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'''Sebastian Finsterwalder''' (born October 4th 1862 in [[Rosenheim]], son of Joh Nepomuk Finsterwalder, a master baker from Lehrers-S aus Antdorf, Upper Bavaria, and Anna Amann of Rosenheim. He died December 4th 1951 in [[Munich]]<ref>http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/xsfz16144.html</ref>). He was a Bavarian [[mathematician]] and [[surveyor]].
'''Sebastian Finsterwalder''' (born October 4th 1862 in [[Rosenheim]], son of Joh Nepomuk Finsterwalder, a master baker from Lehrers-S aus Antdorf, Upper Bavaria, and Anna Amann of Rosenheim. He died December 4th 1951 in [[Munich]]<ref>http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/xsfz16144.html</ref>)<ref>Robert SAUER / Max KNEISSL: Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften für 1952, S. 200-204. [Walther Hofmann Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: New German Biography Vol 5, pp. 166-167. ]</ref>. He was a Bavarian [[mathematician]] and [[surveyor]].<ref>Robert SAUER / Max KNEISSL: Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften für 1952, S. 200-204. [Robert SAUER / Max KNEISSL Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: Yearbook of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, 1952, pp. 200-204.]</ref>


Acknowleged as the “father of glacier photogrammetry“<ref>Brunner, K., 2006. Karten dokumentieren den Rückzug der Gletscher seit 1850. In: K. Kriz, W. Cartwright, A. Pucher and M. Kinberger (eds), Kartographie als Kommunikationsmedium. Wiener Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie, 17, Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, Universität Wien, pp. 191-200.</ref><ref>Rinner, K. and Burkhardt, R. (eds), 1972. Gletscherphotogrammetrie. In: Handbuch der Vermessungskunde. Photogrammetrie, Band III a/2, in German, J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 1428-1470. </ref> he pioneered the use of [[rephotography|repeat photography]] as a temporal surveying instrument. The measurement techniques he developed and the data he produced is still in use as evidence for [[climate change]]<ref>Bavarian glaciers in climate change - a status report. Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Health, Munich, 2012, p 21</ref>.<ref>Terrestrial (ground-based or close-range) photogrammetry was one of the first successful methods for detecting and quantifying surface changes in rock glaciers. Flow velocity was a typical parameter derived from this. The 2D or even 3D kinematics of the rock glacier surface is needed for rheological models. In recent years, active rock glaciers have also become the focus of climate change research. Atmospheric warming is supposed to influence flow/creep velocity of rock glaciers, which can thus be seen as indicators of environmental change in mountainous regions. Melting of the subsurface ice causes surface lowering, which in the worst case may lead to active landsliding and even a total collapse of the rock glacier surface. [Kaufmann, V. (2012) 'The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terrestrial photogrammetry: the example of Äußeres Hochebenkar rock glacier (Austria)' ''Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences'' Volume 105/2 Vienna 2012 p.63–7]</ref><ref>Keutterling, A. Thomas, A. (2006) Monitoring glacier elevation and volume changes with digital photogrammetry and GIS at Gepatschferner glacier, Austria ''International Journal of Remote Sensing'' Vol. 27, Iss. 19, 2006</ref><ref>Finsterwalder, S., (1928) Geleitworte zur Karte des Gepatschferners. ''Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde'', 16, 20-41.</ref>
Acknowleged as the “father of glacier photogrammetry“<ref>Brunner, K., 2006. Karten dokumentieren den Rückzug der Gletscher seit 1850. In: K. Kriz, W. Cartwright, A. Pucher and M. Kinberger (eds), Kartographie als Kommunikationsmedium. Wiener Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie, 17, Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, Universität Wien, pp. 191-200.</ref><ref>Rinner, K. and Burkhardt, R. (eds), 1972. Gletscherphotogrammetrie. In: Handbuch der Vermessungskunde. Photogrammetrie, Band III a/2, in German, J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 1428-1470. </ref> he pioneered the use of [[rephotography|repeat photography]] as a temporal surveying instrument. The measurement techniques he developed and the data he produced is still in use as evidence for [[climate change]]<ref>Bavarian glaciers in climate change - a status report. Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Health, Munich, 2012, p 21</ref>.<ref>Terrestrial (ground-based or close-range) photogrammetry was one of the first successful methods for detecting and quantifying surface changes in rock glaciers. Flow velocity was a typical parameter derived from this. The 2D or even 3D kinematics of the rock glacier surface is needed for rheological models. In recent years, active rock glaciers have also become the focus of climate change research. Atmospheric warming is supposed to influence flow/creep velocity of rock glaciers, which can thus be seen as indicators of environmental change in mountainous regions. Melting of the subsurface ice causes surface lowering, which in the worst case may lead to active landsliding and even a total collapse of the rock glacier surface. [Kaufmann, V. (2012) 'The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terrestrial photogrammetry: the example of Äußeres Hochebenkar rock glacier (Austria)' ''Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences'' Volume 105/2 Vienna 2012 p.63–7]</ref><ref>Keutterling, A. Thomas, A. (2006) Monitoring glacier elevation and volume changes with digital photogrammetry and GIS at Gepatschferner glacier, Austria ''International Journal of Remote Sensing'' Vol. 27, Iss. 19, 2006</ref><ref>Finsterwalder, S., (1928) Geleitworte zur Karte des Gepatschferners. ''Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde'', 16, 20-41.</ref>

Revision as of 22:22, 11 November 2013

Sebastian Finsterwalder (born October 4th 1862 in Rosenheim, son of Joh Nepomuk Finsterwalder, a master baker from Lehrers-S aus Antdorf, Upper Bavaria, and Anna Amann of Rosenheim. He died December 4th 1951 in Munich[1])[2]. He was a Bavarian mathematician and surveyor.[3]

Acknowleged as the “father of glacier photogrammetry“[4][5] he pioneered the use of repeat photography as a temporal surveying instrument. The measurement techniques he developed and the data he produced is still in use as evidence for climate change[6].[7][8][9]

In 1892 he married Franziska Mallepell (d. 1953) from Bressanone, South Tyrol. Their two sons worked in similar fields; Richard Finsterwalder (1899-1963), Professor at the Technical University in Hanover and Munich, and Ulrich Finsterwalder (1897-1988), a civil engineer.

Research

A keen mountaineer, Finsterwalder became interested, through the influence of his friend E. Richter, in alpine fossils as indicators of the geology and structure of the Alps and their glaciers. His desire for accurate, but also less costly, motion measurements on glaciers led him to glaciological applications of photogrammetry in geodesy[10].

In 1886. aged 24, he received his doctorate from the University of Tubingen, under the guidance of the algebraic geometer Alexander von Brill. Finsterwalder observed that Rudolf Sturm's analysis of the "homography problem" (1869) can be used to solve the problem of 3D-reconstruction using point matches in two images; which is the mathematical foundation of photogrammetry.

Following the 1878 work of Italian engineer Pio Paganini[11] and others[12], Finstenwalder advanced methods for reconstruction and measurements of three-dimensional objects from photographic images.

Finsterwalder pioneered geodetic surveys in the high mountains. At the age of 27 years he conducted a first glacier mapping project at Vernagtferner in the Ötztal Alps, Austria. He was appointed professor at the Technical University of Munich in 1891, succeeding his teacher, A. Voss, at the Department of Analytical Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus (remaining at the university for forty years until 1931). The next year, he married, and completed the first recording of the Bavarian glacier in Wettersteingebirge and the Berchtesgaden Alps.

He applied the technique of plane table photogrammetry in addition to a conventional geodetic survey, assisted by the novel lightweight, accurate phototheodolite that he had developed for high-mountain applications. The device was based on the prototype phototheodolite developed by Albrecht Meydenbauer (1834-1921) for architectural applications. From 1890 also employed aerial photography[13], reconstituting the topography of the area of Gars am Inn in 1899 from a pair of balloon photographs using mathematical calculations of many points in the images[14]. In 1897 Finsterwalder addressed the German Mathematical Society, and he described some of the results of projective geometry he was applying to photogrammetry[15]. His analytical approach was laborious however, prompting development of analogue instrumentation with stereo measurement permitting faster optical/mechanical reconstruction of the photographic data arrays to determine object points[16]. His theory of large triangle meshes became known as the "Finsterwaldersche fields method" (1915).

In 1911 he took over the chair of descriptive geometry, turning down offers of appointment from Vienna, Berlin and Potsdam.

In 1922 Finsterwalder mapped the topography of the Ötztal Alps focusing on two glaciers, i.e. Gepatschferner and Weißseeferner, using stereophotogrammetry[17]. During this work he discovered Ölgruben rock glacier and the rock glacier north of Krummgampenspitze. In 1923 and 1924 Finsterwalder measured a flow velocity profile across Ölgruben rock glacier[18][19]. Ölgruben rock glacier is thus the subject of a notably extended longitudinal study of flow velocity, with repeat surveys undertaken by Wolfgang Pillewizer in 1938, 1939, and 1953 using photogrammetry[20], and which is still ongoing, employing modern satellite-based positioning techniques[21]. His son Richard assisted in the mapping project in the Ötztal Alps and went on to advance his father’s studies.

Under his leadership the Bavarian International Commission for Geodesy undertook precise gravity measurements with relative gravimeters throughout Bavaria.

Honours:

  • 1965 Finsterwalder High School in his birthplace Rosenheim was named after him.
  • Finsterwalder Glacier is named after him.
  • 1915 President of the German Mathematical Society.
  • 1943 awarded Helmert commemorative medallion for excellence by the German Association of Surveying.

Literature and links

  • Finsterwalder, S. (1890) “Die Photogrammetrie in den italienischen Hochalpen,” Mittheilungen des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins, vol. 16, nº 1, 1890, p. 6-9
  • Finsterwalder, S., (1928) Geleitworte zur Karte des Gepatschferners. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, 16, 20-41.
  • Seligman, G. (1949) Research on Glacier Flow. An Historical Outline. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 31, Glaciers and Climate: Geophysical and Geomorphological Essays, Wiley / Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography pp. 228-238
  • Kaufmann, V. (2012) The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terrestrial photogrammetry: the example of Äußeres Hochebenkar rock glacier (Austria) Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Volume 105/2 Vienna 2012 p.63–77
  • Leather Charles Steger : Astronomical and Physical Geodesy Volume 5 of the "Manual of Surveying" (ed. Jordan Eggert Kneissl , publishing JBMetzler, Stuttgart in 1969.
  • Walther Welsch et al. evaluation of geodetic monitoring measurements. Manual of Engineering Geodesy (ed. M.Möser, H.Schlemmer et al), Wichmann-Verlag Heidelberg, 2000.
  • G. Clauß, in: Zs. f. Vermessungswesen, 1932, S. 721-26 ( P ) ;
  • R. Rehlen, H. Heß u. M. Lagally, in: Zs. f. Gletscherkde. 20, 1932, S. IX-XXI ( P )
  • O. v. Gruber, in: S. F. z. 75. Geburtstag, Festschr. d. Dt. Ges. f. Photogrammetrie, 1937;
  • M. Kneißl, S. F. z. 80. Geburtstag, in: Bildmessung u. Luftbildwesen 17, 1942, S. 53-64 ( vollst. W- Verz. , 123 Nr. )
  • ders. , in: Zs. f. Vermessungswesen 77, 1952, S. 1-3 ( P )
  • Richard Finsterwalder, in: SB d. Bayer. Ak. d. Wiss. , 1953, S. 257;
  • ders. , in: Geist u. Gestalt , Biogr. Btrr. z. Gesch. d. Bayer. Ak. d. Wiss…II, 1959, S. 65-69 ( L )
  • G. Faber, ebd. , S. 34 f. ( P ebd. III, S. 183);
  • Pogg. IV-VII a. – Slg. math. Modelle v. F. im Math. Inst. d. TH München.

Notes and references

  1. ^ http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/xsfz16144.html
  2. ^ Robert SAUER / Max KNEISSL: Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften für 1952, S. 200-204. [Walther Hofmann Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: New German Biography Vol 5, pp. 166-167. ]
  3. ^ Robert SAUER / Max KNEISSL: Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften für 1952, S. 200-204. [Robert SAUER / Max KNEISSL Sebastian Finsterwalder, in: Yearbook of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, 1952, pp. 200-204.]
  4. ^ Brunner, K., 2006. Karten dokumentieren den Rückzug der Gletscher seit 1850. In: K. Kriz, W. Cartwright, A. Pucher and M. Kinberger (eds), Kartographie als Kommunikationsmedium. Wiener Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie, 17, Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung, Universität Wien, pp. 191-200.
  5. ^ Rinner, K. and Burkhardt, R. (eds), 1972. Gletscherphotogrammetrie. In: Handbuch der Vermessungskunde. Photogrammetrie, Band III a/2, in German, J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 1428-1470.
  6. ^ Bavarian glaciers in climate change - a status report. Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Health, Munich, 2012, p 21
  7. ^ Terrestrial (ground-based or close-range) photogrammetry was one of the first successful methods for detecting and quantifying surface changes in rock glaciers. Flow velocity was a typical parameter derived from this. The 2D or even 3D kinematics of the rock glacier surface is needed for rheological models. In recent years, active rock glaciers have also become the focus of climate change research. Atmospheric warming is supposed to influence flow/creep velocity of rock glaciers, which can thus be seen as indicators of environmental change in mountainous regions. Melting of the subsurface ice causes surface lowering, which in the worst case may lead to active landsliding and even a total collapse of the rock glacier surface. [Kaufmann, V. (2012) 'The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terrestrial photogrammetry: the example of Äußeres Hochebenkar rock glacier (Austria)' Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Volume 105/2 Vienna 2012 p.63–7]
  8. ^ Keutterling, A. Thomas, A. (2006) Monitoring glacier elevation and volume changes with digital photogrammetry and GIS at Gepatschferner glacier, Austria International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol. 27, Iss. 19, 2006
  9. ^ Finsterwalder, S., (1928) Geleitworte zur Karte des Gepatschferners. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, 16, 20-41.
  10. ^ Albertz, J. (2010). 100 Years German Society for Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Geoinformation. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und Geoinformatione.V., ISBN 978-3-00-031038-6, 144 pp.
  11. ^ Finsterwalder remarked in 1890 that in Italy, thousands of square kilometres of alpine territory had already been photographically surveyed—with hardly anyone taking notice in Germany. What astonished Finsterwalder most was the skill with which the topographers of the I.G.M. [Istituto Topografico Militare] transformed the photos into maps. Anyone with an interest in mapmaking “will absorb himself with greatest pleasure into the many details of this map and will never stop to admire the accuracy and fidelity with which everything is overheard from nature.” [Albertz, J., 2010. 100 Years German Society for Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Geoinformation. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und Geoinformatione.V., ISBN 978-3-00-031038-6, 144 pp.]
  12. ^ "Photogrammetry – the art of making measurements using images – is the task of determining an object or its dimensions using photographs. Preliminary work on this problem was done by Lambert in what he referred to as "inverting the perspective” and by Beautemps-Beaupre (1791-1793). In surveying these methods were first tested by A. Laussedat (1852-59). Starting in 1855 J. Porro began developing instruments for photogrammetry. A. Meydenbauer brought architectural photogrammetry to high level. W. Jordan17 and C. Koppe approached the problem from the standpoint of geodesy, and G. Hauck approached it from a theoretical point of view. Photogrammetry was practiced on a large scale in Italy by L. P. Paganini since 1880 and in Canada by E. Deville since 1889. S. Finsterwalder has been doing aerial photogrammetry from balloons since 1890. C. Pulfrich has been using stereoscopy since 1890. A. Laussedat has collected material on the history of photographic methods and equipment.” [Finsterwalder, S. (1906) Photogrammetrie. In: Encyklopcidie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluft ihrer Anwendungen. Band VI, Teil1, Geodcisie und Geophysik. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner 1906-1925. pp. 98-116.]
  13. ^ Kneissl, M. (1942) Sebastian Finsterwalder zum 80. Geburtstag. Bildmessung und Luftbildwesen. 11, 53-64.
  14. ^ Finsterwalder, S.: Eine Grundaufgabe der Photogrammetrie und ihre Anwendung auf Ballonaufnahmen. Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 2. Abt. 22, 225-260 (1903).
  15. ^ Finsterwalder, S. (1897) Die geometrischen Grundlagen der Photogrammetrie. Jahresber deutsch Math-Verein. 6 (2), 1-41
  16. ^ Konecny, G. (2002) Geoinformation: Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry and Geographic Information Systems. CRC Press. p.9
  17. ^ Finsterwalder, S., (1928) Geleitworte zur Karte des Gepatschferners. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, 16, 20-41.
  18. ^ Finsterwalder, S., (1928) Geleitworte zur Karte des Gepatschferners. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, 16, 20-41
  19. ^ Pillewizer, W. (1957). Untersuchungen an Blockströmen der Ötztaler Alpen. In: E. Fels (ed), Geomorphologische Abhandlungen: Otto Maull zum 70. Geburtstage gewidmet. Abhandlungen des Geographischen Instituts der Freien Universität Berlin, 5, pp. 37-50.
  20. ^ Pillewizer, W. (1957). Untersuchungen an Blockströmen der Ötztaler Alpen. In: E. Fels (ed), Geomorphologische Abhandlungen: Otto Maull zum 70. Geburtstage gewidmet. Abhandlungen des Geographischen Instituts der Freien Universität Berlin, 5, pp. 37-50: see Figure 2
  21. ^ Hausmann, H, Krainer, K., Brückl, E. and Mostler, W.(2007). Creep of Two Alpine Rock Glaciers – Observation and Modelling (Ötztal- and Stubai Alps, Austria). In: V. Kaufmann & W. Sulzer (eds), Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing Cartography. Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung, 43, Institute of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, 145-150.

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