International relations (1814–1919): Difference between revisions
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This article covers worldwide '''International relations''' of the major powers, 1814-1819, with links to more detailed articles. |
This article covers worldwide '''International relations''' of the major powers, 1814-1819, with links to more detailed articles. The entire era was generally peaceful in Europe and the Americas. The largest war was the American Civil War (1861-65); other countries stayed out. In Europe wars were much smaller, shorter and led frequent than ever before. The quite century was shattered by [[World War I]] (1914-1918), which was unexpected in timing, duration, casualties, and long-term impact. |
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==1814- |
==1814-1830: Restoration and reaction== |
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The [[Congress of Vienna]] (1814-1815) dissolved the Napoleonic world and attempted to restore the monarchies he overthrew, ushering in an era of reaction. Under the leadership of [[Klemens von Metternich|Metternich]], the prime minister of Austria (1809-48) and [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Castlereagh]], the foreign minister of Great Britain (1812-22), it set up a system to preserve the peace. Under the [[Congress system]] or [[Concert of Europe]] the major European powers pledged to meet regularly to resolve differences. This plan was the first of its kind in history, and seemed to promise a way to collectively managed European affairs and promote peace. It was the forerunner of the League of Nations and the United Nations. |
The [[Congress of Vienna]] (1814-1815) dissolved the Napoleonic world and attempted to restore the monarchies he overthrew, ushering in an era of reaction. Under the leadership of [[Klemens von Metternich|Metternich]], the prime minister of Austria (1809-48) and [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Castlereagh]], the foreign minister of Great Britain (1812-22), it set up a system to preserve the peace. Under the [[Congress system]] or [[Concert of Europe]] the major European powers pledged to meet regularly to resolve differences. This plan was the first of its kind in history, and seemed to promise a way to collectively managed European affairs and promote peace. It was the forerunner of the League of Nations and the United Nations. |
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British foreign policy was set by [[George Canning]] (1822-27), who avoided close cooperation with other powers. He did work with the United States to support the [[Monroe Doctrine]] to preserve newly independent Latin American states. His goal was to prevent French influence and allow British merchants access to the opening markets |
British foreign policy was set by [[George Canning]] (1822-27), who avoided close cooperation with other powers. He did work with the United States to support the [[Monroe Doctrine]] to preserve newly independent Latin American states. His goal was to prevent French influence and allow British merchants access to the opening markets |
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From 1830 to 1865 [[Lord Palmerston]] set British foreign policy; his goal was to keep Britain dominant by maintaining the balance of power in Europe. He tried to keep autocratic nations like Russia in check; he supported liberal regimes because they led to greater stability in the international system.<ref>David Brown, ''Palmerston: A Biography'' (2010)</ref> |
From 1830 to 1865 [[Lord Palmerston]] set British foreign policy; his goal was to keep Britain dominant by maintaining the balance of power in Europe. He tried to keep autocratic nations like Russia in check; he supported liberal regimes because they led to greater stability in the international system.<ref>David Brown, ''Palmerston: A Biography'' (2010)</ref> |
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===1830-1850s=== |
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====Belgian Revolution==== |
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===1860-1872: Unification of Italy and Germany=== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Causes of World War I]] |
* [[Causes of World War I]] |
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Revision as of 02:41, 13 July 2013
This article covers worldwide International relations of the major powers, 1814-1819, with links to more detailed articles. The entire era was generally peaceful in Europe and the Americas. The largest war was the American Civil War (1861-65); other countries stayed out. In Europe wars were much smaller, shorter and led frequent than ever before. The quite century was shattered by World War I (1914-1918), which was unexpected in timing, duration, casualties, and long-term impact.
1814-1830: Restoration and reaction
The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) dissolved the Napoleonic world and attempted to restore the monarchies he overthrew, ushering in an era of reaction. Under the leadership of Metternich, the prime minister of Austria (1809-48) and Castlereagh, the foreign minister of Great Britain (1812-22), it set up a system to preserve the peace. Under the Congress system or Concert of Europe the major European powers pledged to meet regularly to resolve differences. This plan was the first of its kind in history, and seemed to promise a way to collectively managed European affairs and promote peace. It was the forerunner of the League of Nations and the United Nations.
It resolved the Polish-Saxon crisis at Vienna and the question of Greek independence at Laibach. The following ten years saw five European Congresses where disputes were resolved with a diminishing degree of effectiveness.[1]
The main goal for Czar Alexander of Russia was to form a league that could intervene and stop revolutions against monarchies and traditionalism; he had in mind the French Revolution of the 1790s. The British refused to cooperate in a scheme not directly related to British interests. As a result by 1822, the whole system collapsed.[2]
British foreign policy was set by George Canning (1822-27), who avoided close cooperation with other powers. He did work with the United States to support the Monroe Doctrine to preserve newly independent Latin American states. His goal was to prevent French influence and allow British merchants access to the opening markets From 1830 to 1865 Lord Palmerston set British foreign policy; his goal was to keep Britain dominant by maintaining the balance of power in Europe. He tried to keep autocratic nations like Russia in check; he supported liberal regimes because they led to greater stability in the international system.[3]
1830-1850s
Belgian Revolution
1860-1872: Unification of Italy and Germany
See also
Timelines
Notes
- ^ Roy Bridge, "Allied Diplomacy in Peacetime: The Failure of the Congress 'System,' 1815-23" in Alan Sked, ed., Europe's Balance of Power, 1815-1848 (1979), pp 34-53.
- ^ Henry Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22 (1957).
- ^ David Brown, Palmerston: A Biography (2010)
Further reading
- New Cambridge Modern History (13 vol 1957-79), thorough coverage from 1500 to 1900
- Black, Jeremy. A History of Diplomacy (2010)
- Figes, Orlando. The Crimean War: A History (2011) excerpt and text search
- Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500-2000 (1987), stress on economic and military factors
- Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy (1995), not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century
- Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973)
- Neiberg, Michael S. Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of World War I
- Smith, Tony. The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain and the Late-Industrializing World Since 1815 (1981)
- Schmitt, Schmitt. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente (1971)
- Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1994) 920pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy
- Semmel, Bernard. The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: classical political economy the empire of free trade and imperialism, 1750–1850 (2004)
- Sontag, Raymond. European Diplomatic History: 1871-1932 (1933)
- Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) 638pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy
Britain
- Bourne, Kenneth. Foreign Policy of Victorian England, 1830-1902 (1970)
- Goodlad, Graham D. British Foreign and Imperial Policy 1865-1919 (1999) excerpt and text search
- Lowe, C.J. The reluctant imperialists: British foreign policy, 1878-1902 (1969) 257pp plus 150 pp of documents
- Lowe, C.J. and Michael L. Dockrill. Mirage of Power: 1902-14 v. 1: British Foreign Policy (1972); Mirage of Power: 1914-22 v. 2: British Foreign Policy (1972); Mirage of Power: The Documents v. 3: British Foreign Policy (1972); vol 1-2 are text, vol 3 = primary sources
- Lowe, John. Britain and Foreign Affairs 1815-1885: Europe and Overseas (1998) excerpt and text search
- Mulligan, William, and Brendan Simms, eds. The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660-2000(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 345 pages
- Otte, Thomas G. The Foreign Office Mind: The Making of British Foreign Policy, 1865-1914 (2011) excerpt and text search
- Ward, A.W. and G.P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783-1919 (3 vol, 1921–23), old classic; vol 2 and 3 1815 to 1914
- Webster, Charles. The Foreign Policy of Palmerston (1951) online edition; covers 1830-1865
- Weigall, David. Britain and the World, 1815-1986: A Dictionary of International relations (1989)
Primary sources for Britain
- Wiener, Joel H. ed. Great Britain: Foreign Policy and the Span of Empire, 1689-1971: A Documentary History (1972) 876pp online edition
France
- Bury, J. P. T. France, 1814-1940 (2003)
- Jardin, Andre, and Andre-Jean Tudesq. Restoration and Reaction 1815–1848 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988)
- Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Rebirioux. The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988) excerpt and text search
- Plessis, Alain. The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988) excerpt and text search
Germany
- Brose, Eric Dorn. German History, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich. (1997) online edition
- Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (2006)
- Detwiler, Donald S. Germany: A Short History (3rd ed. 1999) 341pp; online edition
- Holborn, Hajo. A History of Modern Germany (1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840; vol 3: 1840–1945; standard scholarly survey
- Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 (1980) excerpt and text search
- Maehl, William Harvey. Germany in Western Civilization (1979), 833pp; focus on politics and diplomacy
- Padfield, Peter. The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900-1914 (2005)
- Scheck, Raffael. “Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945” (2008) full text online, a brief textbook by a leading scholar
- Sheehan, James J. German History, 1770–1866 (1993), the major survey in English
- Steinberg, Jonathan. Bismarck: A Life (2011), most recent scholarly biography
- Stürmer, Michael. 'Bismarck in Perspective," Central European History (1971) 4#4 pp. 291-331 in JSTOR
- Taylor, A.J.P. Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (1967) online edition
- Taylor, A.J.P. The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815. (2001). 280pp; online edition
Russia
- McMeekin, Sean. The Russian Origins of the First World War (2011) excerpt and text search
- Ragsdale, Hugh, and Valeri Nikolaevich Ponomarev eds. Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993) excerpt and text search
- Reynolds, Michael. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1918
- Tomaszewski, Fiona K. A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905 to 1914 (2002)
United States
- Beisner, Robert L. ed, American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature (2003), 2 vol. 16,300 annotated entries evaluate every major book and scholarly article.
- Brune, Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations (2003), 1400 pages
- Burns, Richard Dean, ed. Guide to American Foreign Relations since 1700 (1983) highly detailed annotated bibliography
- Deconde, Alexander, et al. eds. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 3 vol (2001), 2200 pages; 120 long articles by specialists.
- DeConde, Alexander; A History of American Foreign Policy (1963) online edition
- Findling, John, ed. Dictionary of American Diplomatic History 2nd ed. 1989. 700pp; 1200 short articles.
- Herring, George. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 (Oxford History of the United States) (2008), 1056pp
- Hogan, Michael J. ed. Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 (2000) essays on main topics
- Lafeber, Walter. The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750 to Present (2nd ed 1994) university textbook; 884pp online edition
- Paterson, Thomas, et al. American Foreign Relations: A History (7th ed. 2 vol. 2009), university textbook