Charles Close

Charles Frederick Arden-Close
Born	10 August 1865 Jersey
Died	19 December 1952 Winchester, Hampshire, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1884–1922
Rank	Colonel
Commands held	Ordnance Survey
Battles/wars	World War I
Awards	Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire Companion of the Order of the Bath Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George Fellow of the Royal Society

Colonel Sir Charles Frederick Arden-Close, KBE CB CMG FRS (10 August 1865 – 19 December 1952) was a British geographer and surveyor, he was Director General of the Ordnance Survey from 1911 to 1922. His insistence on attention to detail saw the improvement of many attitudes and methods at the Ordnance Survey, his planning saw the production of many of maps now viewed as pinnacles in the classic period of map making. He was born Charles Frederick Close and changed his surname to Arden-Close in 1938 so as to comply with a bequest.

He was born in Jersey, the eldest of the eleven children of Major-General Frederick Close (1830–1899) and his second wife Lydia Ann Stevens. He attended, and excelled at mathematics at, the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich where military engineering and artillery were taught. After receiving his commission in the Royal Engineers in 1884 he saw service in the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, Gibraltar and India.

In 1889 Close was posted to the survey of India where he carried out topographic work in Burma and triangulation in Mandalay. A further posting to eastern Nigeria where he was to survey the border with the German Cameroons. After appointment to the Ordnance Survey he carried out much work in central, eastern and southern Africa. After leading a small surveying unit in the Second Boer War he returned in 1902 to become chief instructor of surveying at the Chatham military academy. His Text Book of Topographical and Geographical Surveying published in 1905 became the standard textbook on the subject.

In 1911 Close was appointed Director General of the Ordnance Survey, a post he held until 1922. He introduced more rigorous scientific methods at the Ordnance Survey and proceeded with a second geodetic levelling of the United Kingdom. He was intent on producing one-inch maps (Scale = 1:63,360 or 1 inch = 1 mile) of revolutionary appearance, the first of these for Killarney district (Ireland was then part of the UK) used colour printing and precise printing methods and was a was admired by all. Because of the high cost of production Close had to compromise his aims and a simpler style was adopted, this design set the standard for subsequent one-inch series.

Charles Close married late in 1913 and had two sons and a daughter. He was knighted in 1918, in recognition of the Ordnance Survey's efforts during World War I during which over 30 million maps were produced. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1919. Upon retirement in 1922 he became secretary of the International Geographical Congress. He was also a long-serving Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and in 1927 was awarded their Victoria Gold Medal and elected President (1927–30).

Close changed his surname to Arden-Close by deed poll in August 1938. He died in Winchester registration district of Hampshire on 19 December 1952

Further reading

• Matthew, H.C.G. and Harrison, B. (eds), 2004, Oxford dictionary of national biography (vol 12), Oxford: OUP.
• The Charles Close Society retrieved 26 November 2005.
• Close, Charles, 1905, Text Book of Topographical and Geographical Surveying, London: HMSO.
• Close, Charles, 1926, The early years of the Ordnance Survey, Chatham: Institute of Royal Engineers.
• Seymour W.A., (ed), 1980, A History of the Ordnance Survey, Folkeston: Dawson, ISBN 0-7129-0979-6.
• Owen, Tim, and Pilbeam, Elaine, 1992, Ordnance Survey, map makers to Britain since 1791, Southampton: Ordnance Survey (HMSO), ISBN 0-11-701507-5 (HMSO).