was disappointed as the film had limited dialogues. He had chosen Mahendran to make this film since he had already proved himself as a successful screenplay and dialogue writer in Tamil Cinema. The producer and distributors did not expect a film with limited dialogues and more visuals from him. |
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Amrith Lal of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that ''Mullum Malarum'' "revealed the potential of Rajini, the character actor."<ref>http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/special-report/28249635_1_rajinikanth-tamil-nadu-tamil-cinema</ref> Playback singer [[Suchitra]] said, "Rajini's role as Kali in ''Mullum Malarum'' is my favourite for the following reasons — one, it is the most honest on-screen depiction of the brother-sister relationship; and two, though it was only his third film, he was brilliant — as the rough-hewn, obstinate winch operator and, in the movie's latter half, as a frustrated individual rendered immobile due to an accident, yet trying to retain his dignity." and called ''Mullum Malarum'' her "Favourite Rajini movie".<ref>http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1375655.ece</ref> ''Behindwoods'' listed Rajinikanth's performance as one of his "Top 12 acting performances".<ref>http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/superstar-rajinikanths-best-acting-performances/mullum-malarum-1978.html</ref> Directors [[K. Balachander]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]] and [[K. S. Ravikumar]] have named the film as one of their "best ten" films.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350330100.htm</ref> [[Mani Ratnam]] said, "When you watch a film, you know the way the shot was taken or the way the narrative was constructed. [Mahendran's] ''Mullum Malarum'', for instance, was so startlingly different from anything that had come before in Tamil cinema. It really stood out. You need not know exactly what it is that stands out, but it would stand out for you. That is the beginning. There was something really special about the direction, Balu Mahendra's cinematography, the characterizations, the costumes, the compositions, the colours, the light, the way it was cut and, of course, the music. The sheer restraint in it is really remarkable. I think the real starting point is the script{{mdash}}the content and the narrative. The way a scene starts, the way it finishes{{mdash}}most of it gets played out there. And then, it's just a question of being able to translate it well onto film".<ref>{{cite book | title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam | author=[[Baradwaj Rangan]] | year=2012 | pages=12-13}}</ref> |
Amrith Lal of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that ''Mullum Malarum'' "revealed the potential of Rajini, the character actor."<ref>http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/special-report/28249635_1_rajinikanth-tamil-nadu-tamil-cinema</ref> Playback singer [[Suchitra]] said, "Rajini's role as Kali in ''Mullum Malarum'' is my favourite for the following reasons — one, it is the most honest on-screen depiction of the brother-sister relationship; and two, though it was only his third film, he was brilliant — as the rough-hewn, obstinate winch operator and, in the movie's latter half, as a frustrated individual rendered immobile due to an accident, yet trying to retain his dignity." and called ''Mullum Malarum'' her "Favourite Rajini movie".<ref>http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1375655.ece</ref> ''Behindwoods'' listed Rajinikanth's performance as one of his "Top 12 acting performances".<ref>http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/superstar-rajinikanths-best-acting-performances/mullum-malarum-1978.html</ref> Directors [[K. Balachander]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]] and [[K. S. Ravikumar]] have named the film as one of their "best ten" films.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350330100.htm</ref> [[Mani Ratnam]] said, "When you watch a film, you know the way the shot was taken or the way the narrative was constructed. [Mahendran's] ''Mullum Malarum'', for instance, was so startlingly different from anything that had come before in Tamil cinema. It really stood out. You need not know exactly what it is that stands out, but it would stand out for you. That is the beginning. There was something really special about the direction, Balu Mahendra's cinematography, the characterizations, the costumes, the compositions, the colours, the light, the way it was cut and, of course, the music. The sheer restraint in it is really remarkable. I think the real starting point is the script{{mdash}}the content and the narrative. The way a scene starts, the way it finishes{{mdash}}most of it gets played out there. And then, it's just a question of being able to translate it well onto film".<ref>{{cite book | title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam | author=[[Baradwaj Rangan]] | year=2012 | pages=12-13}}</ref> |
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==Awards== |
===Awards=== |
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* 1979 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]] |
* 1979 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]] |
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* 1979 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (First prize) |
* 1979 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (First prize) |
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* 1979 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] – Rajinikanth |
* 1979 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] – Rajinikanth |
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==Remakes== |
===Remakes=== |
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Revision as of 13:38, 22 November 2013
| Mullum Malarum | |
|---|---|
| File:Mullum Malarum Poster.jpg Poster | |
| Directed by | J. Mahendran |
| Screenplay by | J. Mahendran |
| Produced by | Venu Chettiyar |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Balu Mahendra |
| Edited by | D. Vasu |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
Release date | 15 August 1978 |
Running time | 135 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |
Mullum Malarum ([Thorn and Flower] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a 1978 Tamil romantic drama film directed by J. Mahendran in his directorial debut. Starring Rajinikanth and Shoba in the lead, the film has cinematography by Balu Mahendra and music composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The screenplay for the movie was based on a novel with the same name written by Umachandran. The novel won the first prize in the Tamil magazine Kalki's novel contest held in connection with the celebration of the silver jubilee of Kalki in 1967.
Following the film's release, Rajinikanth received an appreciation letter from his mentor K. Balachandar, who praised his performance in the film. The letter was widely publicised. An unrelated serial of the same name was aired in 2007.[1]
Plot
Kali (Rajinikanth), a hard working winch operator at a power house, brings up his sister Valli (Shoba) and is more than a brother to her. He flouts official rules by permitting the villagers to travel on the winch, for which he gets reprimanded by the new Divisional Engineer Kumaran (Sarath Babu). Kali starts disliking Kumaran for halting his helping activities. When Manga (Fatafat Jayalakshmi) and her mother reach the village with no assets and no-one to assist them, Valli kindly helps them set up home in their village. Manga is very playful and often teases Kali; once she teases Kali when he is on duty. He abandons the winch and chases her. In his absence, an emergency crops up at the power house and an enraged Kumaran suspends Kali temporarily for negligence of duty.
Very upset at his suspension, Kali gets drunk and swoons on the road. In a freak accident, a lorry runs over his left hand, which is amputated. Because of his handicap, he loses his job. Though depressed, he is confident of recovering from the situation. Manga feels guilty as she is the root cause of the crisis and happily agrees to marry him when Valli proposes it. Kumaran likes Valli, but hesitates to express it. After Kali is terminated from work, Kumaran approaches Kali for permission to marry his sister. Though Kumaran is well educated and employed, Kali spurns the proposal because he hates Kumaran. He then makes arrangements to get Valli married to a loafer Kumarasamy (Venniradai Moorthy). Knowing that Valli too likes Kumaran, Manga requests Kali to get Valli married to Kumaran, but he stubbornly refuses. Hence she decides to conduct the wedding without his concurrence, convinces Valli and Kumaran for this, and makes all arrangements.
On the day Kumarasamy is to wed Valli at his house, Kali learns that everyone has left to attend Valli's marriage to Kumaran. He intercepts the group of Valli and other guests walking towards the venue and reminds Valli about his love and how difficult it would be for him to live without her. Everyone else ignores him and moves on, but Valli runs towards him, hugs him and assures him that she would not disown him at any cost. A proud Kali turns towards the villagers, Kumaran and Manga asks how can they face him now and perform the wedding? In an unexpected twist, he proudly offers his sister's hand to Kumaran. Though he still hates Kumaran, he manfully accepts his sister's choice.
Cast
- Rajinikanth as Kali
- Sarath Babu as Kumaran
- Phataphat Jayalaxmi as Manga
- Shoba as Valli
Production
"I get annoyed watching Hero-heroine dancing for songs mostly the both do same steps. It’s like watching two drunken monkeys dancing. That’s why in ‘Mullum Malarum’ I kept music as the background while the screen had lead characters expressing their emotions"
— Balu Mahendra, in 2009[2]
Based on Umachandran's award winning novel of the same name, Mullum Malarum was the directorial debut of J. Mahendran, who was already a successful story, screenplay and dialogue writer. He did not read Umachandran’s novel fully; he just read part of the novel and got impressed with the winch operator Kali, his affection towards his sister and the way he loses his hand to a tiger. From then onwards, the screenplay was developed by him, deviating from the novel's plot. He decided to make the film without melodrama, overacting, excessive dialogues, duets or regular climax, and developed the screenplay accordingly.
Rajinikanth was playing negative and villainous characters in Tamil Cinema till then. Hence, Mahendran recommended Rajinikanth for the role to producer Venu Chettiar; he did not agree and asked for other options. However, Mahendran stuck to his decision and refused to direct the film if the producer was not willing to cast Rajinikanth in the lead role. Thus Mahendran and Rajinikanth began working together. Rajinikanth was paid ₹13,000 for acting in this film.
It was Kamal Haasan who recommended Balu Mahendra as the cinematographer to Mahendran for this film. After seeing the double positive of the film, producer Venu Chettiar expressed his displeasure to Mahendran, saying he was disappointed as the film had limited dialogues. He had chosen Mahendran to make this film since he had already proved himself as a successful screenplay and dialogue writer in Tamil Cinema. The producer and distributors did not expect a film with limited dialogues and more visuals from him.
Venu Chettiar decided to freeze this film's budget and did not provide finance when Mahendran wanted to shoot an important lead scene before the song 'Senthazham poovil...' with Sarath Babu and Shobha. However, Kamal Haasan, a good friend of Mahendran, came forward and provided funds to ensure that the scene was shot and included in the film, giving it the necessary depth. Mullum Malarum was shot in Sringeri, Ooty. Kundha and Chennai in about 30 days. The winch operating scenes were taken at Glenmorgan near Ooty. Balu Mahendra‘s camera work was highly appreciated for its excellence.[3]
Themes
Mullum Malarum explores the concept that beautiful flowers need sharp thorns to protect them. Umachandran’s novel and Mahendran’s film transposes this into a sibling scenario. Much like in Bairavi, Rajinikanth and his sister have abusive parents in childhood and it is up to the brother to provide for his sister. But unlike in Bairavi, the siblings here are not separated and this leads to a very protective attitude on Kaali’s part for his sister Valli, bordering on obsessive love. There is a remarkable scene where after lashing out at her in a foul temper during the day, he applies henna to her feet at night when she is fast asleep.
Going beyond the central theme, the film is all about the extent of ego that can be sustained. Kaali is clearly the community’s alpha male and he does not hesitate to inform the world about this fact. His hangers-on constantly massage his ego and he gets to play god when he gives villagers a free ride—saving them miles of walking—on the power plant’s trolley of which he is the suzerain. Thus, it is a bit of a shock to his system when a presentable and educated male arrives in the shape of the divisional engineer. Being a subordinate, Kaali cannot really oppose him in any way and his frustration threatens to bubble over several times; it finally does when he is suspended. His feelings manifest themselves in a song where the lyrics go, ‘It doesn't matter whether Rama or Ravana are reigning, I am the king of my own conscience,’ a clear reference to the engineer's authoritarian yoke to which he is bound. When Kaali’s arm gets amputated, he feels helpless and emasculated. Which is why the engineer, his bête noire as it were, becomes an easy target. Kaali refuses to see the benefits of his sister marrying above her station into wealth and education, even when his wife Manga explains it in so many words to him, or when his sister expresses her desire for the union. Kaali’s words when Valli abandons her wedding proceedings to be with her brother are revealing: ‘My sister has shown all of you that I am the most important person in her life. I need only that happiness for the rest of my life. And it is with that pride and arrogance that I give my permission for my sister to marry.’[4]
The film's title Mullum Malarum can also be seen as a depiction of an over-possessive brother (the thorn) being over-protective of his younger sister (the flower).[5]
Music
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, while the lyrics were written by Panju Arunachalam, Gangai Amaran and Kannadasan. There are 5 songs in the film and 4 songs in the soundtrack;[6] the song not included in the soundtrack is the film's "title song" Maan Iname that was sung by Ilaiyaraaja.[7][8] Mahendran had scrapped the song Senthazham Poovil song in the original cut due to budgetary constraints, and the producer could not provide the money. However, Panchu Arunachalam gave some money to shoot the song as he thought it was "too brilliant to be left out".[9] Elements of the song Raman Aandalum were later used in the song Machi Open the Bottle, composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja for the 2011 film Mankatha.[10]
| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| 1 | Senthazham Poovil | K. J. Yesudas | Kannadasan | 4:35 |
| 2 | Adi Penney | Jency Anthony | Panju Arunachalam | 4:30 |
| 3 | Raman Aandaalum | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anjali | Gangai Amaran | 5:44 |
| 4 | Niththam Niththam | Vani Jairam | 2:54 |
Senthalam poovil is one of the rare melodies and was captured in beautiful scenic locations. The song "Raman Aandalum..." (Whether Rama rules, or Ravana rules, i don't really care) was very famous for lyrics and Rajinikanth's fast stylish steps that was choreographed by Mugur Sundar. Adi Pennae is a typical song sung by soon to be married females imagining their future life. Nitham Nitham nellu soru is a song that is sung after their Marriage ( Kali and Manga) but a folk number.
Reception
![[icon]](./wiki.php?slug=File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013) |
Amrith Lal of The Times of India stated that Mullum Malarum "revealed the potential of Rajini, the character actor."[11] Playback singer Suchitra said, "Rajini's role as Kali in Mullum Malarum is my favourite for the following reasons — one, it is the most honest on-screen depiction of the brother-sister relationship; and two, though it was only his third film, he was brilliant — as the rough-hewn, obstinate winch operator and, in the movie's latter half, as a frustrated individual rendered immobile due to an accident, yet trying to retain his dignity." and called Mullum Malarum her "Favourite Rajini movie".[12] Behindwoods listed Rajinikanth's performance as one of his "Top 12 acting performances".[13] Directors K. Balachander, K. Bhagyaraj and K. S. Ravikumar have named the film as one of their "best ten" films.[14] Mani Ratnam said, "When you watch a film, you know the way the shot was taken or the way the narrative was constructed. [Mahendran's] Mullum Malarum, for instance, was so startlingly different from anything that had come before in Tamil cinema. It really stood out. You need not know exactly what it is that stands out, but it would stand out for you. That is the beginning. There was something really special about the direction, Balu Mahendra's cinematography, the characterizations, the costumes, the compositions, the colours, the light, the way it was cut and, of course, the music. The sheer restraint in it is really remarkable. I think the real starting point is the script—the content and the narrative. The way a scene starts, the way it finishes—most of it gets played out there. And then, it's just a question of being able to translate it well onto film".[15]
Awards
- 1979 – Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film
- 1979 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film (First prize)
- 1979 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize – Rajinikanth
Remakes
| Year | Film | Language | Cast | Director |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | Venalil Oru Mazha | Malayalam | Jayan, Shoba, Srividya, Madhu | Sreekumaran Thampi |
| 1984 | Seethamma Pelli | Telugu | Mohan Babu, Revathi | Bapu |
| 1985 | Pyari Behna | Hindi | Mithun Chakraborty, Padmini Kolhapure, Tanvi Azmi, Vinod Mehra | Bapu |
References
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/09/07/stories/2007090750361400.htm
- ^ http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=958
- ^ G. Dhananjayan (2011). "Mullum Malarum — Thorns also Blossom". The Best of Tamil Cinema: 1977 to 2010. Galatta Media: pg. 12-14.
{{cite journal}}:|page=has extra text (help) - ^ Naman Ramachandran (2012). "Rajnikant: The Definitive Biography".
- ^ http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Slideshows/slideshows2/tamil-movie-title/tamil-movie-title-mullum-malarum.html
- ^ http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000105
- ^ http://i1303.photobucket.com/albums/ag149/kailash29792/mullummalarumback_zpscd03622a.jpg
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1tp7U4fHm0
- ^ Sylvian Patrick (9 October 2011). "50 Tamil Movies to watch before you Die: 19 – Mullum Malarum". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ http://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/aug-11-02/mankatha-music-review.html
- ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/special-report/28249635_1_rajinikanth-tamil-nadu-tamil-cinema
- ^ http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1375655.ece
- ^ http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/superstar-rajinikanths-best-acting-performances/mullum-malarum-1978.html
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350330100.htm
- ^ Baradwaj Rangan (2012). Conversations with Mani Ratnam. pp. 12–13.
